IPV6 addressing solution was announced in the mid 1990s (RFC 2460) and was task in solving IPv4’s shortcomings NB: Version 5 was already assigned to another developing protocol, this is the reason for the jump from version 4 to 6. Although both versions function similarly, version 4 and version 6 use different types of packet header formatting and addressing lengths. Meanwhile IPV6 header are more efficient and greatly simplified compared to IPV4 header information . This helps to reduce processing overhead during transmission. Larger address space: The main limitations with IPv4 are the imposed address space limitations and eventual complete loss of addressing capability. IPv6 was designed to overcome IPv4’s 32-bit limitations by introducing much larger 128-bit addresses and providing an address pool that is virtually inexhaustible. Stateless autoconfiguration: A feature used to issue and generate an IP address without the need for a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server: • Routers send router advertisements (RAs) to network hosts containing the first half, or first 64 bits, of the 128-bit network address. • The second half of the address is generated exclusively by the host and is known as the interface identifier. The interface identifier uses its own MAC address, or it may use a randomly generated number. This allows the host to keep hardware addresses hidden for security reasons and helps an administrator mitigate security risks. More efficient packet headers: IPv6 uses a simpler header design than IPv4. The enhanced design allows routers to analyze and forward packets faster. Fewer header fields must be read, and header checksums are completely discarded in IPv6. More efficient packet headers improve network performance and save valuable router resources Changes in multicast operation: Support for multicasting in IPv6 is now mandatory instead of optional, as with IPv4. The multicasting capabilities in IPv6 completely replace the broadcasting functionality found in IPv4. IPv6 replaces broadcasting with an “all-host” multicasting group. Increased security: Another optional feature found in IPv4, IP Security (IPsec) measures are now considered mandatory and implemented natively in IPv6. What all this numbers translate into is, flexibility of assigning different functions on the network, without facing address exhaustion. It also allows for an improved network design and troubleshooting efficiency. The hexadecimal address look like Components of Computer Networks In this tutorial, we will cover the components of Computer Networks. A Computer Network basically comprises multiple computers that are interconnected to each other in order to share information and other resources. Multiple computers are connected either with the help of cables or wireless media. So basically with the help of a computer network two or more devices are connected in order to share a nearly limitless range of information and services whic

1. AKWETEY HENRY MATEY
IP VERSION SIX(6)
WEEK TEN

2. • Understanding IPv6
• Identifying IPv4 and IPv6 differences
• Examining IPv6 addressing
• Reviewing IPv6 configuration
• Routing with IPv6
• Migrating IPv4 to IPv6
• Implementing dual-stack IPv4/IPv6 protocols
• Tunneling through both IP versions
KEY POINTS

3. IPV6 addressing solution was announced in the mid 1990s (RFC 2460) and
was task in solving IPv4’s shortcomings
NB: Version 5 was already assigned to another developing protocol, this is the
reason for the jump from version 4 to 6.
Although both versions function similarly, version 4 and version 6 use different
types of packet header formatting and addressing lengths. Meanwhile IPV6
header are more efficient and greatly simplified compared to IPV4 header
information . This helps to reduce processing overhead during transmission.

4. IPV6 has been designed to transition easily to IPV4 with minimum disruption to current
network configuration.

5. The major benefits and features of IPv6
 Larger address space:
The main limitations with IPv4 are the imposed address space limitations and eventual complete loss of
addressing capability. IPv6 was designed to overcome IPv4’s 32-bit limitations by introducing much larger 128-
bit addresses and providing an address pool that is virtually inexhaustible.
 Stateless autoconfiguration:
A feature used to issue and generate an IP address without the need for a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP) server:
• Routers send router advertisements (RAs) to network hosts containing the first half, or first 64 bits, of the 128-
bit network address.
• The second half of the address is generated exclusively by the host and is known as the interface identifier.
The interface identifier uses its own MAC address, or it may use a randomly generated number.
This allows the host to keep hardware addresses hidden for security reasons and helps an administrator mitigate
security risks.

6.  More efficient packet headers: IPv6 uses a simpler header design than IPv4. The
enhanced design allows routers to analyze and forward packets faster. Fewer header
fields must be read, and header checksums are completely discarded in IPv6. More
efficient packet headers improve network performance and save valuable router
resources
 Changes in multicast operation: Support for multicasting in IPv6 is now mandatory
instead of optional, as with IPv4. The multicasting capabilities in IPv6 completely
replace the broadcasting functionality found in IPv4. IPv6 replaces broadcasting with an
“all-host” multicasting group.
 Increased security: Another optional feature found in IPv4, IP Security (IPsec)
measures are now considered mandatory and implemented natively in IPv6.

7.  Additional mobility features: Mobile IPv6 allows a mobile IPv6
node to change links or locations and still maintain one permanent
address.
 Integrated quality of service (QoS): Integrated QoS in IPv6
packet headers provides improved packet management. Routers
are now able to organize, prioritize, and forward packets more
efficiently than with previous implementations.

8. Operating systems that support IPv6 include
IPV6 is an internet protocol that uses a 128-bit hexadecimal addressing method called colon
hexadecimal notation. This supports a much wider address space than IPv4. it is enough to
be issue to each person on the planet approximately 5x10^28 addresses or trillions of
address.

9. What all this numbers translate into is, flexibility of assigning
different functions on the network, without facing address
exhaustion. It also allows for an improved network design and
troubleshooting efficiency.
The hexadecimal address look like

10. Hexadecimal is not case sensitive, so both “2FEE” and
“2fee” have the same value.

13. Who’s the assigning authority?
Management of IPv6 addresses has been delegated from the Internet Corporation
Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to the Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority (IANA), which in turn has been handed over to five regional Internet
registries (RIRs):
 The American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN): Serving North America
 The Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC):
 Supporting Europe, the Middle East, and the former Soviet Union
 The Asian Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC): Supporting Asia
and Australia
 The African Network Information Centre (AfriNIC): Responsible for Africa
and the Indian Ocean
 The Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry (LACNIC):
Serving Latin America and the Caribbean

14. These five RIRs delegate their responsibilities further to
• Local Internet registries (LIRs)
• Internet service providers (ISPs)
IPv6 address notation
IPv6 128-bit addresses consist of two logical parts:
 The top 64 bits represent the global routing prefix (plus the subnet ID).
 The remaining 64 bits contain the host interface identifier.

15. Host address in IPv6 is created using the hardware MAC address from the host interface
and is termed a 64-bit Extended Unique Identifier (EUI-64).
If privacy is a concern, the host can use a randomly generated number instead of the MAC
address to identify itself on the network.
A method to shorten 128-bit hex addresses that have leading 0s in each 16 -bit Group. This
is called Zero compression. The rule for zero compression are simple; only one consecutive
series of 0s( separated by colons) may be removed per Address. Double colons(::) are
inserted into the address as a placeholder to represent the discard 0s

16. BINARY VALUES
NIBBLE VALUES BYTES VALUES
8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
8bits .8bits.8bits .8bits =32bits
4 octet>>>
IPV6 >>>16bits.16bits.16bits.16bits.16bits.16bits.16bits.16bits= 128 bits

18. IPV6 128-bit address variations
128-bit address Zero compression examples
BA02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 BA02::1
FC55:0:0:0:3030:2340:0210:0010 FC55::3030:2340:0210:0010
CA12:0:075BA:0:0:62DC:CA01 CA12::75BA:0:0:62DC:CA01 OR
CA12:0:0:75BA::62DC:CA01
0:0:0:0:0:0: 0: 0 ::
0:0:0:0:0:0: 0: 1 :1 Internal loopback address

19. The network portion of the address is determined by the prefix length value following the
address/version 6 address are followed by a slash and decimal numbers indicating the bit
count, much like IPV4 CIDR notation.
For example

21. Types of version six address
Unicast: packet delivery that is designed for host to host communications. One unicast
address is assigned per interface
Multicast: Addresses that are assigned to a specific “multicast group” of interfaces. IPv6
multicasting functions similarly to IPv4 broadcasting and is described as “one-to-many” IP
communications. Because no broadcast address exists in IPv6, the “all-nodes” multicast
address is used to designate a group of interfaces.
Compared to IPv4 broadcasting, IPv6 multicasting provides a much more efficient means of
group communications. It is no longer necessary for all interfaces on the subnet to receive the
same broadcast message, saving valuable CPU processes and reducing network traffic.

22. Anycast: Packets that are sent and received by only one member (interface) per anycast
group. This is described as “one-to-one-of-many” communications and delivers packets to
the closest interface (in routing distance) in the anycast group. Anycast addresses use the
same syntax as unicast addressing, and hosts are unable recognize the difference between
unicast and anycast packets.
Anycast packets are only sent to one host in an anycast group, compared to packets
reaching “all hosts” in the multicast group.

23. Reserved IPv6
IPv6 dedicates a large amount of address space for testing and other special purposes

24. OPEN MY COMPUTER ON THE DESKTOP
Right click on the Network Icon
From the popup menu click on properties
Click on change adapter settings
Configuring IPV6 on windows machine

25. From the open dialog, right click on
the
Ethernet icon
From the popup menu, click on
properties

26. Double click on internet protocol
version 6

27. Make option
Input the required IP in the text box
Click Ok

28. To configure IPV6 on cisco devices
Enable the device to pass IPV6 traffic using the ipv6 unicast-routing
command in IOS global configuration mode
To configure a Cisco interface for IPv6 in the IOS, enter privileged EXEC/ global
configuration mode and specify the interface type and number:
Router>enable
Router configure terminal
Router(config)#interface type number

29. Then designate the IPv6 network or address assigned to the interface and enable IPv6
processing on the interface. The ipv6-prefix/address arguments with the prefix length must be
in standard colon hexadecimal notation, such as 2001:0CC8:0:1::/64.
Router(config-if)#ipv6 address ipv6-prefix/prefix-length eui-64
Configuring site-local and global addresses is done without the eui-64 or link-local prefixes.
Using eui-64 configures an interface identifier in the low-order 64 bits of the address. Or, use
the following:
Router(config-if)#ipv6 address ipv6-address/prefix-length link-local

30. Link-local addresses only communicate with nodes on the same network. Another
alternative is as follows:
Router(config-if)#ipv6 address ipv6-prefix/prefix-length anycast
This method specifies an IPv6 anycast address. You may also use the following:
Router(config-if)#ipv6 enable
Using the ipv6 enable command automatically configures a link-local address on the
interface and enables the interface for IPv6 processing. Now, exit interface configuration
mode and enable the interface to forward unicast datagrams:
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing

31. You can now verify that IPv6 is enabled and properly configured to a particular
interface by viewing the running configuration:
Router# show running-config
Building configuration...
Current configuration : 22324 bytes
! Last configuration change at 13: 34:21 EST Tue Jun 4 2009
! NVRAM config last updated at 04:14:16 EST Tue Jun 4 200 9 by drew
hostname dummies
ipv6 unicast-routing
interface Ethernet0
no ip route-cache
no ip mroute-cache
no keepalive
media-type 10BaseT
ipv6 address 3FFE :C00:0:1::/64 eui-64

32. view the configured Ethernet interface:
Router#show ipv6 interface ethernet 0
Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is up
IPv6 is enabled, link-local address is FE80::260:3EFF:FE11:6770
Global unicast address(es):
3FFE:C00:0:1:260:3EFF:FE11:6770, subnet is 3FFE:C00:0:1::/64
Joined group address(es):
FF02::1
FF02::2
FF02::1:FF11:6770
MTU is 1500 bytes
ICMP error messages limited to one every 500 milliseconds
ND reachable time is 30000 milliseconds
ND advertised reachable time is 0 milliseconds
ND advertised retransmit interval is 0 milliseconds
ND router advertisements are sent every 200 seconds
ND router advertisements live for 1800 seconds
Hosts use stateless autoconfig for addresses

33. Autoconfiguration — DHCP who?
Address autoconfiguration allows IPv6 hosts to self-configure themselves with
IP addressing and other information without the need for a server. In IPv4, you
either specify a static IP address or enable DHCP addressing to provide
required stateful information to hosts. Stateful addressing is delivered to
clients using a centrally managed server. With stateless IPv6
autoconfiguration, neither a DHCP server nor static IP is necessary. Stateless
configuration allows devices to generate their own addresses and adjust
according to the state of the network.

34. The steps involved in address autoconfiguration are as follows:
a. Generate a link-local address: The device creates a 64-bit host identifier using its own
48-bit hardware address and adds a trailing 16-bit hex value of 0xFFFE. The 48-bit hardware
address and the added 16-bit value of 0xFFFE combine to form the host identifier. The
universal/local bit of the MAC address is always the seventh bit and gets “flipped” from 0 to
1.
This process is called MAC-to-EUI64 conversion and determines the interface ID of the
device.
Another method can be used to generate the link-local address without using a MAC address.
Instead of using the hardware address of an interface, a random “token” value is generated by
the device. This can cause problems if two devices on the network randomly generate the
same token. The chances are minimal, but testing must be done to eliminate the possibility
that this token value is identically generated and used somewhere else on the same local
network.

35. b. Test the uniqueness of the link-local address: The host sends a neighbor solicitation
message by employing the Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP). NDP verifies the
uniqueness of the link-local address. Because two nodes may not share the same interface
ID, the node listens on the network for a neighbor advertisement. If duplicate addresses exist
(most likely from using a “token” value instead of the MAC address), a new interface ID
must be generated.
c. Assign the link-local address to the interface: The device assigns the newly generated
link-local address to its interface. Assigning the link local address depends on the previous
step and will execute only when the address uniqueness test passes.

36. d. Host contacts the router on the local network: The host contacts the router in one of
two ways. The host may either listen to router advertisements (RAs) or send its own router
solicitation message. In either case, the requesting node contacts the router, requesting
additional information needed for network address configuration. The router responds and
informs the host how to determine its globally unique network address. For networks
employing stateful configurations, DHCPv6 contact information is provided to the host.
e. Globally unique network address is formed: The host combines the interface ID with
the router-issued network prefix to create the globally unique network address.

37. A dynamic approach
While stateless address autoconfiguration has removed the major reasons for deploying
DHCP services in IPv4, DHCPv6 may still be used in IPv6 networks to provide stateful
addressing assignment.

39. ICMPv6 Internet Control Message Protocol version 6 (ICMPv6) is an integral
part of IPv6 and functions just as it does in IPv4. ICMPv6 is used by nodes for
reliability testing (using the ping command) and for reporting errors during
packet handling. ICMPv6 messages are divided into two categories: error
messages and informational messages. These are defined by their high-order bits
in the message type field of each packet:
 0–127 is the range for error messages.
 128–255 are used for informational messages.
ICMPv6 packets are used for path MTU discovery, Neighbor Discovery
Protocol(NDP), and the Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) Protocol. MLD is
tasked with discovering nodes that want to send/receive multicast packets to
specific multicast addresses using IPv6 routers. Neighbor Discovery uses ICMP
messages to determine link-layer addresses of hosts that reside on the same
network using solicitation messages. Router advertisement (RA) messages are
also handled by ICMPv6.

40. Routing with IPv6
The Internet is a collection of IP-based packet-switching networks known individually
as autonomous systems (ASs). Each of these subnets may use one or more system
administrators to deploy routing protocols inside the organization, known as Interior
Gateway Protocols (IGPs). To connect individual networks and to pass routing
information between them, an Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) is enabled. System
administrators may either
Manually update routing tables, which is called static routing
Use an automatically configured dynamic routing approach
The purpose and goal of routing IPv4 and IPv6 packets remain the same: to forward
packets efficiently from sender to receiver interfaces.
static routing
May improve routing performance but also increases network management and administrative tasks.

41. Routers using an IPv6 static configuration have the following benefits over
dynamically configured networks:
• Less bandwidth requirements
• Security and resource efficiency
• No CPU usage during route calculations
The following code configures an IPv6 static route using the Cisco IOS ipv6
route command:
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#ipv6 route ipv6-prefix/prefix-length {ipv6-address | interfacetype
interface-number [ipv6-address]} [administrative-distance]
[administrative-multicast-distance | unicast | multicast][tag tag]

42. IPv6 routing protocols
IPv6 relies on the same routing protocols as does IPv4, but some
modifications and upgrades were made to provide the additional requirements
of IPv6.
Popular Interior Gateway Protocols modified for IP version 6:
• RIPng (RIP next generation)
• EIGRPv6
• OSPFv3

43. RIPng into the next generation
Routing Information Protocol next generation (RIPng) is a distance
vector protocol based on RIPv2, designed for deployment in medium-
sized networks and functioning similarly to RIP in IPv4. RIPng is
designed for use with routers only and carries a maximum 15-hop
radius, which limits its use in large networking environments.
The major purpose of RIPng is to provide route computation between
routers every 30 seconds.

44. Enables RIPng from the IOS interface configuration mode:
1. Enter privileged EXEC/global configuration mode:
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
2. Select the interface to configure:
Router(config)#interface type number
3. Enable RIPng on the interface:
Router(config-if)#ipv6 rip name enable

45. EIGRPv6
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol version 6 (EIGRPv6) is another advanced
distance vector protocol that also works similarly to the EIGRP protocol used in
IPv4.EIGRPv6 is still easy to configure and uses the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)
for loop-free, fast convergence times. Some highlights of EIGRPv6 are as follows:

46. To turn on the routing process and enable the EIGRPv6 routing protocol, configure as follows:
1. Enter privileged EXEC/global configuration mode:
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
2. Enable routing of IPv6 packets:
Router(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
3. Specify the interface to be configured:
Router(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
4. Enable IPv6 processing on the interface:
Router(config-if)#ipv6 enable
Router(config-if)#ipv6 eigrp as-number
5. Issue the no shutdown command to start the protocol:
Router(config-if)#no shutdown

47. 6. Create an EIGRP IPv6 routing process and enter router configuration
mode:
Router(config-if)#ipv6 router eigrp as-number
7. Assign the unique fixed router ID:
Router(config-router)#router-id {ip-address | ipv6-
address}
8. Issue the no shutdown command again:
Router(config-router)#no shutdown
9. Type exit to return to global configuration mode:
Router(config-router)#exit
10. Type exit again to return to privileged EXEC mode:
Router(config)#exit
11. Copy the running configuration to the startup configuration:
Router#copy run start

48. OSPFv3
Open Shortest Path First version 3 (OSPFv3) is a link-state routing protocol based on
OSPFv2 using a hierarchical method of dividing large autonomous systems. OSPF makes
routing decisions based on the state of the attached links that connect source to destination.
Network link-state information is collected and stored in a database and propagated using a
series of link-state advertisements (LSAs). This database is used to create the routing tables
used by OSPF.

49. OSPFv3 uses multicast addresses FF02::5 and FF02::6 to send updates and
acknowledgments. Enhanced features include the following:
• Transmits IPv6 prefixes and supports multiple 128-bit addresses per
interface.
• IPsec authentication replaces OSPF protocol authentication.
• Runs over a link instead of a subnet.
• Uses “ships in the night” integrated parallel routing. “Ships in the night”
provides simultaneous OSPFv3 and OSPFv2 operation, allowing both IPv4
and IPv6 packets to be forwarded. To configure or enable OSPFv3, first enable
unicast routing and IPv6 on the interface before enabling and assign OSPF

50. Enter privileged EXEC/global configuration mode and
select the
particular interface:
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#interface type number
Enable and assign OSPF to the interface on the router:
Router(config-if)#ipv6 ospf process-id area area-id
[instance instance-id]

51. Migrating to IPv6
Many organizations realize the eventual necessity of migrating to IPv6, even if they
are anticipating a daunting process ahead. They may be comfortable and fully
satisfied with IPv4’s functionality and current network configuration. However, the
IPv4 comfort level will not last forever. The clock is ticking, and time is running short.
But the problem may lie with agencies that don’t realize the budget, planning, and
technical expertise requirements needed for migration. In actuality, the migration
process is less painful than some may think.

52. points to remember when planning a migration to IPv6:
• Develop a plan. Start working on a plan now before it is time to migrate. A complete
transition to IPv6 can take years, so start planning thoroughly now. Address assignment,
routing, DNS, and application support are areas that must be considered for deployment.
• Analyze the organization’s network management system. The majority of network
management systems currently support IPv4 only. Additional funds may be required to
upgrade the existing IPv4 network management system to IPv6, or an entirely new system
may be needed to support IPv6.
• Evaluate network security. Unauthorized network access is still a major concern with
IPv6. Both firewalls and intrusion detection systems are invaluable.
• Enable IPv6 on the network. Start activating IPv6 on the network core, or backbone, to
the desktop. Applications may then follow suit and be migrated individually, depending on
greatest organizational priority.

53. Migration methods
The IETF has recommended migration methods to follow that can ease the Internet
conversion process to IPv6. let us focus on the follows:
• Dual-stack — IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks
• Tunneling — IPv6 through IPv4 and vice versa
• Translating addresses using NAT-PT

54. Dual-stack — IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks
Dual-stack environments allow functionally of both IPv4/IPv6 protocols and applications
to coexist on the same network. This approach splits the traffic into two separate networks,
so separate security strategies are also required:

55. Dual-stack — IPv4 and IPv6

56. Tunneling IPV6 through IPV4
Encapsulating of IPV6 packets within IPV4 packets is made possible by
tunneling. IPV6 tunneling allows IP version six enable host interface to
connect to other IPV6 devices using the existing IPV4 internet. Without
tunneling,there would be no means for IPV6 host to communicate with
each other over an IPV4 packet network.

61. NAT Protocol Translation

62. Thank you