This document discusses the characterization and management of extreme weather events on Italian roads. It provides a history of extreme events in Italy over the past 130 years, including major landslides and floods. Specific examples of extreme events are described, such as heavy rains in 2010 in the Province of Lucca and Massa Carrara that triggered landslides and flooding. The document also discusses the impact of geological and hydrological events in Italy, noting that between 1279 and 2002 there were over 4,500 damaging events related to landslides, flooding, and other hazards according to an Italian catalogue of vulnerable areas.
Urban Disaster Prevention Policies in KoreaByoungjaeBJLee
'Urban Disaster Prevention Policies in Korea' at 2018 UNESCAP Capacity Building Program (Spatial data and Technologies for Urban Planning and Disaster Management)
Disasters can take many different forms, and the duration can range from an hourly disruption to days or weeks of ongoing destruction. Below is a list of the various types of disasters - both natural and man-made or technological in nature – that can impact a community.
NATURAL TYPES OF DISASTERS
Agricultural diseases & pests
Damaging Winds
Drought and water shortage
Earthquakes
Emergency diseases (pandemic influenza)
Extreme heat
Floods and flash floods
Hail
Hurricanes and tropical storms
Landslides & debris flow
Thunderstorms and lighting
Tornadoes
Tsunamis
Wildfire
Winter and ice storms
Sinkholes
- Hurricanes and tropical storms are among the most powerful natural disasters because of their size and destructive potential. Tornadoes are relatively brief but violent, potentially causing winds in excess of 200 mph. Both earthquakes and tornadoes strike suddenly without warning. Flooding is the most common of natural hazards, and requires an understanding of the natural systems of our environment, including floodplains and the frequency of flooding events. Wildfires are more prevalent in the event of a drought. Disasters impacting food supply can be extremely costly; American officials say that a food contamination scare similar to the one that hit the Belgian poultry industry in the 1990’s could jeopardize U.S. agricultural exports in excess of $140 billion.
MAN-MADE AND TECHNOLOGICAL TYPES OF DISASTERS
Hazardous materials
Power service disruption & blackout
Nuclear power plant and nuclear blast
Radiological emergencies
Chemical threat and biological weapons
Cyber attacks
Explosion
Civil unrest
Disasters also can be caused by humans. Hazardous materials emergencies include chemical spills and groundwater contamination. Workplace fires are more common and can cause significant property damage and loss of life. Communities are also vulnerable to threats posed by extremist groups who use violence against both people and property. High-risk targets include military and civilian government facilities, international airports, large cities and high-profile landmarks. Cyber-terrorism involves attacks against computers and networks done to intimidate or coerce a government or its people for political or social objectives.
1. The document discusses various types of natural and man-made disasters including volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, floods, landslides, terrorist incidents, industrial accidents, wars, and pandemics.
2. Specific examples of disasters mentioned include the Bhopal gas tragedy, World Wars I and II, the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, HIV/AIDS epidemic, and the ongoing 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa.
3. Risk factors, impacts, and death tolls of different disasters are presented along with brief summaries of some significant historical events.
The document discusses several topics related to physical geography, including plate tectonics, volcanoes, earthquakes, weather and climate, rivers, glaciers, and coasts. Key points include:
1) Plate tectonics can cause earthquakes and create unique landforms at plate boundaries like fold mountains, ocean trenches, and volcanoes.
2) Volcanic eruptions have both positive and negative impacts, and responses change over time in their aftermath. Supervolcanic eruptions would have global consequences.
3) Weather patterns in the UK are influenced by its position and can be explained by factors like latitude, altitude, and distance from the sea, but are becoming more extreme
This document discusses different types of natural and human-made disasters. It provides details on several specific disaster types including floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, land instabilities, droughts, and technological hazards. For each disaster type, it outlines typical causes, parameters for measuring severity, elements at risk, onset and warning signs, and main mitigation strategies. The goal is to assess hazards, map risks, and reduce impacts of disasters through preparedness and prevention measures.
The document discusses various natural hazards that can occur globally and in the UK, including earthquakes, flooding, drought, tropical cyclones, volcanoes, and landslides. It provides details on the causes and impacts of these hazards, maps showing risk areas, and examples of major disasters in recent decades. It also compares the natural hazard risks facing the Philippines and California coast regions.
This document discusses natural hazards and disasters that occur in Egypt. It outlines several types of natural hazards that affect the country, including droughts, flash floods, landslides, dust storms, earthquakes, extreme temperatures, and climate change. For each hazard, the document provides definitions, historical examples in Egypt from 1980-2010, and recommendations for mitigation strategies. It also discusses local and global actors involved in disaster risk reduction and management in Egypt, as well as resources for further information.
Urban Disaster Prevention Policies in KoreaByoungjaeBJLee
'Urban Disaster Prevention Policies in Korea' at 2018 UNESCAP Capacity Building Program (Spatial data and Technologies for Urban Planning and Disaster Management)
Disasters can take many different forms, and the duration can range from an hourly disruption to days or weeks of ongoing destruction. Below is a list of the various types of disasters - both natural and man-made or technological in nature – that can impact a community.
NATURAL TYPES OF DISASTERS
Agricultural diseases & pests
Damaging Winds
Drought and water shortage
Earthquakes
Emergency diseases (pandemic influenza)
Extreme heat
Floods and flash floods
Hail
Hurricanes and tropical storms
Landslides & debris flow
Thunderstorms and lighting
Tornadoes
Tsunamis
Wildfire
Winter and ice storms
Sinkholes
- Hurricanes and tropical storms are among the most powerful natural disasters because of their size and destructive potential. Tornadoes are relatively brief but violent, potentially causing winds in excess of 200 mph. Both earthquakes and tornadoes strike suddenly without warning. Flooding is the most common of natural hazards, and requires an understanding of the natural systems of our environment, including floodplains and the frequency of flooding events. Wildfires are more prevalent in the event of a drought. Disasters impacting food supply can be extremely costly; American officials say that a food contamination scare similar to the one that hit the Belgian poultry industry in the 1990’s could jeopardize U.S. agricultural exports in excess of $140 billion.
MAN-MADE AND TECHNOLOGICAL TYPES OF DISASTERS
Hazardous materials
Power service disruption & blackout
Nuclear power plant and nuclear blast
Radiological emergencies
Chemical threat and biological weapons
Cyber attacks
Explosion
Civil unrest
Disasters also can be caused by humans. Hazardous materials emergencies include chemical spills and groundwater contamination. Workplace fires are more common and can cause significant property damage and loss of life. Communities are also vulnerable to threats posed by extremist groups who use violence against both people and property. High-risk targets include military and civilian government facilities, international airports, large cities and high-profile landmarks. Cyber-terrorism involves attacks against computers and networks done to intimidate or coerce a government or its people for political or social objectives.
1. The document discusses various types of natural and man-made disasters including volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, floods, landslides, terrorist incidents, industrial accidents, wars, and pandemics.
2. Specific examples of disasters mentioned include the Bhopal gas tragedy, World Wars I and II, the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, HIV/AIDS epidemic, and the ongoing 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa.
3. Risk factors, impacts, and death tolls of different disasters are presented along with brief summaries of some significant historical events.
The document discusses several topics related to physical geography, including plate tectonics, volcanoes, earthquakes, weather and climate, rivers, glaciers, and coasts. Key points include:
1) Plate tectonics can cause earthquakes and create unique landforms at plate boundaries like fold mountains, ocean trenches, and volcanoes.
2) Volcanic eruptions have both positive and negative impacts, and responses change over time in their aftermath. Supervolcanic eruptions would have global consequences.
3) Weather patterns in the UK are influenced by its position and can be explained by factors like latitude, altitude, and distance from the sea, but are becoming more extreme
This document discusses different types of natural and human-made disasters. It provides details on several specific disaster types including floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, land instabilities, droughts, and technological hazards. For each disaster type, it outlines typical causes, parameters for measuring severity, elements at risk, onset and warning signs, and main mitigation strategies. The goal is to assess hazards, map risks, and reduce impacts of disasters through preparedness and prevention measures.
The document discusses various natural hazards that can occur globally and in the UK, including earthquakes, flooding, drought, tropical cyclones, volcanoes, and landslides. It provides details on the causes and impacts of these hazards, maps showing risk areas, and examples of major disasters in recent decades. It also compares the natural hazard risks facing the Philippines and California coast regions.
This document discusses natural hazards and disasters that occur in Egypt. It outlines several types of natural hazards that affect the country, including droughts, flash floods, landslides, dust storms, earthquakes, extreme temperatures, and climate change. For each hazard, the document provides definitions, historical examples in Egypt from 1980-2010, and recommendations for mitigation strategies. It also discusses local and global actors involved in disaster risk reduction and management in Egypt, as well as resources for further information.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of natural and man-made disasters. It discusses natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, droughts and tornadoes. It also covers man-made disasters and technological hazards like industrial accidents, fires and oil spills. The document emphasizes that while hazards may occur naturally, it is the vulnerability of human settlements and lack of emergency management that turns these events into disasters that cause loss of life and property damage. Developing nations are often the most impacted due to greater exposure and fewer resources to build resilience against disasters.
The document discusses natural hazards and disasters. It defines hazards as natural events that involve people, where social and environmental factors can turn an event into a disaster. There are two main classifications of hazards: hydro-meteorological hazards caused by weather patterns like floods and storms, and geophysical hazards caused by earth processes like earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides. A disaster is defined as a natural event that causes human or economic losses. While the number of deaths from disasters has decreased due to better preparedness, the number of people affected and economic costs have risen due to increasing population in vulnerable areas and climate change impacts.
Climate change impacts in the Greater Mekong regionWWF
The document discusses how climate change is already impacting the Greater Mekong region through rising temperatures, increasing rainfall, and sea level rise. Key points:
- The region has warmed 0.5-1.5°C in the past 50 years and is expected to warm 2-4°C more by 2100.
- Total annual rainfall is projected to increase 5-50% across the region, except in the Mekong Delta where it may decrease 15%.
- Heavier storms are expected during wet seasons while dry seasons become drier.
- Rising sea levels threaten coastal communities and ecosystems in the region. Even small increases can have large impacts due to low-lying deltas.
This document discusses different types of disasters, including natural disasters like storms, tornadoes, and volcanic eruptions which are caused by weather phenomena. It also discusses economic disasters like the 2008 global economic crisis, which was caused by factors like financial speculation and manipulation. The effects of the economic crisis included bankruptcies, more expensive loans, and a drop in private consumption. The crisis is still ongoing with no clear solution or timeline for economic recovery.
This document provides an overview of global hazards and trends related to climate change. It begins with key terms used to describe different types of hazards. Statistics show that while the number of deaths from disasters has decreased due to better protection, the total number affected has increased significantly since the 1990s. This is likely due to growing populations living in at-risk areas combined with more frequent or intense extreme weather events associated with climate change. El Niño/La Niña cycles also influence hazard patterns globally, bringing drought to some areas and floods to others. Human activities like deforestation exacerbate the impacts of disasters by increasing vulnerability.
Natural Hazards, Classification and AnalysisPaul Wozney
An introduction to the concept of natural hazards,, a look at some of the ways they are classified and information about criteria used to analyze and compare natural hazards for Global Geography 12 at Charles P. Allen High School.
Throughout human history, natural disasters have played a major role in the economic development and survival of humanity. The economic cost associated with all natural disasters has increased 14 fold since the 1950s. Agricultural production is highly dependent on weather, climate and water availability, and is adversely affected by weather- and climate related disasters.
This ppt explained what is disaster and what are the common types of disaster. Then it explains the natural disasters like Flood, earthquake, tsunami, drought, landslides, heat & cold waves, thunderstorm etc....
Europe’s environment the third assessment soil degradationMichael Newbold
The document discusses soil degradation across Europe. It states that in many parts of Europe, soil is being irreversibly lost and degraded due to increasing demands from various economic sectors. Some key causes of degradation mentioned include unsustainable agricultural practices, soil sealing, erosion, contamination, acidification, salinization and compaction. The severity and distribution of degradation issues varies significantly across different regions of Europe based on factors like climate, geology, and human activities. Better integration of soil protection into sectoral policies is needed to promote more sustainable use of this limited resource.
Humanitarian Impacts Of Climate Change In East Africa Region, 2009Charles Ehrhart
Poor communities living in developing nations will be most severely impacted by climate change. Their livelihoods depend on agriculture, forestry, and fishing, industries that will suffer losses from more frequent extreme weather like droughts and floods under climate change. As climate change increases the intensity of natural disasters, it will exacerbate poverty and food insecurity in vulnerable populations.
This document provides information about tectonic activity, hazards, and human impacts. It discusses how tectonic processes drive hazards like earthquakes and volcanoes. Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes can have devastating human and economic impacts. The document outlines different response strategies to tectonic hazards, including modifying events, human vulnerability, and losses. Effective hazard management requires ongoing mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery efforts.
1. Various monitoring techniques are used to predict volcanic eruptions, including measuring seismic activity, ground deformation, gas emissions, and changes in nearby streams. This allows for evacuation planning and hazard mapping.
2. Primary volcanic hazards like lava flows and pyroclastic flows directly impact people. Secondary hazards like lahars and acid rain can also harm people and the environment. Monitoring and evacuation are the most effective hazard management strategies.
3. While some attempts have been made to control lava flows, volcanic eruptions cannot fully be controlled. The most effective approaches are hazard mapping, land use planning, education and preparedness activities to reduce vulnerability and respond to eruptions.
A disaster is defined as a hazardous event, either natural or man-made, that causes widespread damage and destruction of property or loss of life. There are two main types of disasters: natural disasters and man-made disasters. Natural disasters are the result of natural hazards like floods, tornadoes, earthquakes, or volcanic eruptions. They can lead to financial losses, environmental damage, and loss of human life depending on the vulnerability of the affected population.
Man-made disasters can result from technological or human-caused hazards such as industrial accidents, fires, transport accidents, terrorism, and more. Examples of man-made disasters discussed in the document include the AMRI Hospital fire in Kolkata, a building collapse in Delhi, train derailments in Madhya Pradesh, and riots in Bangalore. Natural disasters arise from natural earth processes and can cause damage and economic losses. Types described are avalanches, earthquakes, sinkholes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis along with examples of each.
Global hazards include hydro-meteorological hazards caused by climate processes like droughts and floods, and geophysical hazards caused by land processes like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The risk of disaster is determined by the hazard, a population's vulnerability, and their capacity to cope. While the number of geophysical hazards has remained steady, hydro-meteorological hazards are increasing due to global warming. Deaths from disasters have decreased due to improved risk management strategies like prediction, prevention, and preparedness, but global economic losses from disasters are rising rapidly.
this lesson discuess about causes of natural hazards, impacts of natural hazards, process of naural disaster and types of natural hazards based of different reasons
This document provides an introduction to natural disasters by defining key terms like hazard, disaster, catastrophe, and natural. It then lists common natural disasters and explains how one event can trigger another. The document discusses measuring the magnitude of disasters, how frequently they occur, and the relationship between magnitude and frequency. It also addresses how population growth, urbanization, mitigation efforts, historical patterns, warning systems, risk maps, engineering, and preparedness can influence the impacts of natural disasters.
Dokumen tersebut merupakan presentasi tentang pengenalan PowerPoint 2007. Presentasi ini menjelaskan beberapa keunggulan PowerPoint 2007 seperti mudah digunakan, pengaturan animasi dan teks lebih mudah, serta dapat mencetak dalam berbagai format. Presentasi ini juga menyatakan bahwa penggunaan media dalam presentasi dapat memperjelas penyampaian informasi secara interaktif dan tidak membosankan.
Sturdee Residences. Why 40% Sold on 1 Single Preview Day !
http://propertyshoppes.com/sale/sturdee-residences/
More Info on Price Call Alan Chan +65 97577797
#SturdeeResidences,#SturdeeResidencesprice,
#SturdeeResidencespsf,#SturdeeResidencesfloorplan,
#SturdeeResidences, #SturdeeResidencesreviews
LAKE GRANDE Waterfront Condo in Future 2nd CBD from $5xxk ! Huge Infra-Structures in the Pipeline surrounding this development ! Showflat Preview Soon !
http://propertyshoppes.com/sale/jurong-lake-grande/
http://propertyshoppes.com/lake-grande/
#LakeGrande,#LakeGrandeprice,#LakeGrandefloorplan,
#Newlaunchcondo,#JurongCondo,#PropertyShoppes,
#Juronglakedistrictcondo, #Juronglakegrande
This document defines and provides examples of different types of natural and man-made disasters. It discusses natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, droughts and tornadoes. It also covers man-made disasters and technological hazards like industrial accidents, fires and oil spills. The document emphasizes that while hazards may occur naturally, it is the vulnerability of human settlements and lack of emergency management that turns these events into disasters that cause loss of life and property damage. Developing nations are often the most impacted due to greater exposure and fewer resources to build resilience against disasters.
The document discusses natural hazards and disasters. It defines hazards as natural events that involve people, where social and environmental factors can turn an event into a disaster. There are two main classifications of hazards: hydro-meteorological hazards caused by weather patterns like floods and storms, and geophysical hazards caused by earth processes like earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides. A disaster is defined as a natural event that causes human or economic losses. While the number of deaths from disasters has decreased due to better preparedness, the number of people affected and economic costs have risen due to increasing population in vulnerable areas and climate change impacts.
Climate change impacts in the Greater Mekong regionWWF
The document discusses how climate change is already impacting the Greater Mekong region through rising temperatures, increasing rainfall, and sea level rise. Key points:
- The region has warmed 0.5-1.5°C in the past 50 years and is expected to warm 2-4°C more by 2100.
- Total annual rainfall is projected to increase 5-50% across the region, except in the Mekong Delta where it may decrease 15%.
- Heavier storms are expected during wet seasons while dry seasons become drier.
- Rising sea levels threaten coastal communities and ecosystems in the region. Even small increases can have large impacts due to low-lying deltas.
This document discusses different types of disasters, including natural disasters like storms, tornadoes, and volcanic eruptions which are caused by weather phenomena. It also discusses economic disasters like the 2008 global economic crisis, which was caused by factors like financial speculation and manipulation. The effects of the economic crisis included bankruptcies, more expensive loans, and a drop in private consumption. The crisis is still ongoing with no clear solution or timeline for economic recovery.
This document provides an overview of global hazards and trends related to climate change. It begins with key terms used to describe different types of hazards. Statistics show that while the number of deaths from disasters has decreased due to better protection, the total number affected has increased significantly since the 1990s. This is likely due to growing populations living in at-risk areas combined with more frequent or intense extreme weather events associated with climate change. El Niño/La Niña cycles also influence hazard patterns globally, bringing drought to some areas and floods to others. Human activities like deforestation exacerbate the impacts of disasters by increasing vulnerability.
Natural Hazards, Classification and AnalysisPaul Wozney
An introduction to the concept of natural hazards,, a look at some of the ways they are classified and information about criteria used to analyze and compare natural hazards for Global Geography 12 at Charles P. Allen High School.
Throughout human history, natural disasters have played a major role in the economic development and survival of humanity. The economic cost associated with all natural disasters has increased 14 fold since the 1950s. Agricultural production is highly dependent on weather, climate and water availability, and is adversely affected by weather- and climate related disasters.
This ppt explained what is disaster and what are the common types of disaster. Then it explains the natural disasters like Flood, earthquake, tsunami, drought, landslides, heat & cold waves, thunderstorm etc....
Europe’s environment the third assessment soil degradationMichael Newbold
The document discusses soil degradation across Europe. It states that in many parts of Europe, soil is being irreversibly lost and degraded due to increasing demands from various economic sectors. Some key causes of degradation mentioned include unsustainable agricultural practices, soil sealing, erosion, contamination, acidification, salinization and compaction. The severity and distribution of degradation issues varies significantly across different regions of Europe based on factors like climate, geology, and human activities. Better integration of soil protection into sectoral policies is needed to promote more sustainable use of this limited resource.
Humanitarian Impacts Of Climate Change In East Africa Region, 2009Charles Ehrhart
Poor communities living in developing nations will be most severely impacted by climate change. Their livelihoods depend on agriculture, forestry, and fishing, industries that will suffer losses from more frequent extreme weather like droughts and floods under climate change. As climate change increases the intensity of natural disasters, it will exacerbate poverty and food insecurity in vulnerable populations.
This document provides information about tectonic activity, hazards, and human impacts. It discusses how tectonic processes drive hazards like earthquakes and volcanoes. Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes can have devastating human and economic impacts. The document outlines different response strategies to tectonic hazards, including modifying events, human vulnerability, and losses. Effective hazard management requires ongoing mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery efforts.
1. Various monitoring techniques are used to predict volcanic eruptions, including measuring seismic activity, ground deformation, gas emissions, and changes in nearby streams. This allows for evacuation planning and hazard mapping.
2. Primary volcanic hazards like lava flows and pyroclastic flows directly impact people. Secondary hazards like lahars and acid rain can also harm people and the environment. Monitoring and evacuation are the most effective hazard management strategies.
3. While some attempts have been made to control lava flows, volcanic eruptions cannot fully be controlled. The most effective approaches are hazard mapping, land use planning, education and preparedness activities to reduce vulnerability and respond to eruptions.
A disaster is defined as a hazardous event, either natural or man-made, that causes widespread damage and destruction of property or loss of life. There are two main types of disasters: natural disasters and man-made disasters. Natural disasters are the result of natural hazards like floods, tornadoes, earthquakes, or volcanic eruptions. They can lead to financial losses, environmental damage, and loss of human life depending on the vulnerability of the affected population.
Man-made disasters can result from technological or human-caused hazards such as industrial accidents, fires, transport accidents, terrorism, and more. Examples of man-made disasters discussed in the document include the AMRI Hospital fire in Kolkata, a building collapse in Delhi, train derailments in Madhya Pradesh, and riots in Bangalore. Natural disasters arise from natural earth processes and can cause damage and economic losses. Types described are avalanches, earthquakes, sinkholes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis along with examples of each.
Global hazards include hydro-meteorological hazards caused by climate processes like droughts and floods, and geophysical hazards caused by land processes like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The risk of disaster is determined by the hazard, a population's vulnerability, and their capacity to cope. While the number of geophysical hazards has remained steady, hydro-meteorological hazards are increasing due to global warming. Deaths from disasters have decreased due to improved risk management strategies like prediction, prevention, and preparedness, but global economic losses from disasters are rising rapidly.
this lesson discuess about causes of natural hazards, impacts of natural hazards, process of naural disaster and types of natural hazards based of different reasons
This document provides an introduction to natural disasters by defining key terms like hazard, disaster, catastrophe, and natural. It then lists common natural disasters and explains how one event can trigger another. The document discusses measuring the magnitude of disasters, how frequently they occur, and the relationship between magnitude and frequency. It also addresses how population growth, urbanization, mitigation efforts, historical patterns, warning systems, risk maps, engineering, and preparedness can influence the impacts of natural disasters.
Dokumen tersebut merupakan presentasi tentang pengenalan PowerPoint 2007. Presentasi ini menjelaskan beberapa keunggulan PowerPoint 2007 seperti mudah digunakan, pengaturan animasi dan teks lebih mudah, serta dapat mencetak dalam berbagai format. Presentasi ini juga menyatakan bahwa penggunaan media dalam presentasi dapat memperjelas penyampaian informasi secara interaktif dan tidak membosankan.
Sturdee Residences. Why 40% Sold on 1 Single Preview Day !
http://propertyshoppes.com/sale/sturdee-residences/
More Info on Price Call Alan Chan +65 97577797
#SturdeeResidences,#SturdeeResidencesprice,
#SturdeeResidencespsf,#SturdeeResidencesfloorplan,
#SturdeeResidences, #SturdeeResidencesreviews
LAKE GRANDE Waterfront Condo in Future 2nd CBD from $5xxk ! Huge Infra-Structures in the Pipeline surrounding this development ! Showflat Preview Soon !
http://propertyshoppes.com/sale/jurong-lake-grande/
http://propertyshoppes.com/lake-grande/
#LakeGrande,#LakeGrandeprice,#LakeGrandefloorplan,
#Newlaunchcondo,#JurongCondo,#PropertyShoppes,
#Juronglakedistrictcondo, #Juronglakegrande
- Stars of Kovan is a new mixed development in Singapore developed by Property Enterprises Development, which is part of Cheung Kong Property Holdings, one of the largest developers in Hong Kong.
- The development consists of 4 blocks of 17-storey apartments and 5 strata terrace houses, totaling 395 units.
- The location offers excellent accessibility and amenities, being near 3 MRT stations and major expressways, as well as renowned schools, shopping malls, parks, and other facilities.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help regulate emotions and stress levels.
Peluang Bisnis Isagenix kini hadir di Indonesia
segera kunci posisi Anda & Raih Kebebasan Financial
Bersama Sukses
Sukses Bersama
Pasti Bisa
Fredy
0812 9850 3688 / 0818 777 689
Istanbul'da en iyi Lamberts broşür tasarımı arıyorsunuz? Sonra bunun için doğru yerdesiniz. Biz tasarım için en iyi tempates var. Daha fazla bilgi için şimdi bizi ziyaret edin.
This document defines key terms used in the Isagenix compensation plan. It provides definitions for ranks within the plan (Associate, Consultant, Manager, Director, Executive), how volume is tracked (Personal Volume, Group Volume), how bonuses are calculated (Cycles), and other important terms (Active status, Enrolling Sponsor, Placement Sponsor, etc.). It serves as a glossary to understand the structure and qualifications within Isagenix's multi-level marketing compensation model.
This document summarizes different distribution strategies including direct shipment, use of warehouses/distribution centers, and inventory pooling. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of centralized vs decentralized management approaches and centralized vs local facilities. Inventory pooling strategies can improve customer service and sales over decentralized systems, especially when customer search behavior is high. The optimal distribution strategy depends on factors like customer demand, costs, and demand variability.
Q is the UK's number one music magazine, with over 60,000 circulation and 377,000 readership. It is aimed at music fans aged 32 on average, who are influential consumers. Q provides in-depth reporting, reviews, and exclusive access to the biggest stars. It is a trusted source of authority on music trends and acts as an influential opinion leader. Q extends its brand across multiple platforms including a website, radio station, live events, and social media, engaging over 300,000 users online.
The document provides details about the contents page of a magazine. It describes the layout, including four categories at the top in bold and red. Headings are used throughout in bold to break up sections. There are five photographs, including a close-up of the cover artist St Vincent with red lipstick to convey fierceness. Short summaries are provided for each article, and staff names are mentioned for those interested in related careers. The magazine's website is also listed for connecting with readers online.
The Vargas Tragedy of 1999 in Venezuela was caused by unusually heavy rains in December that triggered thousands of landslides and debris flows along mountainsides north of Caracas. These flows swept down into populated coastal areas, killing an estimated 10,000 to 50,000 people and leaving over 150,000 homeless. Infrastructure like roads, bridges, and ports were destroyed, crippling transportation and the economy. In the aftermath, authorities established new organizations to oversee reconstruction, installed sediment control dams and early warning systems, and rebuilt damaged infrastructure over the following decade, though thousands remained homeless and the full recovery was still ongoing years later.
This document discusses various types of natural and man-made disasters including earthquakes, floods, cyclones, landslides, and volcanic eruptions. For each type of disaster, the document provides definitions and descriptions of causes, effects, and safety measures. Key points covered include that earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy in rocks as tectonic plates move, floods result from heavy rainfall and snowmelt that causes water to overflow onto dry land, and volcanic eruptions occur when pressure is released from underground shifting of the earth's crust. The document advises safety precautions for each type of disaster such as evacuating for eruptions and cyclones, and avoiding flooded areas after floods.
This document provides an overview of disaster management. It begins with definitions of key terms like disaster, hazard, and the types of natural and man-made disasters. Natural disasters discussed include floods, cyclones, earthquakes, and droughts. Man-made disasters include industrial accidents, fires, and wars. The document then focuses on floods, landslides, fires, and industrial pollution as examples. It describes the causes, effects, and types of these disasters. The goal of the document is to introduce concepts around disaster management.
The document provides a damage assessment report for St. Lucia following Hurricane Tomas in 2010. It summarizes the extensive flooding and damage to river systems caused by over 24 inches of rainfall from the hurricane. An engineering team was commissioned to assess damage to key sectors and develop recommendations. The team proposed 5 projects focusing on immediate rehabilitation of rivers and drainage, river training, hydrological modeling, early flood warning systems, and a watershed management program. The projects aim to mitigate future flood risks, inform planning, and provide employment through labor-intensive activities.
Mount Etna is an active stratovolcano located on the island of Sicily in Italy. It sits on a convergent plate boundary between the African and Eurasian plates. In November 2002, Mount Etna erupted, producing earthquakes, explosions, ash clouds, and two lava flows that destroyed a tourist center and vineyards. The eruption had short term economic impacts like destroying tourism but created fertile soil long term. Monitoring and prediction help minimize damage from such eruptions.
The document provides an overview of different types of natural disasters including environmental hazards, chemical hazards, natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, avalanches, floods, limnic eruptions, tsunamis, blizzards, cyclonic storms, droughts, and how they can threaten human life and property. It discusses examples of significant disasters from different categories and their impacts.
IAHR 2015 - Managing flood risk in coastal cities through an integrated model...Deltares
This document discusses a framework for managing flood risk in the coastal city of Rethymno, Greece through integrated modeling and stakeholder involvement. The framework includes (1) multi-scale coastal and catchment modeling to assess flood risk from different hazards, (2) an agent-based model to simulate stakeholder and authority decision-making, and (3) tools like a mobile app to facilitate information sharing and crowdsourcing of flood reports to support risk management. The goal is to develop an actionable roadmap for flood resilience by engaging stakeholders and considering their needs, perspectives, and potential actions.
An earthquake with a magnitude of 9 struck off the coast of Japan on March 11, 2011, triggering a massive tsunami with waves up to 29.6 meters high. Over 15,000 people were confirmed dead and thousands more were missing. The tsunami caused widespread destruction, damaging over 16,000 homes and buildings. It also caused a nuclear incident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, damaging reactor cores and containment structures and releasing radioactive material into the surrounding area. The disaster highlighted Japan's quick emergency response but also issues with the country's nuclear evacuation plans and public information management during the ongoing nuclear problems.
(AQA A2) Plate Tectonics & Associated Hazards Case StudiesJack Hayward
Plate Tectonics & Associated Hazards (AQA A2 Geography) case study mind maps PowerPoint: Case Study mind maps under headings of General Facts, Hazards, Impacts (Social, Economic, Environmental and Political) and Management and Response. Template can be adapted for use on other topics.
Floods occur when water overflows or breaks levees and causes water to escape its usual boundaries. There are several principal types of floods including areal, riverine, estuarine, coastal, and catastrophic floods. Floods can cause primary effects like physical damage, secondary effects like diseases and food shortages, and long-term economic impacts. Flood control involves defenses like levees, reservoirs, and emergency measures. Major floods throughout history have caused massive loss of life.
Based on Terra Seismic’s global technology,
we can dramatically reduce the human loss arising from earthquakes and better protect Italy. Terra Seismic calls for
cooperation with the Italian Central and Regional governments
in order to improve preparedness for forthcoming events.
Flood by design: challenges with governance of disaster risk in Liguria, ItalyMassimo Lanfranco
This presentation discusses the impact of bureaucracy and governance on the current and future disaster scenarios and the possible enhanced action that could be provided by “smart cities” when used as force multiplier.
This document discusses different types of natural disasters including floods, earthquakes, cyclones, and provides information on disaster management. It defines a disaster as a sudden event that disrupts a community's normal functioning. Disaster management aims to prevent disasters, minimize effects, and help recovery. The disaster cycle has risk reduction and recovery phases. Floods occur when water levels in streams exceed bank heights due to heavy rain. Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates. Cyclones have spiraling winds that can cause heavy rain and flooding. Disaster management strategies seek to minimize risks through preparedness, mitigate impacts during events, and aid rehabilitation after.
The 2013/14 winter floods in the UK were caused by a series of powerful storms between December 2013 and February 2014 that led to widespread flooding. The heavy rainfall saturated the ground and overwhelmed drainage systems, causing river, coastal, and pluvial flooding. Majorly affected areas included the Somerset Levels and Thames Valley. The flooding had significant economic, social, and political impacts and highlighted the need to improve flood prevention and management in the UK.
This document discusses landslides as a type of natural disaster. It defines a landslide as a geological event where a large mass of land and debris slides down a slope. Landslides can be caused by both natural factors like earthquakes, heavy rainfall, and erosion, as well as human activities that make the ground unstable, such as building on steep slopes. The document describes different types of landslides and their potential consequences, which include buried buildings, cracked ground, and unfortunately sometimes death. It concludes with recommendations for landslide prevention through building design, evacuation planning, and drainage systems.
Scira Menoni: Vulnerabilità e resilienza urbana e territoriale: come l’urbanistica e la pianificazione territoriale possono contribuire a politiche di prevenzione.- Urban vulnerability and resilience: how planning may contribute to mitigation policies. Lesson 1: unfortunately negative examples.
What can be done to mitigate risks? Risk assessment / Risk mitigation measures: structural and non structural, long and
short term / Implementation tools: laws, regulations, directives, economic tools –insurance, incentives, taxes- voluntary….
Ulrich Beck reminds us of the fact the in risks imply a tightly coupled combination of “facts” and “values” that make any risk related decision neither purely technical nor purely political.
The complexity of risk conditions requires a suitable approach for a world of infrastructures and settlements built as a sole system.
Revision flash cards for GCSE Geography OCR BLiz Smith
The document provides information about various geographic concepts. It defines key terms related to rivers such as erosion, transportation, and landforms. It also discusses coastal landforms and processes, population dynamics, hazards from climate, tectonics and urbanization. Settlement patterns are examined using models like the Burgess model and concepts of threshold populations and spheres of influence.
The document provides information about various geographic concepts. It defines key terms related to rivers such as erosion, transportation, and landforms. It also discusses flooding, tropical storms, earthquakes, volcanoes, population, and settlement patterns. Specifically, it explains river erosion and transportation processes, landforms in the upper, middle and lower courses of rivers, physical and human causes of flooding, storm surge definition, effects of tropical storms, differences between Richter and Mercalli scales, earthquake focus and epicenter, volcano types, and population distribution, density, and models.
Natural hazards such as earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, floods, and storms can threaten life and property. They are caused by physical processes occurring within the Earth, on its surface, or in the atmosphere. While these hazards can cause significant short-term damage, some may also provide long-term benefits like geothermal energy or fertile soils. Preparedness and mitigation efforts like evacuations, reinforced infrastructure, and early warning systems can help reduce risks from hazards.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of natural and man-made disasters. It discusses natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, droughts and tornadoes. It also covers man-made disasters and technological hazards like industrial accidents, fires and oil spills. The document emphasizes that while hazards may occur naturally, it is the vulnerability of human settlements and lack of emergency management that turns these events into disasters that cause loss of life and property damage. Developing nations are often the most impacted due to greater exposure and fewer resources to build resilience against disasters.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Ip232 villani-e
1. Session: Extreme Events in Winter Time
Sub-topic: Management in extreme events conditions
Characterization of extreme weather events on Italian roads
P. Villani*, B. Dessì**, A. Cataldo***, D. Spizzichino**, (T.C. 2.5 PIARC)
* Politecnico di Milano - Dep. Civil and Environmental Engineering, Italy paola.villani@polimi.it
** ISPRA, Italian Institute for Environmental Protection And Research, Department of Land Protection and
Georesources, Rome, Italy , barbara.dessi@isprambiente.it , daniele.spizzichino@isprambiente.it,
*** ISPRA, Directorate General, Rome, Italy antonio.cataldo@isprambiente.it
Abstract
According to climate modellers, probability, frequency, duration, intensity (seriousness) of extreme weather events (extreme
temperatures and rainfall) are increasing and will be more frequent in future. The former will lead to higher surface runoff and flood
events while the latter will cause landslides phenomena and a break of roads network. The impact of such events depends greatly on
the physical hydraulic and mechanical properties of soils. Increasing numbers of extreme events in winter time in recent years have
demonstrated the paramount importance of effective and integrated management of land resources in the protection of the environment
and of the road network. In Italy more than 10% of the territory has been classified as having a high or very high hydro-geological risk,
affecting 80% of the Italian municipalities. The impacts on population and the economic damages are relevant. In Italy over the last 20
years, floods and landslides had an impact on more than 70 000 people and caused economic damage of at least 11 billion euro. Since
2000, the Italian Ministry for the Environment entrusted ISPRA the task of monitoring the programmes of emergency measures to
reduce hydro geological risk. (ReNDiS project, database of mitigation measures against floods and landslides).
1. A little of history
The scientific programme for the assessment of extreme weather events is part of a
national program for mitigation of hydrogeological risk. This program is based on the
identification of risk areas with different levels of hazards and damage and future planning.
In Italy already with primary legislation (Act of Parliament No. 2359 of 25 June 1865)
prefects and mayors could dispose of private property for landslides, dam failures,
collapse of bridges and in all cases of emergency. In 1906, have issued special rules, for
the defence of inhabited localities and roads by landslides, flooding and coastal erosion
caused by severe storms.
The Royal Decree No. 193 of 1909 excluded constructability on inappropriate sites
(landslides, muddy or soggy soil, marshy coastline, etc...) but only eighty years after in
Italy it was promulgated Act No. 183 of 1989 on the "soil Protection" by the imposition of
the authorities of watershed and the predisposition of the specific projects. With Act of
Parliament No. 225 of 1992, was created the National Service of Civil Protection, for all
rescue operations in disaster prevention and risks post-event. For twenty years the Italian
system structure potential events at watershed level and determines the cognitive
framework of reference (return periods, extent of damage expected).
A national programme for the strengthening of hydrometeorological monitoring networks
and abundant rain falls was hired with the law n ° 267, 08/03/1998.
1.1 Methodology
Over the past 130 years, the Italian climate became warmer and dry but is evolving very
rapidly in the Alpine environment. While temperatures are a significant increase,
precipitation have contradictory trends and not well conceived. The intensity of the
phenomena of full instead is increasing at an alarming rate. In order to contribute to the
evolution of knowledge on climate change and hydraulic risk developed studies focused on
weather-climatic characterization of rainfall events at watershed scale, but it is still too
early to identify specific trends nationally. It is impossible to say anything about the trends,
it should focus on the phenomena of risk.
The risk is represented by the possibility that a natural or human-induced phenomenon
may cause adverse effects on the population, buildings and infrastructures.
IP232-Villani-E.doc 1
2. The notion of risk is linked not only to the ability to calculate the probability of a hazardous
event, but also by the ability to define the damage. Risk and danger are not the same
thing: the danger is represented by the calamitous event that can affect a given area (the
cause), the risk is represented by its possible consequences, i.e. of the damage that can
be expected (the effect).
To assess concretely a risk therefore is not enough to know the dangers, but we must also
carefully assess the value displayed, i.e. property (land, buildings, equipment) present on
the territory which may be affected by an event.
The risk is then translated into the formula:
R = P x V x E
P = danger: the probability that a particular phenomenon to occur over a period of
time in an intensity area given.
V = vulnerability: this vulnerability to potential damage to persons, buildings,
infrastructure and economic activities can be damaged as a result of stresses
induced by the events of a certain intensity.
E = The economic value or the set of units related to each of the hazards for a given
area. The exposed value is a function of the type of hazard. Value is the number of
units (or 'value') for each of the elements at risk present in a given area,
infrastructures or buildings.
Regards mudslides and water courses, assessing risk and determination of the necessary
work to prevent damage in areas prone to landslides are evaluated through:
-formation of debris models: trigger scene (all of the energy loss associated with the
internal behaviour of the material is described by a term effective friction between the
casting base and bedrock, these models are called to " Coulomb rheology”, excess pore
pressure, etc.); phase of mobilization post-collapse (avalanche and liquefaction effect);
-models of propagation (erosion, deposition and impacts): dynamic characteristics of flows
of mud or macro-viscosite (landslides):
-models structural assistance (on the slopes, streams and threatened settlements),
-preparation of alarm systems and of the regulation of the territories;
-interaction with channelized infrastructures;
-specific work.
1.2 Landslide and historical series
The historical series of landslides that hit the territory of Italy is marked by particularly
relevant events and among them are:
- (Arezzo) Pieve Santo Stefano flood produced after the event of the local collapses of
Belmonte February 14, 1855; caused by occlusion of the Tiber which After a month of
incessant rain; a landslide detaches from the Hill and sliding towards the South of the
village. The natural dam formed made disappear Pieve Santo Stefano beneath the waters.
Grand Duke Léopold II arrives for visit and he sailed as a sign of disbelief on the village
(on the outer wall of the sanctuary of the Madonna dei Lumi, a plate of marble shows the
raised water level at this stage).
- On 25 and 26 October 1954 mudslides and debris produced by heavy rains flooded
some areas of Salerno and five neighboring towns (Cava dei Tirreni, Maiori, Minori, Vietri
and Tramonti) causing damage and losses: 318 dead or missing and 157 wounded about
5,500 evacuees. Roads and railway network between Naples and southern Italy were
destroyed in several places.
IP232-Villani-E.doc 2
3. -October 9, 1963, approximately 300 million cubic meters of rock break from the slopes of
Monte Toc, on the border of the province of Belluno and Pordenone and slip into the
Vajont reservoir. The sliding of the huge rockfalls, one of the largest in the Alps at this
historic time, pushed the water from the tank against Casso and Erto, two villages on the
opposite side to the one who broke the shift of land and beyond the artificial dam. A wave
of a few tens of meters in height exceeded the dam, almost without ruining and achieved
in a few minutes from the town of Longarone, which was flooded and destroyed after the
display of the landslide. The landslide catastrophic Vajont caused the death of around
2,000 people.
-On 3 and 4 November 1966, in what will be known as " The 1966 Flood of the Arno River
in Florence" the season of rains in Italy was so strong that only in the province of Belluno
there were many landslides and collapses that destroyed or endommagerent more than
4300 buildings 528 bridges 1346 roads, and some of them in several places.
-On 7 and 8 October 1970 heavy localized but very intense, typical of the Ligurian coast,
brought down 900 mm of rain in 24 hours, corresponding to 90% of the average annual
precipitation and determined damage to Genes and twenty municipalities. The streets and
the two lines of railway between Genoa and Alexandria were broken in several places by
flooding and landslides.
-December 13, 1982, a large, deep landslide, about 342 acres of territory, began to move
just north of the port of Ancona.The large landslide endommaged the coastal road and the
path tracks along a 2.5-kilometers front and destroyed more than 280 buildings including
two hospitals and the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Ancona.
- 17-19 July 1987, in Valtellina (Lombardy), strong and prolonged precipitation determined
many landslides and debris but a few days later, on 28 July, an avalanche of rock of 35
million cubic meters is broken away from Monte Zandilla, about 7 km south of Bormio and
crushed in the Valley of the Adda, and the clogged. Total: 49 killed, 12 missing and 31
injured. The only downfall of roche caused 27 deaths and 9 injuries. Downstream of the
important landslide, for several weeks, were evacuated more than 20,000 people. The
damage were observed in 162 municipalities of 5 different provinces (Sondrio, Como,
Lecco, Bergamo and Brescia), for a total of economic damages estimated between 1000
and 2000 billion lire (500-thousand million euros).
- Between 2 and 6 November 1994, Northwest of the Italy has been affected by a
particularly intense weather event: the hardest hit region was the Piedmont, where
thousands of landslides caused 78 deaths, a disperse and 93 injured, 9500 evacuees, 496
municipalities damaged and particularly severe damage to the road network with 10
bridges completely destroyed and 100 damaged. In the South of Piedmont a few towns
and villages remained isolated for several days due to the damage caused by landslides in
many places. Major damages took place in Tanaro Valley (right tributary of the Po), in the
cities of Alessandria, Asti and Alba.
- On 19 June 1996, the areas of Versilia and Garfagnana in Tuscany were hit by flash
floods; there were 14 casualties, 474 mm of rain fell in 12 hours, causing hundreds of
landslides in a very small watershed, with very serious consequences for the Valley and
the flooding of large tracts of land Plains, 13 dead and 1,500 homeless.
- On 5 May 1998, Sarno, Campania, was hit by a flash flood that triggered a mudslide. The
insistent rain has triggered many flows of debris atop Alvano, East of Naples. Landslides,
not consolidated for the volcanic soils, were particularly destructive. The towns of
Episcopio, Siano and Bracigliano, Quindici were inundated by waves repeated mud and
debris. There were 157 dead, 5 missing and 70 injured in 13 different locations and
hundreds of displaced and homeless. The event produced a significant impact throughout
the Italy and abroad and gave rise to the drafting of new legislation on procedures for
landslide risk assessment.
- 8, 9, 10 September 2000 flood in Soverato: 561 mm of rain in three days and 13 dead.
IP232-Villani-E.doc 3
4. -Between 13 and 16 October 2000, Northwest of the Italy was affected by a particularly
intense weather event. In the Alps West fell up to 600 mm of rain in 48 hours. Heavy rains
produced numerous landslides, debris flows, causing flooding in the Valle d'Aosta,
Piedmont and Liguria. Major damages took place in Aosta Valley. The landslides caused
enormous damage and 37 dead or missing (18 in the Valle d'Aosta, Piedmont, 5 3
Liguria), 1 in South Tyrol Trentino and the other 10 in the Canton of Ticino in Switzerland,
more than 40,000 evacuees.
- August 29, 2003, in the Val Canale and Canal del Ferro (Udine), rains concentrated in
time and space (more than 300 mm of rainfall in 6 hours approximately) caused a
landslide on the A23.
-In October 2009 in the hamlets of Giampilieri Superiore, Altolia and Brig (Messina) and in
the municipality of Scaletta Zanclea heavy rains trigger the hydrogeological: a series of
landslides and debris flows overwhelm many roads between Scaletta Zanclea and
Giampilieri Superiore.
- 13-17 February in San Fratello (ME), about 2,000 people were displaced
- 25 and 26 October 2011 floods in Lunigiana and Cinque Terre, 542 mm of rain in six
hours, 13 victims
- 4 November 2011, Genoa heavy rains upstream from the watershed, 6 dead.
- November 11, 2012 - in the province of Massa-Carrara a downpour invests throughout
the territory with greater than 200 mm rainfall within two hours. He had accumulations of
300 mm in the hills. Heavy rains trigger of many mudslides: 5000 homes affected and 300
evacuees.
- November 28, 2012 between Carrara and Ortonovo territory that intercalates between
Liguria and Tuscany, two weeks after the floods of November 11, a strong new storm are
overtaking in the same areas and determines new landslides and damage on the already
affected areas. The Aurelia national road between Massa and Sarzana is closed for a
landslide. He had heavy rainfall of 40 mm in 15 minutes to 45 minutes et.109 mm to 134
mm, 60 minutes, until a comprehensive accumulation of 200 mm in two hours.
- As we have highlighted with this short list adverse climate events occurred in Italy, all the
months of the year and they are not associated with autumn or winter only.
2. Extreme events at the local level
Exceptional weather events which affected the Province of Lucca and Massa Carrara, on
31 October and 1 November 2010 have allowed the launching of various initiatives for the
security of the region. Interventions are related to the reconstruction and improvement
campaign routes and vicinal lanes with improving it roadways, shoulders, ditches that
marched parallel or that cross the road, and specifically:
-strengthening, improvement and adaptation of tracks and forest roads with the
construction of new roads or road forest (for heavy trucks, agricultural tractors) to allow the
planting of trees (afforestation, reforestation) and, in general, to allow the connection of
woodland with public roads paved.
- improvement, adaptation and the standard of roads and tracks of existing forests,
through the interventions of enlargement, development or the restoration of the drainage
network, manufacture or repair of the passages and other associated works, stabilization
of the pavement, consolidation or restoration of the slope of the road;
-realization and improvement of supply infrastructure and the accumulation of surface
waters;
-improvement of water, harvesting, remodeling and waterproofing works for security;
-reduction of losses of pipes and piping of outdoor channels;
-hydrogeological regime;
-reduction, consolidation of slopes and water regime;
IP232-Villani-E.doc 4
5. -securing and restoring forested area
-restoration and consolidation of slopes.
3. Impact of geological and hydrological events in Italy
The Italian national territory, due to its geological and geomorphological settings
characterized by young orography, has always been affected by hydraulic and geological
phenomena (synthetically misnamed as "hydrogeological risk", definition today diffusely in
use) of considerable intensity. Between 1279 and 2002, in Italy, the catalogue AVI “Aree
vulnerate italiane” (Exposed Italian areas), made by CNR-IRPI [1] reports 4,521 events
with damage of which 2,366 related to landslides (52.3%), 2,070 to flooding (45.8%) and
85 to avalanches (1.9%). In the same period were recorded 13.8 victims per year in
occasion of landslides events and 49.6 victims from flooding. Over the past 50 years,
these estimates show a decrease in deaths caused by hydraulic phenomena (31 victims
per year), with an exponential increase of the economic costs associated with them [2].
Only in the twentieth century in Italy have been recorded more than 10,000 killed,
wounded and missing, in addition to 350,000 homeless and displaced people, thousands
of buildings, tens of thousands of bridges and hundreds of kilometres of roads and
railways destroyed or damaged. Events such as those of the Val Pola, in the Lombardia
region (28 July 1987) with 28 victims, the flood of Piemonte (September 1994) with 69
victims, the flood and landslides in Versilia (June 1996) with 16 victims, landslides in
Campania (May 1998) with 160 victims, the flood of Soverato (September 2000) with 13
victims, the one in Val d'Aosta and Piemonte (November 2000), the phenomena of 2003 in
various areas of the country, the debris of Giampilieri Scaletta in the town of Messina in
October 2009 with 31 killed, 6 missing people and 1054 displaced, the flood in the Cinque
Terre and Lunigiana on the 25 and 26 October 2011, the flood of November 04, 2011 in
Genoa and the flood of November 28, 2012 between Carrara and Ortonville on the border
between Liguria and Tuscany. All these are only the most recent episodes of a general
situation of incompatibility between the adopted policies of socio-economic development
and the dynamics of the natural environment. The report Ecosystem at Risk (Legambiente
& Civil Protection, 2011), estimates that in just ten years from 1991 to 2001 in Italy, have
occurred 12 thousands landslides and over a thousand floods, causing 340 deaths and
economic losses calculated over 10 billion euro (see Table 1.1). Only in 2003, the main
flood events involving more than 300,000 people and the resources necessary to the
restoration of the affected areas were 2,184 million Euros. Moreover, many are the
episodes and minor flooding every year causing flooding of agricultural areas and small or
large urban centres, causing serious damage even without victims.
Table 1.1. number of major landslides and floods in Italy (1991 – 2012)
Years N. landslides N. floods
1991 705 * 112 *
1992 780 * 125 *
1993 557 * 95 *
1994 692 * 84 *
1995 744 * 81 *
1996 2272 * 152 *
1997 2455 * 103 *
1998 1671 * 84 *
1999 700 * 73 *
2000 1177 * 72 *
2001 322 * 22 *
IP232-Villani-E.doc 5
6. 2002
2003
2004 11 **
2005 12 **
2006 17 **
2007 15 **
2008 13 **
2009 >100 ** 7 **
2010 88 ** 14 **
2011 70 ** 8 **
2012 85 ** 10 **
* Source AVI - ** Source ADA ISPRA
Fig. 1 - Victims of major floods in Italy [2]
Natural disasters and in particular those geological and hydraulic, both at European and
global scale, seem to increase significantly at the global level (from CRED EM-DAT,
2008). The same trend seems to be found in the time series Italian where, for example,
there are 4 events ultra centennial in Piemonte in the last 10 years [3].
Fig. 2 - Number of natural disaster 1900–2011 (EM-DAT)
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7. Fig.3 - Number of people reported killed by natural disasters 1900-2011.
A recent study by the Ministry of the Environment, as a result of the surveys carried out by
the River Basin Authority, in accordance to DL 180/98 and subsequent amendments (so
called "Sarno Decree"), showed the presence in Italy of about 13,000 high-risk areas and
very high risk for floods, landslides and avalanches. These areas are extended 29.517
km2, accounting for 9.8% of the country (4.1% floods, landslides 5.2%, 0.5% avalanches)
covering 6,633 Italian municipalities (81.9%), urban centres, infrastructure and production
areas, all closely associated with the social and economic development of the country
(Source: Ministry of the Environment, 2008).
The IFFI Project (Inventory of landslides in Italy) carried out by ISPRA has created a
complete and homogeneous inventory of landslides distribution throughout the country,
even when not dangerous for urban infrastructure and land in general. This project census
and map the landslides occurred throughout the entire Italian territory. To date, more than
486,000 landslides have been recorded, affecting an area of 20,800 km2, accounting for
6.9% of the national territory [4,5]. For each landslide is available a online detailed digital
map (scale 1:10,000) and a datasheet containing the main parameters describing the
phenomenon (eg, location, type of movement, activity status, lithology, land use, cause,
date of activation, damage and the mitigation measures).
In the period 1993-2003 financial resources have been allocated for more than 1 billion €
per year for flood damages. The annual average costs for Government works summed up
to 600 million € per year (2009 data), 25% related to measures funded with Law 180/98
(about 4.5 BILLION in 11 years), whereas on the “8x1000 funds” have been spent around
50 million € / year.
It’s been estimated that 44 billion Euros are necessary to secure the entire Italian territory
(27 in the Center-North, 13 in the South, 4 for restoration works of the coasts).
Concerning the funds allocated post-event, in accordance with the ordinances of Civil
Protection, the most updated data refers to 353 ordinances from 2003 to 2013 for a total of
3,546,635,769 Euros.
4. ReNDiS Project
The ReNDiS Project developed and managed by ISPRA, has as its main purpose the
collection, updating and implementation of a national database on monitoring the
emergency measures financed by the MATTM to reduce landslide risk (DL180 and
amendments). The project (started in 1999) consists of a Web-GIS platform made entirely
IP232-Villani-E.doc 7
8. with open source technologies, and consists of a Geo-database (main archive) and two
secondary applications, the first (ReNDiS-ist) for data management and the second
(ReNDiS-web) interface online for public access and viewing and accessing data on the
network.
Any information within the database is organized as a single record (equivalent to one
mitigation measure work) and is continuously monitored in its implementation (funding,
planning and execution phase) at a national scale. In table x we show total funds allocated
for each Region. At present, 4710 mitigation works were funded by the Italian Ministry of
the Environment for a total amount of more than 4 billion euro.
Table 2 Geographical location of funding resources
REGION n. interventions Funding (MLD €)
Abruzzo 144 118
Basilicata 235 111
Calabria 450 393
Campania 287 384
Emilia-Romagna 317 269
Friuli Venezia Giulia 72 84
Lazio 275 304
Liguria 115 113
Lombardia 481 415
Marche 262 164
Molise 161 80
Piemonte 458 236
Puglia 212 315
Sardegna 98 138
Sicilia 424 629
Toscana 528 403
Trentino - Alto Adige 61 39
Umbria 90 97
Valle d’Aosta 29 30
Veneto 173 151
TOTAL 4.872 4.473
The ReNDiS project is currently the main operational tool for information management on
monitoring mitigation works the interventions financed by the Ministry of the Environment.
The goal is to build progressively a unitary and comprehensive public database of soil
protection works and therefore ReNDiS is designed to be easily implemented (including by
services wms) with databases operated by other entities. The database allows you to
share data and information between the different administrations and improve the
cognitive framework to support planning activities for the protection from hydrological risks.
Finally promotes the transparency of public administration through the publication of data
on the web on the measures financed.
5. Case study: Interruption and insulation of small communities
5.1 Choice of case study
The case study relates to the Province of Lucca for the particular level of hydrogeological
instability in this area. The historical analysis [6] shows that the territory of Lucca is
particularly affected by superficial landslides and floods associated with heavy rainfall
events. There have been major floods in 1774, 1885, 1902. The flood of 1996 is quite
comparable to that of 25 September 1885. In particular, in the last 10 years (2003 -2012),
IP232-Villani-E.doc 8
9. in the province of Lucca, events often referred to as exceptional have become almost
annual, with four serious floods in terms of impacts respectively in November 2009,
October 2010, November 2011 and October 2012 [7].
5.2 Method of analysis
The methodology adopted for the study of the interaction between hydro-geological risk
and road network needs an estimate of the segments of minor road network exposed to
risk Hydraulic and landslides, through the analysis of spatial GIS platform of the
information layers below.
The various road segments encoded in TeleAtlas ®, taken together, constitute the
elements exposed, whose characterization is a key step in the risk analysis. Concerning
the vulnerability parameter, it must be said that in the absence of specific vulnerability
curves, this parameter has been conservatively considered constant and equal to 1,
assuming that, in the specific context, the mere presence of the element will automatically
determine the maximum vulnerability.
Inventory of landslides in Italy (IFFI Project): the data on landslides come from the Italian
landslide Inventory (IFFI project), realized in 1997 by ISPRA (Institute for Environmental
Protection and Research), the Regions and Autonomous Provinces of Italy.
Hydraulic Hazard areas: the hydraulic hazard areas considered and adopted in this study
are derived from the hydraulic hazard areas produced by Serchio River Basin Authority.
Road graph TeleAtlas ® 2009 : with regard to exposed elements in the Province of Lucca,
codes FRC 6 (local roads), 7 (Importance of minor local roads), 8 (other minor roads) of
the road graph TeleAtlas updated to 2009 have been considered.
Table 3 - Base layer adopted for the spatial analysis
Province of Lucca Total area [km2] 1772
Landslides IFFI Total area [km2] 102.8
Total length [km] 5563
length FRC 6 [km] 556
length FRC 7 [km] 3282
length FRC 8 [km] 37
TeleAtlas
Total 6+7+8 [km] 3875
P1 [km2] 7.3
P2 [km2] 15.7
P2a [km2] 9
P3 [km2] 11.7
Huydraulic hazard
areas
Total P1+P2+P3 [km2] 43.7
5.3 Analysis and implementation of data
The minor road segments (codes 6, 7 and 8) of the graph of TeleAtlas road of the Province
of Lucca, were subjected to buffer analysis (buffer 3 meters) in order to give physical
reality to exposed elements and quantify the width of the roadway. It was not considered
necessary in this first case study, to differentiate the categories of smaller roads with
different values of buffers.
The road elements thus obtained were then spatially intersected with the polygons of
landslides obtained from IFFI, around which it was created a buffer of 20 m to take into
account possible evolution of the phenomenon of instability in any direction. It’s been
possible to obtain a first estimate of the segments exposed to landslide risk. In this way, its
been possible to identify 290 km of roads exposed to landslide risk equal to 5.2% of the
entire road graph of the province and 7.5% of the minor road network (codes 6, 7 and 8).
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10. As for the hydraulic risk, by the same procedure previously described (overlapping of road
graph and hydraulic risk areas by Serchio Basin Authority in a GIS environment) it was
possible to identify, in the Province of Lucca, 162 km of local roads exposed hydraulic risk
equal to 3% of the entire provincial graph and 4.2% of the minor road network (codes 6, 7
and 8). The results of this spatial analysis are reported in the following table.
Table 4 - The results of spatial analysis
Code TeleAtlas Length [km] L. landslides risk [km] L. flood risk [km]
6 555.75 35.70 27.15
7 3282.24 254.28 128.19
8 37.27 0.15 7.13
TOT 3875.26 290.13 162.46
6. Conclusions: economic impacts of interruptions and/or methodologies or policies
that can be implemented
In front of significant economic impacts for the damage and business interruption, Italian
regions are working to prevention. The Tuscany Region has allocated one billion euro for
three years to defend the mountain, to retain the services, ensure the residences and
protect the land and natural resources. More than € 878 million have been allocated (€ 376
million, or 42.8%, are regional, € 142 million are statal, and 192 million euro from the
European funds allocated to EAFRD, ERDF and ESF). The sectors affected by these
budget appropriations are those of the "Mobility and infrastructure" with 163 million euro
invested (18.6% of the total), "Agriculture and Forests", with a total amount of € 147 million
(equal to 16.7% of the total), "Natural Resources" with 138 million investment for
interventions related to water resources, and "Soil and homeland security" with nearly 110
million investment (12.5%) of which the half of regional origin. [8]. The investments relate
to the road infrastructure and soil conservation, strategic sectors for the whole region and
not just for the mountains, and also the support of the economy (industry, trade, tourism,
agriculture) and services (social, health, educational). The monitoring of mountainous
areas for the prevention of hydrogeological risk is crucial. The mountains, rural areas,
minor and isolated, are to be protected with regular maintenance and with a serious and
specific mitigation plans which need to take into account hydraulic and hydrogeological
risks that may affect these territories.
References
[1] Delmonaco G., Leoni G., Margottini C., Puglisi C., & Spizzichino D. (2003), Large scale debris-flow
hazard assessment: a geotechnical approach and GIS modelling. Natural hazards and Earth System
Sciences 3: 1-13.
[2] ISPRA (2011), Annuario dei dati Ambientali ( Yearbook 2011)
[3] ISPRA (2006), Annuario dei dati Ambientali ( Yearbook 2006)
[4] Trigila A., Iadanza C. (2008) Landslides in Italy - Special Report 2008 (Rapporti ISPRA 83/2008).
[5] Trigila A., Iadanza C., Spizzichino D. (2008) IFFI Project (Italian Landslide Inventory) and risk
assessment. Proceedings of the First World Landslide Forum, 18-21 November 2008, United Nations
University, Tokyo, Japan, ICL (International Consortium on Landslides) – ISDR (International Strategy for
Disaster Reduction), pp. 603-606
IP232-Villani-E.doc 10
11. [6] Delmonaco G., Leoni G., Margottini C., Puglisi C., & Spizzichino D. (2003), Large scale debris-flow
hazard assessment: a geotechnical approach and GIS modelling. Natural hazards and Earth System
Sciences 3: 1-13.
[7] Serchio River Basin Authority (2011), Report event
[8] Tuscany Region (2013), Report on the implementation of policies for the mountains
[9] Spizzichino D., Campobasso C., Dessì B., Gallozzi P. L., Traversa F. (2009), “Strategie di lungo periodo
per gli Interventi di mitigazione del dissesto e la stabilità dei versanti: l’esperienza italiana di monitoraggio ed
il progetto ReNDiS”. Geoitalia 2009 - 7th Forum of the Italian Federation of Earth Sciences Rimini, 9 - 11
September 2009
[10] Spizzichino D., Campobasso C., Gallozzi P. L., Dessì B., Traversa F. (2009), “Economic aspects of
hydro geological risk mitigation measures management in Italy: the ReNDiS project experience”. European
Geosciences Union 2009 General Assembly, Vienna Austria, 19-24 April 2009.
[11] Borga M., Boscolo P., Zanon F., Sangati M. (2007). Hydrometeorological analysis of the August 29,
2003 flash flood in the eastern Italian Alps. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 8(5), 1049-1067.
[12] Cellerino R. (2006) La difesa del suolo in Italia: aspetti economici ed amministrativi, Scuola superiore
della pubblica amministrazione
[13] Cruden D.M., Varnes D.J. (1996). Landslide types and processes. In: A.K. Turner, R.L. Schuster (eds)
Landslides investigation and mitigation (Special report 247, pp. 36-75). Transportation Research Board,
Washington, D.C.
[14] EEA (2003) Europe’s environment: the third assessment report (Environmental assessment report No
10). Copenhagen: European Environment Agency.
[15] IPCC (2007) Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007 (AR4).
Legambiente & Protezione Civile, 2007 - Ecosistema a Rischio, rapporto annuale
[16] Margottini C., Spizzichino D., Onorati G. (2007) Cambiamenti climatici, dissesto idrogeologico e politiche
di adattamento in Italia: un percorso tra passato presente e futuro. Atti della Conferenza nazionale sui
Cambiamenti Climatici 2007. Roma 12-13 settembre 2007 Palazzo della Fao.
[17] Schuster R.L. (1996). Socioeconomic significance of landslides. in: A.K. Turner, R.L. Schuster (eds)
Landslides investigation and mitigation (Special report 247, pp. 12-35). Transportation Research Board,
Washington, D.C.
Useful links
CNR-GNDCI web site: The AVI project URL: http://avi.gndci.cnr.it/welcome_en.htm
Civil Protection Agency of the Friuli Venezia Giulia Region URL: http://www.protezionecivile.fvg.it
EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED international DisasterDatabase - Università Catholique de Louvain - Brussels –
Belgium www.emdat.be
ICL –International Consortium on Landslides URL: http://iclhq.org/Europe.htm
Italian Landslide Inventory – IFFI Project URL: http://www.sinanet.apat.it/progettoiffi
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