An Ethernet frame contains 6 segments: the preamble, destination and source addresses, type/length field, data/payload, and frame check sequence. It can carry higher-level network protocols like IP packets. The frame always refers to the physical transmission medium, while a packet can be transmitted over different mediums. Jumbo frames are larger than the standard 1500 byte frame size and introduce VLAN tagging to identify specific VLANs and prioritize traffic between interconnected devices.
Data Communication & Computer Networks:Digital Signal EncodingDr Rajiv Srivastava
These slides cover the fundamentals of data communication & networking. It covers Digital signal Encoding which are used in communication of data over transmission medium. it is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or between nodes on the same local area network (LAN) segment.
Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance. It is a networking presentation.Here describe how CSMA/CA works to avoid collision.It helps a beginner student to understand who its work.
MEMBERS:
Abletes, Charles Chille
Agustin, Eloisa Marie U.
Curammeng, Alona Jane E.
Galvan, Cyrus Kim
Macaysa, Czyryl Anne A.
Pagtaccunan, Roshiela Mae V.
Although the OSI reference model is universally recognized, the historical and technical open standard of the Internet is Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
The TCP/IP reference model and the TCP/IP protocol stack make data communication possible between any two computers, anywhere in the world, at nearly the speed of light.
Its about the need for standard in networking, and caters to IEEE 802 standard in detail. FI you want to listen to this lecture
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IVD5sOpA0lc
Data Communication & Computer Networks:Digital Signal EncodingDr Rajiv Srivastava
These slides cover the fundamentals of data communication & networking. It covers Digital signal Encoding which are used in communication of data over transmission medium. it is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or between nodes on the same local area network (LAN) segment.
Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance. It is a networking presentation.Here describe how CSMA/CA works to avoid collision.It helps a beginner student to understand who its work.
MEMBERS:
Abletes, Charles Chille
Agustin, Eloisa Marie U.
Curammeng, Alona Jane E.
Galvan, Cyrus Kim
Macaysa, Czyryl Anne A.
Pagtaccunan, Roshiela Mae V.
Although the OSI reference model is universally recognized, the historical and technical open standard of the Internet is Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
The TCP/IP reference model and the TCP/IP protocol stack make data communication possible between any two computers, anywhere in the world, at nearly the speed of light.
Its about the need for standard in networking, and caters to IEEE 802 standard in detail. FI you want to listen to this lecture
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IVD5sOpA0lc
Advanced TCP/IP-based Industrial Networking for Engineers & TechniciansLiving Online
This manual is for engineers and technicians who need a practical and extensive knowledge of the design and troubleshooting of Industrial Ethernet networks, as well as the selection, installation, and configuration of components such as routers and switches.
It deals in-depth with the underlying TCP/IP protocols, and specifically addresses both design and configuration issues related to IPv4 and the more recent IPv6.
It also covers the more advanced aspects and applications of Ethernet such as advanced switching and routing, CCTV over IP, OPC and Modbus/TCP over Ethernet, industrial security, intrinsically safe applications, switched rings (included the latest IEC 62439-3 redundant ring standard), and highly-deterministic Ethernet-based field buses (e.g. for servo control) capable of 1 millisecond repetition rates and jitter of less than 1 microsecond.
http://www.idc-online.com/content/advanced-tcpip-based-industrial-networking-engineers-and-technicians-21
This Technical Note describes the Message formats used in PathMATE Multi-Process
deployments when communicating between any two process instances.
Section 2 provides an overview of the different message protocol layers involved during
transmission defining basic terminology and the basic concepts.
Section 3 describes in the detail the PathMATE Application Messaging Protocol and all supported message formats, as defined for the CPP Transformation Maps in 8.2.0 software releases.
Appendix A lists sources for referenced information for Ethernet and TCPIP protocols.
IEEE 802 refers to a family of IEEE standards
Dealing with local area network and metropolitan area network.
Restricted to networks carrying variable-size packets.
Specified in IEEE 802 map to the lower two layers
Data link layer
Physical layer
The most widely used standards
.802.3 - Ethernet
802.4 - Token Bus
802.5 - Token Ring
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a button
Ethernet Frames Explained
1. Ethernet Frame
• A Ethernet Frame is a physical layer communications transmission, comprised of 6 fields
which are assembled to transmit any higher layer protocol over an Ethernet fabric.
• A IP Packet is a formatted unit of data which can be transmitted across numerous physical
topologies including Ethernet, Serial, SONET and ATM.
• The important thing to understand is that a frame always refers to the physical medium.
References to enhancements in the physical medium like larger than standard Ethernet
frames are called “Jumbo Frames”, not “Jumbo Packets”
A IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Frame is composed of 6 segments which are described in detail below.
Preamble:
The 802.3 specification divides the preamble into two sections. The
first section is a 56 bit (7 byte) field plus a 1 byte field called the
starting frame delimiter (SFD). The preamble is not typically used in
modern Ethernet networks as its function is to provide signal start-
up time for 10Mbps Ethernet signals. Modern 100Mbps, 1000Mbps
or 10Gbps Ethernet use constant signalling, which avoids the need
for the preamble.
The preamble is preserved for today’s Ethernet transmissions
speeds to avoid making any changes to the Ethernet frame format. The preamble, while listed as a
part of the actual Ethernet frame is technically not part of the frame as it is added to the front of
the frame by the NIC just before the frame is put on the wire. The start of frame delimiter is a 1
byte field that serves as a signal to the NIC that the data immediately following the SFD is the
beginning of the actual frame.
2. Destination and Source Address:
These two sections of the frame are likely the most commonly understood in
that they contain the MAC address for the source “transmitting system” and
the destination “target system”.
Type / Length
The type / length field is used to identify what higher-level network protocol is
being carried in the frame (example: TCP/IP)
Data / Payload
The data / payload field is what we typically consider most important as
it is the data in which we are transmitting. The diagram specifies a range
between a minimum of 46 bytes and maximum of 1500 bytes. A
standard Ethernet frame has a maximum payload of 1500 bytes, frames
over 1500 bytes are considered Jumbo Frames.
Frame Check Sequence (CRC)
The end of the frame contains a 32 bit field which is a Cyclic Redundancy
Checksum (CRC). This is a mechanism to check the integrity of a frame upon
arrival at it’s destination. The CRC is generated by applying a polynomial to bits
which make up the frame at transmission. This same polynomial is used at the
receiving station to verify the contents of the frame have not changed in
transmission
Introduction of the 802.1q VLAN tag
VLAN tagging has traditionally been used to interconnect infrastructure routers and switches.
Through these VLAN tagged connections multiple VLANs can be transported across a single logical or
physical link. In recent years it has become very popular to connect end-points using VLAN trunking
and have a endpoint exist in multiple VLANs. An example of this includes using a NetApp FAS
controller directly connected to a Ethernet switch, using VLAN tagging to isolate different protocols
or users to specific VLANs. When VLAN tagging is introduced the size of the Ethernet frame expands
to accommodate the VLAN tag. The following diagram depicts our Ethernet frame used in the
previous example, except that it now depicts the presence of a VLAN tag.
3. The 802.1q VLAN tag introduces a 4 byte tag which follows the source address field in the frame.
This tag is separated into two, 2 byte segments. The first 2 byte segment is the Tag Protocol
Identifier (TPID). The value in the 2 byte field is always 0x8100 which simply identifies the frame as
a IEEE 802.1q tagged frame. The second 2 byte segment is the Tag Control Information (TCI). The
tag control information field is further segmented by the first 3 bits being used to carry priority
information based on the values defined in the 802.1p standard. This field ensures that 802.1p
priorities can be extended to VLANs by providing space within the tag to indicate traffic priorities.
The remaining bits in the TCI contain the VLAN identifier (VID) which provides the means to
uniquely identify the VLAN to which the frame is a member of.
Introducing the VLAN tag expands the maximum standard frame size to 1522 bytes.
MTU or Maximum Transmission Unit size
Windows:
Linux:
4. MTU Capture:
Jumbo Frames:
“With Jumbo Frames you must standardize everything to the same frame size”
Diagram depicting Jumbo Frame, without VLAN tagging
Diagram of a Jumbo Frame with VLAN tagging
5. The following diagram illustrates the configuration requirements for a network infrastructure which
has enabled Jumbo Frames for two server VLANs, while still supporting standard frames for a legacy
server VLAN and connecting a NetApp FAS controller via a VLAN Trunk.