Ion Exchange Resins
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Ion exchange resins are organic polymers that are insoluble in water and have ionizable functional groups. They are often used as beads and can selectively exchange ions via processes like cation exchange or anion exchange. Ion exchange resins can be used to load drugs onto the resins through batch or column processes. The drug-loaded resins can then be taken orally to release the drug in the stomach through ion exchange with ions present there. Key properties like stability, particle size, porosity, and cross-linkage determine their effectiveness for drug delivery and applications like taste masking, rapid dissolution, and transdermal, oral, nasal, and ophthalmic drug delivery.
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REFERENCES
7.1A: Acid-Base Theories and Concepts. (2017, June 3). Chemistry LibreTexts. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/07%3A_Acids_bases_and_ions_in_aqueous_solution/7.01%3A_Introduction/7.1A%3A_Acid-Base_Theories_and_Concepts#:~:text=There%20are%20three%20primary%20theories
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Abdella, S., Abid, F., Youssef, S. H., Kim, S., Afinjuomo, F., Malinga, C., Song, Y., & Garg, S. (2023). pH and its applications in targeted drug delivery. Drug Discovery Today, 28(1), 103414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103414
Admin. (2022, December 1). Ionization Of Water - Nature of Water, Detailed explanation of Self Ionization of Water and Pure water’s Ion. BYJUS. https://byjus.com/chemistry/ionization-of-water/
Byju’s. (2022, July 4). Is NaCl it An Acid or Base-. https://byjus.com/question-answer/is-nacl-an-acid-or-base/
Johnston, M. (2023, April 9). Hydrogen: What’s the difference between H, H2, H+, H- and OH- ? Watermatters.
https://www.watermatters.ca/blogs/articles/hydrogen-what-s-the-difference-between-h-h2-h-h-and-oh
Libretexts. (2023, July 18). 14.2: Ionization of Water. Chemistry LibreTexts. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/14%3A_Ionic_Equilibria_in_Aqueous_Solutions/14.02%3A_Ionization_of_Water
Niederquell, A., Stoyanov, E. V., & Kuentz, M. (2023). Physiological buffer effects in drug supersaturation - A mechanistic study of hydroxypropyl cellulose as precipitation inhibitor. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 112(7), 1897–1907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2023.02.013
pH of Salts in Water | Department of Chemistry | University of Washington. (n.d.). https://chem.washington.edu/lecture-demos/ph-salts-water#:~:text=Since%20this%20reaction%20produces%20OH,sodium%20acetate%20solution%20is%20basic.
Ion exchange and different types of ion exchanger
This document describes different types of ion exchangers. It discusses that ion exchange is a reversible chemical process where ions of one substance are replaced by similarly charged ions of another substance. Ion exchangers can be cation exchangers, which exchange positive ions, or anion exchangers, which exchange negative ions. Cation exchangers are further divided into inorganic and organic types, while anion exchangers are divided into inorganic and organic types. Common applications of ion exchangers include softening of water, demineralization of water, and separation of ions.
Water demineralization process
This document discusses water demineralization using ion exchange. It explains that demineralization removes inorganic salts by using cation exchange resins to convert dissolved salts to acids and anion exchange resins to remove these acids. The purpose is to reduce conductivity and control pH. It describes how cation resins exchange hydrogen for raw water cations and anion resins exchange hydroxyl for anions. Together this forms water and embeds the anions in the resin, removing other weak acids. Cation resins are regenerated with acid then washing, and anion resins are regenerated with sodium hydroxide then washing.
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Ion Exchange Resins
- 2. Ion Exchange resins drug delivery system Group Members Waseem Aslam Sharjeel Ahmad Ali Bhati Ayesha Talib
- 3. Ion exchange resins are organic solid polymers with cross-linking and higher molecular weight and are water insoluble and ionizable. They are usually in the form of small beads. Introduction
- 4. Chemistry There are numerous functional groups which carry charge. -COOH, which is weakly ionized to -COO¯ -SO3H, which is strongly ionized to -SO3¯ -NH2, which weakly attracts protons to form - NH3⁺ -Secondary and tertiary amines. CH₂ CH Vinyl benzene (Styrene) CH₂ CH CH₂ CH Divinyl benzene An ion exchange resin is a polymer of styrene and divinyl benzene with charged sites.
- 5. Classification Ion exchange resins are classified into two main categories. Ion Exchange Resins Cation Exchange Resins Strong Acid Weak Acid Anion Exchange Resins Strong Base Weak Base
- 6. Cation exchange resins These are those whose exchange ions are positively charged. These are made by co- polymerization of styrene and divinyl benzene and have sulfonic acid group. CH₂ CH CH CH₂ CH CH CH₂ CH₂ CH CH CH₂ SO₃⁻H⁺ SO₃⁻H⁺ SO₃⁻H⁺ SO₃⁻H⁺ CH₂
- 7. Anion exchange resins These are those whose exchange ions are negatively charged. These are made by co- polymerization of styrene and divinyl benzene. CH₂ CH CH CH₂ CH CH CH₂ CH₂ CH CH CH₂ CH₂N⁺CH₃Cl⁻ CH₂N⁺CH₃Cl⁻ CH₂N⁺CH₃Cl⁻ CH₂N⁺CH₃Cl⁻ CH₂
- 8. Resins material loaded with ions Elution of concentrated solution of drug containing cations The valuable cations will exchange the ions a) Column process Loading of drugs A highly concentrated drug solution is eluted through a bed or column.
- 9. Resins material loaded with drug Elution of solution containing excess of ions ions will replace the ions Drug release It is a reversible process and release of drug occurs in the presence of high concentration of ions (for example in stomach).
- 10. Drug release in stomach Resins material loaded with Drug ions are available in stomach which exchange with ions
- 11. Solution of drug containing cations Resins material loaded with ions Cationic drug will exchange the ions / Drug loading The resin particles are stirred with a large volume of concentrated solution of drug. b) Batch process
- 12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Important properties of IER Stability Particle size and form Available capacity Porosity and swelling Acid-base strength Cross-linkage
- 13. 1 Taste Masking Agent Applications 2 Rapid Dissolution 3 Powder processing Aid 4 Drug Delivery
- 14. Transdermal drug delivery Oral drug delivery Nasal drug delivery Ophthalmic drug delivery 4 Drug Delivery Applications