This document discusses IPV4 and IPV6. It begins by defining what an IP address is and how they are distributed. It then explains the uses of IP addresses and the two main types: IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses represented in decimal form, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses in hexadecimal form. The document outlines the classes, types, and terminologies associated with IPv4, and how IPv6 aims to address the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses by supporting a vastly larger number of unique addresses. It concludes by discussing challenges around the deployment of IPv6.

1. IPV4 & IPV6
SARI LAKKIS (200379809)
MUHAMMED IBRAR (200372343)
DANISH JUNAID (200367647)
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2. What is an IP address?
 “An IP address is an identifier for a particular machine on a particular
network. It is part of a scheme to identify computers on the internet.” –
Internet and Worldwide Web
 IP addresses regulations and distributions are controlled under the internet
assigned number authority(IANA).
 Usually IP addresses distributed to Internet Service Providers (ISP’s), then
in their turn ISP’s assign addresses to their clients.
 IP stands for “Internet Protocol”.
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3. What is the use of IP?
 IP address works at the network layer of the OSI model.
 Without IP addresses, devices on different
networks will not be able to communicate.
 There are two main types of IP addresses:
 IPv4
 IPv6
 Every device needs a unique IP address
in order to connect to the internet.
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4. IPv4 (IP Version 4)
 It is 32 bit number represented in 4 decimal numbers where each of them
represents 8bits (0-255) referred to as “octet” and separated by dots “.”.
 IPv4 supports 232 addresses ~4294967296
 Each IP address can be divided into 2 portions:
 Network ID: it is the number assigned to a network
in the internet.
 Host id: it represents the id assigned to a host in the
network.
 Those portions differ between classes types.
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5. IPv4 Classes
 There are 5 different classes that IPv4 accommodates:
 Class A: Used for large networks.
 Class B: Used for medium sized networks.
 Class C: Used for small networks
 Class D: Used for multicast
 Class E: Used for experimental
purposes
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6. Types of IPv4 addresses
 There are two main types of IPv4 addresses:
 Private IP address: These are only routable and accessible inside a private local
area network, they cannot be used outside the LAN (Thus they can be reused
over and over again).
 Public IP addresses: these addresses are
unique across the globe (thus they cannot be
reused).
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7. Common Terminologies
 Subnet Mask: Gives additional information about specific IP address such
as: Network and host portions or class type.
 Broadcast Address: it refers to the last IP address in each network or
subnetwork and it is used to broadcast messages to all the devices in the
network.
 Network ID: it’s the very first address in the network and its reserved
(cannot be used).
 http://jodies.de/ipcalc
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8. Exhaustion of IPv4 Addresses 8

9. Overcoming IPv4 exhaustion
 Since 2011 all IPv4 addresses were consumed, as a result new methods to
overcome this issue:
 CIDR (Classless inter-domain routing): introduced by The Internet Engineering
Task Force in 1993, it allows network managers to divide their networks into a
number of smaller networks to utilize their allocated IP space.
 Nat (Network address translation): the use of one public IP address to access
the WAN instead of using public IP address for each device.
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10. IPv6 (IP Version 6)
 It is 128 bit number represented in 8 hexadecimal numbers where each of
them represents 16bits (0-255) referred to as “octet” and separated by
dots “:”.
 IPv4 supports 2128 addresses ~”Cannot be listed”
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11. Deployment of IPv6
 Maybe you are wondering why till now the world did not see worldwide
adoption of IPv6?
 The reason is its costly and tedious to convert and immigrate IPv4 protocols
and equipment's to IPv6.
 However, there are available ways to accommodate IPv6 packets:
 Dual stack equipment: network equipment that supports IPv6 & IPv4
simultaneously (UoR deployed this).
 IPv6 encapsulation: encapsulating an integrating IPv6 packets and segments
into IPv4 frames.
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12. IPv4 VS IPv6 12

13. Conclusions
 IPv4 was a reliable solution until the explosion of technology started.
 IPv6 seems reliable also, however we cannot say until we test and deploy.
 In our opinion in the coming years the internet should have shift from
older IPv4 to IPv6 due the high demands of internet devices especially
mobile phones and IoT technologies.
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14. Questions? 14