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DWDM 101 - BRKOPT-2016

The document provides an overview and agenda for a presentation on advances in Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM). It begins with definitions of DWDM and how it works by combining multiple optical transmitters onto an optical fiber using different wavelengths. It then covers optical fiber types and properties, linear and non-linear effects that impact transmission over fiber including attenuation, chromatic dispersion, optical signal-to-noise ratio, and solutions to mitigate these effects like amplifiers, dispersion compensation, and forward error correction. Finally, it reviews common DWDM components like transmitters, receivers, mux/demux filters, optical add/drop multiplexers, and reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers.

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DWDM 101-Advances in Optical Rodger Nutt, Technical Solutions Architect, GSP Americas BRKOPT-2106
 Introduction – What is DWDM?  Optical Fiber  Linear/Non-linear Effects and Solutions  DWDM Components and Software  Intro to OTN  Increasing Capacity, Flexibility and Reach in DWDM  Next Generation DWDM/Optics Agenda
What is DWDM?
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Cisco Spark © 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Questions? Use Cisco Spark to chat with the speaker after the session 1. Find this session in the Cisco Live Mobile App 2. Click “Join the Discussion” 3. Install Spark or go directly to the space 4. Enter messages/questions in the space How cs.co/ciscolivebot#BRKOPT-2106Cisco Spark spaces will be available until July 3, 2017. BRKOPT-2106 5
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Wavelength Division Multiplexing • DWDM systems use optical devices to combine the output of several optical transmitters Optical fiber pair TX Optical transmitters Optical receivers TX TX TX RX RX RX RX Transmission DWDM devices BRKOPT-2106 6
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public ITU-T Grid Frequency (THz) Wavelength (nm) 1528.77 nm 1578.23 nm 0.4 nm spacing 1552.52 nm (Center channel) 196.2 THz 190.1 THz193.1 THz (Center channel) 50 GHz spacing ITU wavelengths = lambdas = channels center around 1550 nm (193 THz) BRKOPT-2106 7
Optical Fiber
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Fiber Geometry and Dimensions • The core carries the light signals • The refractive index difference between core & cladding confines the light to the core • The coating protects the glass Coating 250 microns Cladding 125 microns Core SMF 8 microns BRKOPT-2106 9
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Communication Wavelengths in the InfraRed  850 nm Multimode  1310 nm Singlemode  C-band:1550 nm Singlemode  L-band: 1625 nm Singlemode UltraViolet InfraRed 850 nm 1310 nm 1550 nm 1625 nm l Wavelength: l (nanometers) Frequency:  (terahertz) C = x l Visible Optical Spectrum BRKOPT-2106 10
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public  Good for TDM at 1310 nm  OK for TDM at 1550 nm  OK for DWDM (With Dispersion Mgmt.  Good for CWDM (>8 wavelengths) Extended Band (G.652.C) (suppressed attenuation in the traditional water peak region)  OK for TDM at 1310 nm  Good for TDM at 1550 nm  Good for DWDM (C + L Bands) NZDSF (G.655)  OK for TDM at 1310 nm  Good for TDM at 1550 nm  Bad for DWDM (C-Band) DSF (G.653)  Good for TDM at 1310 nm  OK for TDM at 1550  OK for DWDM (With Dispersion Mgmt.) SMF (G.652) Applications for the Different Fiber Types BRKOPT-2106 11
Linear Effects
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Transmission Impairments • Attenuation • Loss of Signal Strength • Chromatic Dispersion (CD) • Distortion of pulses • Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) • Effect of Noise in Transmission 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 Wavelength (nm) 0.2 0.5 2.0 Loss (dB/km) L-band:1565–1625nm C-band:1530–1565nm S-band:1460–1530nm 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 Wavelength (nm) 0.2 0.5 2.0 Loss (dB/km) L-band:1565–1625nm C-band:1530–1565nm S-band:1460–1530nm Time Slot 10Gb/s 2.5Gb/s Fiber Fiber Time Slot 10Gb/s 2.5Gb/s Fiber Fiber S+N N S+N N BRKOPT-2106 13
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Attenuation • With enough attenuation, a light pulse may not be detected by an optical receiver Insertion loss (dB) Attenuation (dB) Distance (km) Optical device BRKOPT-2106 14
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Fiber Attenuation (Loss) Characteristic 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 OH- Absorption Peaks in Actual Fiber Attenuation Curve Wavelength in Nanometers (nm) 0.2 dB/Km 0.5 dB/Km 2.0 dB/Km Loss(dB)/km vs. Wavelength S-band:1460–1530nm L-band:1565–1625nm C-band:1530–1565nm OH: Hydroxyl ion absorption is the absorption in optical fibers of electromagnetic waves, due to the presence of trapped hydroxyl ions remaining from water as a contaminant. BRKOPT-2106 15
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Laser Output Power and Receiver Sensitivity and dBm • Fiber loss expressed in dB but transmitter/receiver power is expressed in dBm • This is why both the transmitter output power and the receiver sensitivity is expressed in dBm: PowerdBm=10log(PmW/1mW) dB and dBm are additive, hence the simplification Example: • Powerdbm = 10log(2mW/1mW)=3dBm • Powerdbm = 10log(1mW/1mW)=0dBm BRKOPT-2106 16
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public  Gain expressed by ratio: Pout/Pin  Gain measured conveniently in dB: 10 log10 Pout/Pin  If the power is doubled by an amplifier, this is +3 dB AmpPin Pout Gain and Decibels (dB) BRKOPT-2106 17
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Attenuation: Optical Budget Optical Budget is affected by: • Fiber attenuation • Splices • Patch Panels/Connectors • Optical components (filters, amplifiers, etc.) • Bends in fiber • Contamination (dirt/oil on connectors) Basic Optical Budget = Tx Output Power – Rx Input Sensitivity Pout = +6 dBm R = -30 dBm Budget = 36 dB BRKOPT-2106 18
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Signal Input 980 or 1480 nm Pump Laser Erbium Doped Fiber Amplified Signal Output Isolator WDM Coupler for pump and signal Isolator Basic EDFA configuration Attenuation Solution: EDFA • Erbium doped fiber amplifies optical signals through stimulated emission using 980nm and 1480nm pump lasers BRKOPT-2106 19
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Chromatic Dispersion (CD) • Total dispersion is a function of the length of fiber and it’s dispersion factor • Limits transmission distance for 10G and above wavelengths • Can be compensated by using negative dispersion fiber or electronically through modulation schemes Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 2Bit 1 Bit 2Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 2 The Optical Pulse tends to Spread as it propagates down the fiber generating Inter-Symbol-Interference (ISI) BRKOPT-2106 20
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public DCUs use fiber with chromatic dispersion of opposite sign/slope and of suitable length to bring the average dispersion of the link close to zero. Solution: Dispersion Compensating Unit BRKOPT-2106 21
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio (OSNR) • OSNR is a measure of the ratio of signal level to the level of system noise • As OSNR decreases, possible errors increase • OSNR is measured in decibels (dB) • EDFAs are the source of noise Signal level dBm) Noise level (dBm) Signal level OSNR = ----------------- Noise level BRKOPT-2106 22
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Optical Signal Detection • Across a fiber span, optical signals encounter attenuation, dispersion and increased noise levels at amplifiers. • Each of these factors causes bit detection errors at the receiver. Distance (km) Transmitting end Receiving end Low attenuation Low dispersion High OSNR High attenuation High dispersion Low OSNR BRKOPT-2106 23
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Example: Link Design with Line Amplifiers 10G Xenpak spec: Tx: +3 to -1dBm, Rx min: -21dBm (0ps/nm) CD tolerance: +1600ps/nm @ 2dB penalty OSNR min: 16dB (0.5nm resolution) -1dBm +2dBm 0ps/nm Time Domain Wavelength Domain OSNR: 18dB Rx: -9dBm Meets receiver minimum OSNR and power requirement +2dBm/ch TX RX Tx: -1dBm min Mux Demux DCU -1600 ps/nm25dB 25dB DCU -1600 ps/nm +2dBm/ch-23dBm/ch -23dBm/ch OSNR= 21dB Noise OSNR= 18dB Noise OSNR= 35dB Noise -23dBm 1600ps/nm +2dBm 0ps/nm -23dBm 1600ps/nm +2dBm 0ps/nm BRKOPT-2106 24
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public OSNR Solution #1 Raman Amplifier • Stimulated Raman Scattering creates the Gain • Reduces the effective span loss and increases noise performance • Gain is highly dependent on quality of fiber • Gain Spectrum ~ 40nm with a single pump BRKOPT-2106 25
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Log (BER) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 –15 –14 –13 –12 –11 –10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 S/N (dB) Uncoded No FEC G.709 RS(255,239) Raw Channel BER=1.5e-3 EFEC=8.4 dB FEC=6.2 dB OSNR Solution #2: Forward Error Correction • FEC extends reach and design flexibility, at “silicon cost” • G.709 (G.709 Annex A) standard improves OSNR tolerance by 6.2 dB (at 10–15 BER) • Offers intrinsic performance monitoring (error statistics) • Higher gains (8.4dB) possible by enhanced FEC (with same G.709 overhead – G.975.1 I.4) • New SD-FEC provides 2dB more coding gain Benefit: FEC/EFEC Extends Reach and Offers 10–15 BER BRKOPT-2106 26
Non-linear Effects
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Non Linear Effects • Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) • Caused by Non Linearity Of Fiber Geometry • Effective for Higher Bit rates (10G) • Four Wave Mixing (FWM) • Effects multi-channel systems • Effects higher bit rates • Self/Cross Phase Modulation (SPM, XPM) • Caused by high channel power • Caused by channel interaction Wavelength (nm) -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 Power(dBm) Wavelength (nm) -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 Wavelength (nm) -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 Power(dBm) nx ny Ex Ey Pulse As it Enters the Fiber Spreaded Pulse As it Leaves the Fiber nx ny Ex Ey Pulse As it Enters the Fiber Spreaded Pulse As it Leaves the Fiber Power SPMDistortion Power SPMDistortion BRKOPT-2106 28
DWDM Components
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Typical Components of DWDM Systems • Optical transmitters and receivers • DWDM mux/demux filters • Optical add/drop multiplexers (OADMs) • Reconfigurable OADM (ROADM) • Optical amplifiers • Transponders/Muxponders BRKOPT-2106 30
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Optical Transmitter Block Diagram Detects pulses of electrical charge • Power measured in watts (W) • Amplitude measured in volts (V) Creates pulses of light • Power measured in decibel-milliwatts (dBm) • Relative amplitude measured in decibels (dB) Electrical conductor E-O Optical fiber 1 11 01 11 0 Electrical-to-optical (E-O) conversion + - dB + - V+ - BRKOPT-2106 31
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Optical Receiver Block Diagram Detects pulses of light • Power measured in decibel-milliwatt (dBm) • Relative amplitude measured in decibels (dB) Creates pulses of electrical charge • Power measured in watts (W) • Amplitude measured in volts (V) Electrical conductor O-E Optical fiber + - Optical-to-electrical (O- E) conversion1 11 0+ - dB 1 11 0+ - V BRKOPT-2106 32
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public DWDM Mux and Demux Filters Block Diagram 1 2 3 N DWDM fiber N light pulses of different wavelengths From N transmitters To N receivers 1 2 3 N Composite signal Multiplexer Demultiplexer 1, 2, ….N BRKOPT-2106 33
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public OADM Block Diagram New data stream, same wavelength Signsl 1 drop OADM one signal Pass through pathOriginal composite signal New composite signal Drop path Add path DWDM fiber Signal 2 add BRKOPT-2106 34
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public ROADM Architecture Add Wavelengths Drop Wavelengths Pass-Through Wavelengths Splitter Add WavelengthsSoftware Controlled 32 Ch. DeMux Pass-Through WavelengthsSplitter l1 Network Element l3 Network Element Software Controlled Selectors – 32 Ch. (Pass-through/Add/Block) DWDM Signal Transponder Module West East DWDM Signal Drop Wavelengths drop block blockdrop dropblock block drop Software Controlled 32 Ch. DeMux Add Pass Add Pass Network Element Network Element Transponder Module Pass Pass Add Add Software Controlled Selectors – 32 Ch. (Pass-through/Add/Block) l1l3 BRKOPT-2106 35
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Optical Amplifer Block Diagram • Unidirectional operation • Extends the reach of a DWDM span OA DWDM fiber Attenuated input composite signal Amplified output composite signal Powerin Powerout BRKOPT-2106 36
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Transponder Block Diagram Optical fiber Non-ITU-T compliant wavelength ITU-T compliant wavelength O-E-O wavelength conversion 850, 1310, 1550 nm 15xx.xx nm Transponder Tx Rx G.709 Enabled BRKOPT-2106 37
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Muxponder Block Diagram Optical fibers Multiple Non-ITU-T Compliant Clients ITU-T compliant wavelength Multiplexing and O-E-O wavelength conversion 850, 1310, 1550 nm 15xx.xx nmTx Rx Muxponder G.709 Enabled BRKOPT-2106 38
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Pluggable Optics 1G/10G SFP/SFP+ 40G/100G CFP2, CFP, CPAK and CXP 10G/40G/100G QSFP+/QSFP-28 BRKOPT-2106 39
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public DWDM System OEOTx Rx Tx Rx OADM OAOA Rx Tx Transponder interface OEO Tx Rx Tx Rx Direct interface To client devices ClientClient Mux and demux Mux and demux BRKOPT-2106 40
DWDM Software
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Intelligent DWDM • Modern systems compensate real-time for variations in the network • Gain Equalization • Amplifier Control • Automatic Node Setup • Automatic Power Control • WSON Restoration • OTDR • Connection Verification • Allows for less truck rolls and maintenance windows BRKOPT-2106 42
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Why Per-Channel Optical Power Equalization • For amplifiers to operate correctly, all channels must be equalized in power. • If channel powers are not equal, more gain will go to the higher powered channels. • Channel power is inherently unequal due to different insertion losses, different paths (add path vs. express/pass-through), etc. • Controlling the optical power of each channel in an optical network is required. AMP AMP Optical Power Equalized Channels Channels with Unequal Optical Power OADM Without Power Equalization Express Path Add/Drop Path Why Per Channel Equalization BRKOPT-2106 43
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Automatic Power Control • Automatically corrects amplifier power/gain for capacity change, ageing effects, operating conditions • Keep traffic working after network failires • Prevent BER due to network degrade • Keep constant either power or gain on each amplifier • No truck rolls • No troubleshooting required • No operation complexity APC No Human Intervention Required BRKOPT-2106 44
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public OTDR- NCS 2000 • NCS 2000 supports Node Controller Line Cards (TNCS-O) • Each TNCS-O Line Card supports 2x OTDR/OSC ports • 1 OTDR per Degree with up to 4 Degrees per NCS 2015 chassis – Dedicated OTDR • Digital – Bit Stream instead of High Power Optical Pulse • In Band – Take measurements directly @ 1518nm, no extrapolations • Bi-directional operation – Tests both fibers and both directions of the fiber with a single device BRKOPT-2106 45© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Intro to OTN
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 47BRKOPT-2106 Aggregation Technology OTN Drivers • Sub-Lambda Aggregation/Switching • Adapt to DWDM • Switch/Router Intfc Mismatch to DWDM • Transparency • Timing • Protocols (i.e. OSPF vs ISIS) • Sub-Lambda Protection • Unnecessary when client interface = DWDM Trunk Source: Infonetics OTN Only Packet Aggregation OTN OTN / Packet Optimized Private Line Private Line Private Line Private Line Not yet needed Money saved λ2λ1 λ2λ1 λ2 deferred λ1 Private Line Private Line Private Line Private Line Private Line Private Line Private Line Private Line
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 48BRKOPT-2106 OTN – A Quick refresher
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Three Architectural Options for OTN 49BRKOPT-2106 Switched G.709 (Digital OTN) Static WDM (Analog OTN) Flexible WDM (Analog OTN) Switched G.709 (Digital OTN) Dynamic WDM (Analog OTN) Framed G.709 (Digital OTN) A B C  G.709 provides all dynamic capabilities  WDM for capacity only  G.709 provides dynamic switching  WDM with reconfigurable connections  G.709 provides framing only  WDM for all dynamic capabilities
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 50BRKOPT-2106 Traffic Grooming NCS 2000 400G XPonder 400G XPonder • OTN Aggregation • SNC Protection Cross Platform Remote for 4K OTN Engine Metro WDM Ring 400G-Xponder 400G-Xponder 400G-Xponder 400G-Xponder 400G OTN XPonder 400G OTN XPonder 400G OTN XPonder 400G OTN XPonder X N F Q L B D H 10GE Services 200G WDM 200G WDM 200G WDM
Increasing Capacity and Reach
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 100G and Beyond – Coherent Detection Direct Detection • Must correct for impairments in the physical domain (insert DCU’s) • Forced to live with non-correctable impairments via network design (limit distance, regenerate, adjust channel spacing) • Dumb detection (OOK), no Digital Signal Processing, only FEC Coherent Detection • Moves impairment correction from the optical domain into the digital domain • Allows for digital correction of impairments (powerful DSP) vs. physical correction of impairments (DCU’s). Adds advanced FEC. • Massive performance improvements over Direct Detection. DD CD DD DCU DCU DCU Regen BRKOPT-2106 52
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Flexible Modulation – Reach vs. Capacity BPSK 28 GBaud 56 Gbps 50 Gbps 10,000 km QPSK 32 GBaud 112 Gbps 100 Gbps 6,800 km 16-QAM 35 GBaud 224 Gbps 200 Gbps 1,200 km Modulation Baud Rate Line Rate Payload Rate Distance 53BRKOPT-2106
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Traditionally DWDM capacity is limited by the channel spacing imposed by the 50GHz ITU grid. Rigid Spacing Wasted Spectrum Superchannel with Minimal Spacing Efficient Spectrum Use Tightly spaced Superchannels deliver ~30% increase in capacity 50 GHz ITU Grid “Gridless or FlexSpectrum” BRKOPT-2106 54
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public FLOW – Flexible Lightwave Orchestration of Wavelengths(Flex Grid) Media-Channel: Continuous spectrum allocated from Source to Destination Super-Channel: set of homogeneous optical carrier(s) of the same type Carrier: Optical Channel carrying a portion or all of the client payload By default one MCH shall be associated to each SCH Each MCH can be switched/routed independently • The MCH has the information on Optical BW allocated and the Path along the network • The SCH has information on the channels contained, and all the optical data • Several MCHs can be aggregated to form a MCH-GROUP. • MCH-GROUP has the same Src/Dest/Path and are managed as a single entity Media-Channel Group Super-Channel SCH1 Super-Channel SCH2 Super-Channel SCH3 Carriers Carriers Carrier Media-Channel MCH2 Media-Channel MCH3 Media-Channel MCH1 BRKOPT-2106 55
Adding Flexibility
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public ROADM brought flexibility to DWDM networks. Any wavelength. Anywhere. But it was static flexibility. Moves and changes required a truck roll. BRKOPT-2106 57
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public … because ROADM ports were colored and directional. Colored Add/Drop Fixed port frequency assignment One unique frequency per port Directional Add/Drop Physical add/drop port is tied to a ROADM “degree” Due to these restrictions, a change in direction or frequency of an optical circuit required a physical change (move interface to different port) at the endpoints. BRKOPT-2106 58
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Colorless Add/Drop No port-frequency assignment Any frequency, any port With Colorless plus Omni-Directional, the frequency and direction of the signal can be changed, without requiring a change of ROADM add/drop port, therefore no truckrolls, and hence…programmability! Omni-Directional Add/Drop Add/Drop ports can be routed to/from any ROADM degree Colorless and Omni-directional add/drop bring touchless flexibility, and hence programmability, to ROADM networks. BRKOPT-2106 59
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Directional Add/Drop ROADMs form a Contentionless node by definition. With Contentionless, N instances of a given wavelength (where N = the number of line degrees in the ROADM node) can be add/dropped from a single device, eliminating any restrictions on dynamic wavelength provisioning. Contentionless add/drop allows multiple instances of the same frequency to A/D from one unit. But…Colorless and Omni-directional introduce wavelength contention at the add/drop stage. Need a Contentionless architecture. BRKOPT-2106 60
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Transmitter can tune its laser’s frequency to any channel in the ITU grid. Tunable lasers work with colorless add/drop to enable touchless changes in the frequency of an optical signal. Coherent receivers simplify the construction of colorless and omni-directional ROADM nodes, by eliminating the need to de- multiplex a signal down to the individual wavelength. Receiver can select any channel from of a composite (unfiltered) signal. Tunable lasers and coherent receivers are also key enablers of the touchless programmable optical layer. BRKOPT-2106 61
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public But this touchless capability is of limited use without intelligence. Intelligence to find an optically feasible route through the network. The WSON Control Plane combines GMPLS signaling with knowledge of optical interface requirements and channel impairments. WSON Embedded Optical Intelligence WSON enables automated, constraint- based zero-planning wavelength setup, which in turn enables advanced optical layer features such as Optical Restoration. BRKOPT-2106 62
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Dynamic Optical Restoration Client Colorless, Omni-Directional ROADM switches the path Service is brought back up with the same Client and Optical interfaces, zero touches Embedded WSON intelligence locates and verifies a new path and wavelength Transponders re-tune to available wavelength Fiber Cut! animated slide Client ROADM Network Transponder Shelf Transponder Shelf BRKOPT-2106 63
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public OpenConfig data-model support ready 64BRKOPT-2106 Automation for Increased Visibility
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public • 96 channels of 250G @ 24Tbps • Solution upgradeable to high baud rate line rates • Smart licensing option available • AES-256 encryption available Point-to-Point Metro Optimized DWDM Transport Solution • IOS-XR software for complete automation with enhanced monitoring • Local and network boot (iPXE and ZTP) • Programmability with YANG model based APIs • Headless mode for data plane resiliency • LLDP, trunk trace, locator beacon and more NCS 1001 Amplifiers + Protection + Channel Monitoring IOS-XR NCS 1002 8 250G MXP/TXPs IOS-XR 15216 Mux-Demux 96 Channels Passive 15216-MD-48-ODD= 15216-MD-48-EVEN= 65BRKOPT-2106 Transport for Cloud Networks
 Introduction – What is DWDM?  Optical Fiber  Linear/Non-linear Effects and Solutions  DWDM Components  DWDM Software  Intro to OTN  Increasing Capacity, Flexibility and Reach in DWDM Conclusion
Thank you
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Glossary  Arrayed Waveguide (AWG)  Automatic Node Setup (ANS)  Automatic Power Control (APC)  Chromatic Dispersion (CD)  Cross Phase Modulation (XPM)  Decibels (dB)  Decibels-milliwatt (dBm)  Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)  Dispersion Compensation Unit (DCU)  Dispersion Shifted Fiber (DSF)  Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)  Four-Wave Mixing (FWM) BRKOPT-2106 68
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Glossary International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Non-Zero Dispersion Shifted Fiber (NZ-DSF) Optical Add Drop Multiplexer (OADM) Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC) Optical Supervisory Channel Module (OSCM) Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) Reconfigurable Optical Add Drop Multiplexer (ROADM) Self Phase Modulation (SPM) Single Mode Fiber (SMF) Variable Optical Attenuator (VOA) BRKOPT-2106 69
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public • Give us your feedback to be entered into a Daily Survey Drawing. A daily winner will receive a $750 gift card. • Complete your session surveys through the Cisco Live mobile app or on www.CiscoLive.com/us. Complete Your Online Session Evaluation Don’t forget: Cisco Live sessions will be available for viewing on demand after the event at www.CiscoLive.com/Online.
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Continue Your Education • Demos in the Cisco campus • Walk-in Self-Paced Labs • Lunch & Learn • Meet the Engineer 1:1 meetings • Related sessions 71BRKOPT-2106
Thank you
DWDM 101 - BRKOPT-2016

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DWDM 101 - BRKOPT-2016

  • 2.
    DWDM 101-Advances in Optical RodgerNutt, Technical Solutions Architect, GSP Americas BRKOPT-2106
  • 3.
     Introduction –What is DWDM?  Optical Fiber  Linear/Non-linear Effects and Solutions  DWDM Components and Software  Intro to OTN  Increasing Capacity, Flexibility and Reach in DWDM  Next Generation DWDM/Optics Agenda
  • 4.
  • 5.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Cisco Spark © 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Questions? Use Cisco Spark to chat with the speaker after the session 1. Find this session in the Cisco Live Mobile App 2. Click “Join the Discussion” 3. Install Spark or go directly to the space 4. Enter messages/questions in the space How cs.co/ciscolivebot#BRKOPT-2106Cisco Spark spaces will be available until July 3, 2017. BRKOPT-2106 5
  • 6.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Wavelength Division Multiplexing • DWDM systems use optical devices to combine the output of several optical transmitters Optical fiber pair TX Optical transmitters Optical receivers TX TX TX RX RX RX RX Transmission DWDM devices BRKOPT-2106 6
  • 7.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public ITU-T Grid Frequency (THz) Wavelength (nm) 1528.77 nm 1578.23 nm 0.4 nm spacing 1552.52 nm (Center channel) 196.2 THz 190.1 THz193.1 THz (Center channel) 50 GHz spacing ITU wavelengths = lambdas = channels center around 1550 nm (193 THz) BRKOPT-2106 7
  • 8.
  • 9.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Fiber Geometry and Dimensions • The core carries the light signals • The refractive index difference between core & cladding confines the light to the core • The coating protects the glass Coating 250 microns Cladding 125 microns Core SMF 8 microns BRKOPT-2106 9
  • 10.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Communication Wavelengths in the InfraRed  850 nm Multimode  1310 nm Singlemode  C-band:1550 nm Singlemode  L-band: 1625 nm Singlemode UltraViolet InfraRed 850 nm 1310 nm 1550 nm 1625 nm l Wavelength: l (nanometers) Frequency:  (terahertz) C = x l Visible Optical Spectrum BRKOPT-2106 10
  • 11.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public  Good for TDM at 1310 nm  OK for TDM at 1550 nm  OK for DWDM (With Dispersion Mgmt.  Good for CWDM (>8 wavelengths) Extended Band (G.652.C) (suppressed attenuation in the traditional water peak region)  OK for TDM at 1310 nm  Good for TDM at 1550 nm  Good for DWDM (C + L Bands) NZDSF (G.655)  OK for TDM at 1310 nm  Good for TDM at 1550 nm  Bad for DWDM (C-Band) DSF (G.653)  Good for TDM at 1310 nm  OK for TDM at 1550  OK for DWDM (With Dispersion Mgmt.) SMF (G.652) Applications for the Different Fiber Types BRKOPT-2106 11
  • 12.
  • 13.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Transmission Impairments • Attenuation • Loss of Signal Strength • Chromatic Dispersion (CD) • Distortion of pulses • Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) • Effect of Noise in Transmission 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 Wavelength (nm) 0.2 0.5 2.0 Loss (dB/km) L-band:1565–1625nm C-band:1530–1565nm S-band:1460–1530nm 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 Wavelength (nm) 0.2 0.5 2.0 Loss (dB/km) L-band:1565–1625nm C-band:1530–1565nm S-band:1460–1530nm Time Slot 10Gb/s 2.5Gb/s Fiber Fiber Time Slot 10Gb/s 2.5Gb/s Fiber Fiber S+N N S+N N BRKOPT-2106 13
  • 14.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Attenuation • With enough attenuation, a light pulse may not be detected by an optical receiver Insertion loss (dB) Attenuation (dB) Distance (km) Optical device BRKOPT-2106 14
  • 15.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Fiber Attenuation (Loss) Characteristic 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 OH- Absorption Peaks in Actual Fiber Attenuation Curve Wavelength in Nanometers (nm) 0.2 dB/Km 0.5 dB/Km 2.0 dB/Km Loss(dB)/km vs. Wavelength S-band:1460–1530nm L-band:1565–1625nm C-band:1530–1565nm OH: Hydroxyl ion absorption is the absorption in optical fibers of electromagnetic waves, due to the presence of trapped hydroxyl ions remaining from water as a contaminant. BRKOPT-2106 15
  • 16.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Laser Output Power and Receiver Sensitivity and dBm • Fiber loss expressed in dB but transmitter/receiver power is expressed in dBm • This is why both the transmitter output power and the receiver sensitivity is expressed in dBm: PowerdBm=10log(PmW/1mW) dB and dBm are additive, hence the simplification Example: • Powerdbm = 10log(2mW/1mW)=3dBm • Powerdbm = 10log(1mW/1mW)=0dBm BRKOPT-2106 16
  • 17.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public  Gain expressed by ratio: Pout/Pin  Gain measured conveniently in dB: 10 log10 Pout/Pin  If the power is doubled by an amplifier, this is +3 dB AmpPin Pout Gain and Decibels (dB) BRKOPT-2106 17
  • 18.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Attenuation: Optical Budget Optical Budget is affected by: • Fiber attenuation • Splices • Patch Panels/Connectors • Optical components (filters, amplifiers, etc.) • Bends in fiber • Contamination (dirt/oil on connectors) Basic Optical Budget = Tx Output Power – Rx Input Sensitivity Pout = +6 dBm R = -30 dBm Budget = 36 dB BRKOPT-2106 18
  • 19.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Signal Input 980 or 1480 nm Pump Laser Erbium Doped Fiber Amplified Signal Output Isolator WDM Coupler for pump and signal Isolator Basic EDFA configuration Attenuation Solution: EDFA • Erbium doped fiber amplifies optical signals through stimulated emission using 980nm and 1480nm pump lasers BRKOPT-2106 19
  • 20.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Chromatic Dispersion (CD) • Total dispersion is a function of the length of fiber and it’s dispersion factor • Limits transmission distance for 10G and above wavelengths • Can be compensated by using negative dispersion fiber or electronically through modulation schemes Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 2Bit 1 Bit 2Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 2 The Optical Pulse tends to Spread as it propagates down the fiber generating Inter-Symbol-Interference (ISI) BRKOPT-2106 20
  • 21.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public DCUs use fiber with chromatic dispersion of opposite sign/slope and of suitable length to bring the average dispersion of the link close to zero. Solution: Dispersion Compensating Unit BRKOPT-2106 21
  • 22.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio (OSNR) • OSNR is a measure of the ratio of signal level to the level of system noise • As OSNR decreases, possible errors increase • OSNR is measured in decibels (dB) • EDFAs are the source of noise Signal level dBm) Noise level (dBm) Signal level OSNR = ----------------- Noise level BRKOPT-2106 22
  • 23.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Optical Signal Detection • Across a fiber span, optical signals encounter attenuation, dispersion and increased noise levels at amplifiers. • Each of these factors causes bit detection errors at the receiver. Distance (km) Transmitting end Receiving end Low attenuation Low dispersion High OSNR High attenuation High dispersion Low OSNR BRKOPT-2106 23
  • 24.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Example: Link Design with Line Amplifiers 10G Xenpak spec: Tx: +3 to -1dBm, Rx min: -21dBm (0ps/nm) CD tolerance: +1600ps/nm @ 2dB penalty OSNR min: 16dB (0.5nm resolution) -1dBm +2dBm 0ps/nm Time Domain Wavelength Domain OSNR: 18dB Rx: -9dBm Meets receiver minimum OSNR and power requirement +2dBm/ch TX RX Tx: -1dBm min Mux Demux DCU -1600 ps/nm25dB 25dB DCU -1600 ps/nm +2dBm/ch-23dBm/ch -23dBm/ch OSNR= 21dB Noise OSNR= 18dB Noise OSNR= 35dB Noise -23dBm 1600ps/nm +2dBm 0ps/nm -23dBm 1600ps/nm +2dBm 0ps/nm BRKOPT-2106 24
  • 25.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public OSNR Solution #1 Raman Amplifier • Stimulated Raman Scattering creates the Gain • Reduces the effective span loss and increases noise performance • Gain is highly dependent on quality of fiber • Gain Spectrum ~ 40nm with a single pump BRKOPT-2106 25
  • 26.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Log (BER) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 –15 –14 –13 –12 –11 –10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 S/N (dB) Uncoded No FEC G.709 RS(255,239) Raw Channel BER=1.5e-3 EFEC=8.4 dB FEC=6.2 dB OSNR Solution #2: Forward Error Correction • FEC extends reach and design flexibility, at “silicon cost” • G.709 (G.709 Annex A) standard improves OSNR tolerance by 6.2 dB (at 10–15 BER) • Offers intrinsic performance monitoring (error statistics) • Higher gains (8.4dB) possible by enhanced FEC (with same G.709 overhead – G.975.1 I.4) • New SD-FEC provides 2dB more coding gain Benefit: FEC/EFEC Extends Reach and Offers 10–15 BER BRKOPT-2106 26
  • 27.
  • 28.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Non Linear Effects • Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) • Caused by Non Linearity Of Fiber Geometry • Effective for Higher Bit rates (10G) • Four Wave Mixing (FWM) • Effects multi-channel systems • Effects higher bit rates • Self/Cross Phase Modulation (SPM, XPM) • Caused by high channel power • Caused by channel interaction Wavelength (nm) -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 Power(dBm) Wavelength (nm) -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 Wavelength (nm) -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 Power(dBm) nx ny Ex Ey Pulse As it Enters the Fiber Spreaded Pulse As it Leaves the Fiber nx ny Ex Ey Pulse As it Enters the Fiber Spreaded Pulse As it Leaves the Fiber Power SPMDistortion Power SPMDistortion BRKOPT-2106 28
  • 29.
  • 30.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Typical Components of DWDM Systems • Optical transmitters and receivers • DWDM mux/demux filters • Optical add/drop multiplexers (OADMs) • Reconfigurable OADM (ROADM) • Optical amplifiers • Transponders/Muxponders BRKOPT-2106 30
  • 31.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Optical Transmitter Block Diagram Detects pulses of electrical charge • Power measured in watts (W) • Amplitude measured in volts (V) Creates pulses of light • Power measured in decibel-milliwatts (dBm) • Relative amplitude measured in decibels (dB) Electrical conductor E-O Optical fiber 1 11 01 11 0 Electrical-to-optical (E-O) conversion + - dB + - V+ - BRKOPT-2106 31
  • 32.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Optical Receiver Block Diagram Detects pulses of light • Power measured in decibel-milliwatt (dBm) • Relative amplitude measured in decibels (dB) Creates pulses of electrical charge • Power measured in watts (W) • Amplitude measured in volts (V) Electrical conductor O-E Optical fiber + - Optical-to-electrical (O- E) conversion1 11 0+ - dB 1 11 0+ - V BRKOPT-2106 32
  • 33.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public DWDM Mux and Demux Filters Block Diagram 1 2 3 N DWDM fiber N light pulses of different wavelengths From N transmitters To N receivers 1 2 3 N Composite signal Multiplexer Demultiplexer 1, 2, ….N BRKOPT-2106 33
  • 34.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public OADM Block Diagram New data stream, same wavelength Signsl 1 drop OADM one signal Pass through pathOriginal composite signal New composite signal Drop path Add path DWDM fiber Signal 2 add BRKOPT-2106 34
  • 35.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public ROADM Architecture Add Wavelengths Drop Wavelengths Pass-Through Wavelengths Splitter Add WavelengthsSoftware Controlled 32 Ch. DeMux Pass-Through WavelengthsSplitter l1 Network Element l3 Network Element Software Controlled Selectors – 32 Ch. (Pass-through/Add/Block) DWDM Signal Transponder Module West East DWDM Signal Drop Wavelengths drop block blockdrop dropblock block drop Software Controlled 32 Ch. DeMux Add Pass Add Pass Network Element Network Element Transponder Module Pass Pass Add Add Software Controlled Selectors – 32 Ch. (Pass-through/Add/Block) l1l3 BRKOPT-2106 35
  • 36.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Optical Amplifer Block Diagram • Unidirectional operation • Extends the reach of a DWDM span OA DWDM fiber Attenuated input composite signal Amplified output composite signal Powerin Powerout BRKOPT-2106 36
  • 37.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Transponder Block Diagram Optical fiber Non-ITU-T compliant wavelength ITU-T compliant wavelength O-E-O wavelength conversion 850, 1310, 1550 nm 15xx.xx nm Transponder Tx Rx G.709 Enabled BRKOPT-2106 37
  • 38.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Muxponder Block Diagram Optical fibers Multiple Non-ITU-T Compliant Clients ITU-T compliant wavelength Multiplexing and O-E-O wavelength conversion 850, 1310, 1550 nm 15xx.xx nmTx Rx Muxponder G.709 Enabled BRKOPT-2106 38
  • 39.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Pluggable Optics 1G/10G SFP/SFP+ 40G/100G CFP2, CFP, CPAK and CXP 10G/40G/100G QSFP+/QSFP-28 BRKOPT-2106 39
  • 40.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public DWDM System OEOTx Rx Tx Rx OADM OAOA Rx Tx Transponder interface OEO Tx Rx Tx Rx Direct interface To client devices ClientClient Mux and demux Mux and demux BRKOPT-2106 40
  • 41.
  • 42.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Intelligent DWDM • Modern systems compensate real-time for variations in the network • Gain Equalization • Amplifier Control • Automatic Node Setup • Automatic Power Control • WSON Restoration • OTDR • Connection Verification • Allows for less truck rolls and maintenance windows BRKOPT-2106 42
  • 43.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Why Per-Channel Optical Power Equalization • For amplifiers to operate correctly, all channels must be equalized in power. • If channel powers are not equal, more gain will go to the higher powered channels. • Channel power is inherently unequal due to different insertion losses, different paths (add path vs. express/pass-through), etc. • Controlling the optical power of each channel in an optical network is required. AMP AMP Optical Power Equalized Channels Channels with Unequal Optical Power OADM Without Power Equalization Express Path Add/Drop Path Why Per Channel Equalization BRKOPT-2106 43
  • 44.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Automatic Power Control • Automatically corrects amplifier power/gain for capacity change, ageing effects, operating conditions • Keep traffic working after network failires • Prevent BER due to network degrade • Keep constant either power or gain on each amplifier • No truck rolls • No troubleshooting required • No operation complexity APC No Human Intervention Required BRKOPT-2106 44
  • 45.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public OTDR- NCS 2000 • NCS 2000 supports Node Controller Line Cards (TNCS-O) • Each TNCS-O Line Card supports 2x OTDR/OSC ports • 1 OTDR per Degree with up to 4 Degrees per NCS 2015 chassis – Dedicated OTDR • Digital – Bit Stream instead of High Power Optical Pulse • In Band – Take measurements directly @ 1518nm, no extrapolations • Bi-directional operation – Tests both fibers and both directions of the fiber with a single device BRKOPT-2106 45© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
  • 46.
  • 47.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 47BRKOPT-2106 Aggregation Technology OTN Drivers • Sub-Lambda Aggregation/Switching • Adapt to DWDM • Switch/Router Intfc Mismatch to DWDM • Transparency • Timing • Protocols (i.e. OSPF vs ISIS) • Sub-Lambda Protection • Unnecessary when client interface = DWDM Trunk Source: Infonetics OTN Only Packet Aggregation OTN OTN / Packet Optimized Private Line Private Line Private Line Private Line Not yet needed Money saved λ2λ1 λ2λ1 λ2 deferred λ1 Private Line Private Line Private Line Private Line Private Line Private Line Private Line Private Line
  • 48.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 48BRKOPT-2106 OTN – A Quick refresher
  • 49.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Three Architectural Options for OTN 49BRKOPT-2106 Switched G.709 (Digital OTN) Static WDM (Analog OTN) Flexible WDM (Analog OTN) Switched G.709 (Digital OTN) Dynamic WDM (Analog OTN) Framed G.709 (Digital OTN) A B C  G.709 provides all dynamic capabilities  WDM for capacity only  G.709 provides dynamic switching  WDM with reconfigurable connections  G.709 provides framing only  WDM for all dynamic capabilities
  • 50.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 50BRKOPT-2106 Traffic Grooming NCS 2000 400G XPonder 400G XPonder • OTN Aggregation • SNC Protection Cross Platform Remote for 4K OTN Engine Metro WDM Ring 400G-Xponder 400G-Xponder 400G-Xponder 400G-Xponder 400G OTN XPonder 400G OTN XPonder 400G OTN XPonder 400G OTN XPonder X N F Q L B D H 10GE Services 200G WDM 200G WDM 200G WDM
  • 51.
  • 52.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 100G and Beyond – Coherent Detection Direct Detection • Must correct for impairments in the physical domain (insert DCU’s) • Forced to live with non-correctable impairments via network design (limit distance, regenerate, adjust channel spacing) • Dumb detection (OOK), no Digital Signal Processing, only FEC Coherent Detection • Moves impairment correction from the optical domain into the digital domain • Allows for digital correction of impairments (powerful DSP) vs. physical correction of impairments (DCU’s). Adds advanced FEC. • Massive performance improvements over Direct Detection. DD CD DD DCU DCU DCU Regen BRKOPT-2106 52
  • 53.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Flexible Modulation – Reach vs. Capacity BPSK 28 GBaud 56 Gbps 50 Gbps 10,000 km QPSK 32 GBaud 112 Gbps 100 Gbps 6,800 km 16-QAM 35 GBaud 224 Gbps 200 Gbps 1,200 km Modulation Baud Rate Line Rate Payload Rate Distance 53BRKOPT-2106
  • 54.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Traditionally DWDM capacity is limited by the channel spacing imposed by the 50GHz ITU grid. Rigid Spacing Wasted Spectrum Superchannel with Minimal Spacing Efficient Spectrum Use Tightly spaced Superchannels deliver ~30% increase in capacity 50 GHz ITU Grid “Gridless or FlexSpectrum” BRKOPT-2106 54
  • 55.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public FLOW – Flexible Lightwave Orchestration of Wavelengths(Flex Grid) Media-Channel: Continuous spectrum allocated from Source to Destination Super-Channel: set of homogeneous optical carrier(s) of the same type Carrier: Optical Channel carrying a portion or all of the client payload By default one MCH shall be associated to each SCH Each MCH can be switched/routed independently • The MCH has the information on Optical BW allocated and the Path along the network • The SCH has information on the channels contained, and all the optical data • Several MCHs can be aggregated to form a MCH-GROUP. • MCH-GROUP has the same Src/Dest/Path and are managed as a single entity Media-Channel Group Super-Channel SCH1 Super-Channel SCH2 Super-Channel SCH3 Carriers Carriers Carrier Media-Channel MCH2 Media-Channel MCH3 Media-Channel MCH1 BRKOPT-2106 55
  • 56.
  • 57.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public ROADM brought flexibility to DWDM networks. Any wavelength. Anywhere. But it was static flexibility. Moves and changes required a truck roll. BRKOPT-2106 57
  • 58.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public … because ROADM ports were colored and directional. Colored Add/Drop Fixed port frequency assignment One unique frequency per port Directional Add/Drop Physical add/drop port is tied to a ROADM “degree” Due to these restrictions, a change in direction or frequency of an optical circuit required a physical change (move interface to different port) at the endpoints. BRKOPT-2106 58
  • 59.
    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Colorless Add/Drop No port-frequency assignment Any frequency, any port With Colorless plus Omni-Directional, the frequency and direction of the signal can be changed, without requiring a change of ROADM add/drop port, therefore no truckrolls, and hence…programmability! Omni-Directional Add/Drop Add/Drop ports can be routed to/from any ROADM degree Colorless and Omni-directional add/drop bring touchless flexibility, and hence programmability, to ROADM networks. BRKOPT-2106 59
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    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Directional Add/Drop ROADMs form a Contentionless node by definition. With Contentionless, N instances of a given wavelength (where N = the number of line degrees in the ROADM node) can be add/dropped from a single device, eliminating any restrictions on dynamic wavelength provisioning. Contentionless add/drop allows multiple instances of the same frequency to A/D from one unit. But…Colorless and Omni-directional introduce wavelength contention at the add/drop stage. Need a Contentionless architecture. BRKOPT-2106 60
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    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Transmitter can tune its laser’s frequency to any channel in the ITU grid. Tunable lasers work with colorless add/drop to enable touchless changes in the frequency of an optical signal. Coherent receivers simplify the construction of colorless and omni-directional ROADM nodes, by eliminating the need to de- multiplex a signal down to the individual wavelength. Receiver can select any channel from of a composite (unfiltered) signal. Tunable lasers and coherent receivers are also key enablers of the touchless programmable optical layer. BRKOPT-2106 61
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    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public But this touchless capability is of limited use without intelligence. Intelligence to find an optically feasible route through the network. The WSON Control Plane combines GMPLS signaling with knowledge of optical interface requirements and channel impairments. WSON Embedded Optical Intelligence WSON enables automated, constraint- based zero-planning wavelength setup, which in turn enables advanced optical layer features such as Optical Restoration. BRKOPT-2106 62
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    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Dynamic Optical Restoration Client Colorless, Omni-Directional ROADM switches the path Service is brought back up with the same Client and Optical interfaces, zero touches Embedded WSON intelligence locates and verifies a new path and wavelength Transponders re-tune to available wavelength Fiber Cut! animated slide Client ROADM Network Transponder Shelf Transponder Shelf BRKOPT-2106 63
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    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public OpenConfig data-model support ready 64BRKOPT-2106 Automation for Increased Visibility
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    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public • 96 channels of 250G @ 24Tbps • Solution upgradeable to high baud rate line rates • Smart licensing option available • AES-256 encryption available Point-to-Point Metro Optimized DWDM Transport Solution • IOS-XR software for complete automation with enhanced monitoring • Local and network boot (iPXE and ZTP) • Programmability with YANG model based APIs • Headless mode for data plane resiliency • LLDP, trunk trace, locator beacon and more NCS 1001 Amplifiers + Protection + Channel Monitoring IOS-XR NCS 1002 8 250G MXP/TXPs IOS-XR 15216 Mux-Demux 96 Channels Passive 15216-MD-48-ODD= 15216-MD-48-EVEN= 65BRKOPT-2106 Transport for Cloud Networks
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     Introduction –What is DWDM?  Optical Fiber  Linear/Non-linear Effects and Solutions  DWDM Components  DWDM Software  Intro to OTN  Increasing Capacity, Flexibility and Reach in DWDM Conclusion
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    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Glossary  Arrayed Waveguide (AWG)  Automatic Node Setup (ANS)  Automatic Power Control (APC)  Chromatic Dispersion (CD)  Cross Phase Modulation (XPM)  Decibels (dB)  Decibels-milliwatt (dBm)  Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)  Dispersion Compensation Unit (DCU)  Dispersion Shifted Fiber (DSF)  Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)  Four-Wave Mixing (FWM) BRKOPT-2106 68
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    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Glossary International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Non-Zero Dispersion Shifted Fiber (NZ-DSF) Optical Add Drop Multiplexer (OADM) Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC) Optical Supervisory Channel Module (OSCM) Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) Reconfigurable Optical Add Drop Multiplexer (ROADM) Self Phase Modulation (SPM) Single Mode Fiber (SMF) Variable Optical Attenuator (VOA) BRKOPT-2106 69
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    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public • Give us your feedback to be entered into a Daily Survey Drawing. A daily winner will receive a $750 gift card. • Complete your session surveys through the Cisco Live mobile app or on www.CiscoLive.com/us. Complete Your Online Session Evaluation Don’t forget: Cisco Live sessions will be available for viewing on demand after the event at www.CiscoLive.com/Online.
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    © 2017 Ciscoand/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Continue Your Education • Demos in the Cisco campus • Walk-in Self-Paced Labs • Lunch & Learn • Meet the Engineer 1:1 meetings • Related sessions 71BRKOPT-2106
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