Ion chromatography is a type of liquid chromatography that separates and quantifies cations and anions using ion exchange resins and a suppressor column. It can be used to identify trace ions present in samples from various sectors like environmental, industrial, biological, pharmaceutical, chemical and food. Ion chromatography instruments typically include a solvent delivery system, sample injector, separating column packed with ion exchange resin, suppressor column to remove mobile phase ions, and a conductivity detector. There are two main types - suppressor column ion chromatography which uses a double column setup and single column ion chromatography which relies on electronic suppression.
The slides covers brief description of ion exclusion chromatography. i hope the slides will be helpful
for any further details you can contact me through email.
mail id - sobhigaba@gmail.com
Synthesis of tris (thiourea) copper (i) sulphate by kwezi mwaka juliusMakerere University
its a well described report on SYNTHESIS OF TRIS (THIOUREA) COPPER (I) SULPHATE and this serves to industrial chemistry students doing transition metal chemistry.
The slides covers brief description of ion exclusion chromatography. i hope the slides will be helpful
for any further details you can contact me through email.
mail id - sobhigaba@gmail.com
Synthesis of tris (thiourea) copper (i) sulphate by kwezi mwaka juliusMakerere University
its a well described report on SYNTHESIS OF TRIS (THIOUREA) COPPER (I) SULPHATE and this serves to industrial chemistry students doing transition metal chemistry.
‘Separation of sample components after their distribution between two phases.’’ - IUPAC definition
Ion Chromatography (IC) was introduced in 1975 by Small, Stevens and Baumann as a new analytical method for sensitive detection of ions via their electrical conductance. Chromatography is a separation technique that is used for separation a sample mixture into its constituents or components.
Ion exclusion chromatography is a technique,introduced by Wheaton and Bauman, used to separate ionic compounds from non-ionic compounds and to separate mixtures of acids.
Organic chemistry has two main divisions. One division deals with aliphatic (fatty) compounds, the first compounds you encountered in Organic Chemistry I. The second division includes the aromatic (fragrant) compounds, of which benzene is a typical example.
1. It is one of the type of Hyphenated technique.
2. It is a combination of gas chromatographic technique and spectroscopic technique.
3. It is having a high resolution capacity.
4. It is used has volatile and Non-volatile compounds.
5. It is used for qualitative and quantitative analysis.
‘Separation of sample components after their distribution between two phases.’’ - IUPAC definition
Ion Chromatography (IC) was introduced in 1975 by Small, Stevens and Baumann as a new analytical method for sensitive detection of ions via their electrical conductance. Chromatography is a separation technique that is used for separation a sample mixture into its constituents or components.
Ion exclusion chromatography is a technique,introduced by Wheaton and Bauman, used to separate ionic compounds from non-ionic compounds and to separate mixtures of acids.
Organic chemistry has two main divisions. One division deals with aliphatic (fatty) compounds, the first compounds you encountered in Organic Chemistry I. The second division includes the aromatic (fragrant) compounds, of which benzene is a typical example.
1. It is one of the type of Hyphenated technique.
2. It is a combination of gas chromatographic technique and spectroscopic technique.
3. It is having a high resolution capacity.
4. It is used has volatile and Non-volatile compounds.
5. It is used for qualitative and quantitative analysis.
INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS, B.PHARM 7TH SEM. AND FOR BSC,MSC CHEMISTRY. This is Geeta prasad kashyap (Asst. Professor), SVITS, Bilaspur (C.G) 495001
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
1. 1
ION CHROMATOGRAPHY
Introduction
Ion chromatography is an example of liquid solid chromatography
(adsorption chromatography). It is simply a high performance
version of ion exchange chromatography. First developed in 1940s,
this technique is used to identify the molecular make up of
materials. Thus, ion chromatography is separation and
quantification of anions and cations using HPLC (High
Performance Liquid Chromatography) technique and ion exchange
resins.
Instrumentation and Technique
Ion chromatography can be performed on standard HPLC
instrument. The instrumental set up is as follows:-
1. Solvent delivery system: It consists of solvent reservoir,
pump, pressure control and filter.
2. Sample injection system: Sample is fed into the flowing
stream of solvent with an injector.
3. Separating column: Ionic separation of components take
place here. Ion exchange resins based on styrene divinyl
benzene copolymers are used. The column is stainless steel
column of length 10- 30 cm and internal diameter 4- 10 mm.
The resin material is either bound to the surface of moderately
large (30 – 50 μm) glass beads to form a pellicular packing, or
by coating surface of a rigid microparticle to give special type
of packing.
4. Stripping column: Also called suppressor column, it is the
second ion exchange column which is used to selectively
remove only the mobile phase ions from eluate of separating
column.
2. 5. Detector: Conductivity detector is
detector. Apart from this,
6. Recorder: The recorder records the signa
Two types of ion chromatography are currently in use:
based and single-column.
the conductivity of the eluting electrolyte from interfering with the
measurement of analyte conductivit
A. Ion Chromatography based on Suppressor
It is also popularly called Double
Chromatography. In this, the
the injector where sample is added and into the separating
column. Here, the sample component ions separate. The eluate
flows in stripping column, where mobile phase ions are
removed and remaining sample ions are detected
conductivity detector.
Working of stripping column:
If the electrolyte in the mobile phase is HCl (often used
during the separation of cations), an anion exchange resin in
the hydroxide form is used in the stripping column. The
chloride from the dilut
Conductivity detector is the most commonly used
tector. Apart from this, UV detector is also used sometimes.
The recorder records the signal in form of graph.
Two types of ion chromatography are currently in use: suppressor
column. They differ in the method used to prevent
the conductivity of the eluting electrolyte from interfering with the
measurement of analyte conductivities.
Ion Chromatography based on Suppressor
is also popularly called Double – Column
hromatography. In this, the mobile phase is pumped through
the injector where sample is added and into the separating
column. Here, the sample component ions separate. The eluate
flows in stripping column, where mobile phase ions are
removed and remaining sample ions are detected
conductivity detector.
Working of stripping column:
If the electrolyte in the mobile phase is HCl (often used
during the separation of cations), an anion exchange resin in
the hydroxide form is used in the stripping column. The
chloride from the dilute HCl in the mobile phase exchanges
2
the most commonly used
is also used sometimes.
l in form of graph.
suppressor-
They differ in the method used to prevent
the conductivity of the eluting electrolyte from interfering with the
olumn Ion
mobile phase is pumped through
the injector where sample is added and into the separating
column. Here, the sample component ions separate. The eluate
flows in stripping column, where mobile phase ions are
removed and remaining sample ions are detected in the
If the electrolyte in the mobile phase is HCl (often used
during the separation of cations), an anion exchange resin in
the hydroxide form is used in the stripping column. The
e HCl in the mobile phase exchanges
3. 3
with hydroxide on the column and then reacts with
hydronium ions (from the HCl) to form water. The net result
is the removal of mobile phase ions from solution. Because
the stripping column is an anion exchange column, it does
not affect the separated cations in the sample.
If anions are to be separated and the mobile phase contains
dilute NaOH, the anion exchange separating column is
followed by a cation exchange stripping column in the
hydrogen form. On the resin of stripping column, the
sodium ion exchange with hydronium ion which
subsequently react with hydroxide to form water and
effectively remove mobile phase ions from the solution.
The stripping columns get exhausted, and must be replaced or
regenerated.
Recently, stripping columns have been designed which
continuously refurbish the reactant ion and which
consequently eliminate the need to remove the column to
regenerate the reactant. Typical stripping column consist of
2 concentric compartments. The effluent from the separating
column flows downward through the inner compartment
where the mobile phase ions are exchanged.
Simultaneously, a solution of the ions that were consumed
from the resin of stripping column flows upward through
the outer compartment. As the ions are used in inner
compartment, they are replaced by ions from outer
compartment. This device is termed as Hollow Fibre
Suppressor.
B. Single Column Ion Chromatography
This relies upon electronic suppression of background signals
from conductivity detector. The apparatus uses a pump to
force the mobile phase through the separating column; no
4. 4
stripping column is used. Effluent from separating column
flows directly into the conductivity detector.
The problem of large background signal owing to high
concentration of electrolyte in the mobile phase is overcome
by use of a relatively low concentration electrolyte solution
with a low capacity column, and a detector with capability to
suppress large signals.
Use of a single column eliminates the relatively large
dead volumes often associated with use of stripping
columns. It also eliminates the additional expense
associated with stripping column and its regeneration.
Applications
Ion Chromatography analysis can be used to determine either or
both qualitative and quantitative conclusions about a material's
composition. Material identification is accomplished by comparing
a sample's results against those of known reference materials.
Quantitation, or quantification of concentrations, is achieved by
comparing each anion's or cation's peak height in the chromatogram
to a standard curve of known concentration.
Ion Chromatography is often used as a material analytical technique
in the environmental, industrial, biological, pharmaceutical,
chemical and food sectors.
It is commonly used in:-
1. Separation and detection of trace ionic species – Ion
chromatography is the only technique that can provide
quantitative analysis of anions at the ppb level and is used to
detect ions in liquids. Trace analysis of common anions like
F‾, Cl‾, Br‾, I‾, NO2‾, NO3‾, SO4
2--
, PO4
3--
and that of cations
like Li+
, Na+
, K+
, Mg+2
, Ca+2
, Sr+2
, Ba+2
can be easily
performed.
2. Food product analysis – Ionic contamination on the surfaces
of wafers, chips, and packages can be detected easily. Thus, it
5. 5
can be an essential tool for guaranteeing quality control. IC
analysis is also a great way to test the cleanliness of a product
following the manufacturing process.
3. Environmental analysis - It is used to analyse soil extracts,
pond water, industrial process waste.
4. Biological application – Organic acids, amino acids and
peptides can be determined by selecting proper polymeric
column, mobile phase and detector.
5. Polyvalent anion such as pyrophosphate, tripolyphosphate and
trimetaphosphate can be differentiated.
6. It is used to analyse multi element transition metals, at levels
lower than those possible with AAS.
IC analysis is a simple, fast and accurate materials analysis
technique. Setting up and analyzing a single sample typically takes
1 hour with each additional sample taking 15-30 minutes to analyze.
References:-
1. Introduction to Instrumental Analysis; Robert D. Braun
2. Principles of Instrumental Analysis (6th
edition); Douglas A.
Skoog, F James Holler, Stanley R. Crouch
3. Vogel’s textbook of Chemical Analysis (6th
edition); J.
Mendham, R.C. Denney, J.D. Barnes, M. Thomas, B.
Sivasankas.
4. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis; H. Kaur
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