1. Various monitoring techniques are used to predict volcanic eruptions, including measuring seismic activity, ground deformation, gas emissions, and changes in nearby streams. This allows for evacuation planning and hazard mapping. 2. Primary volcanic hazards like lava flows and pyroclastic flows directly impact people. Secondary hazards like lahars and acid rain can also harm people and the environment. Monitoring and evacuation are the most effective hazard management strategies. 3. While some attempts have been made to control lava flows, volcanic eruptions cannot fully be controlled. The most effective approaches are hazard mapping, land use planning, education and preparedness activities to reduce vulnerability and respond to eruptions.