La cromatografía líquida de alto rendimiento (HPLC) es una técnica para separar compuestos disueltos en soluciones, utilizando diferentes fases líquidas y principios como la partición, intercambio iónico, exclusión por tamaño y afinidad. HPLC se emplea en investigación química, control de calidad y análisis de contaminantes, asegurando la pureza de compuestos. Se requiere un equipo especializado que incluye columnas, bombas y detectores para lograr separaciones precisas.

1. PRESENTATION ON :-Advance separation technology: high performance liquidchromatography(HPLC)PRESENTED BY:-GAIKWAD OVESH &MD.NADEEM MANSOORI

2. Basic Principles of HPLC:-

3. Introduction :-HPLC is a form of liquid chromatography used to separate compounds that are dissolved in solution.

4. TYPES OF PHASES :-Separation is based on the analyte’s relative solubility between two liquid phasesMobile PhaseStationary PhaseSolventBonded PhasePartitioning :-

5. HPLC - ModesNormal Phase.- Polar stationary phase and non-polar solvent. Reverse Phase.- Non-polar stationary phase and a polar solvent.

6. Solvent reservoirs, Solvent degasser, Gradient valve, Mixing vessel for delivery of the mobile phase, High-pressure pump, Switching valve in "inject position" Switching valve in "load position", Sample injection loop, Pre-column (guard column), Analytical column, Detector (i.e. IR, UV), Data acquisition, Waste or fraction collector.PICTURE OF HPLC SYSTEM :-

7. PICTURE OF HPLC EQUIPMENT :-

8. FOUR TYPES OF HIGH PERFOMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY :-

9. 1. PARTITION CHROMOTOGRAPHY :-Partition chromatography uses a retained solvent, on the surface or within the grains or fibres of an "inert" solid supporting matrix as with paper chromatography; or takes advantage of some additional coulombic and/or hydrogen donor interaction with the solid support. Molecules equilibrate (partition) between a liquid stationary phase and the eluent. Known as Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography (HILIC) in HPLC, this method separates analytes based on polar differences. HILIC most often uses a bonded polar stationary phase and a non-polar, water miscible, mobile phase. Partition HPLC has been used historically on unbonded silica or alumina supports. Each works effectively for separating analytes by relative polar differences, however, HILIC has the advantage of separating acidic, basic and neutral solutes in a single chromatogram.

10. Partition Chromatography:-Most widely usedBonded-phase ChromatographySilica Stationary Phase: OH OH OH OH

11. O O O

12. Si Si Si SiSiloxanes: O CH3 Si O Si R R= C8, C18

13. O CH3Operation in partition chromotography

14. Partition chromatograph equipment

15. 2. ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHYIon-exchange chromatography is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their charge. It can be used for almost any kind of charged molecule including large proteins, small nucleotides and amino acids. The solution to be injected is usually called a sample, and the individually separated components are called analytes. It is often used in protein purification, water analysis, and quality controlIon exchange chromatography retains analyte molecules on the column based on coulombic (ionic) interactions. The stationary phase surface displays ionic functional groups (R-X) that interact with analyte ions of opposite charge. This type of chromatography is further subdivided into cation exchange chromatography and anion exchange chromatography. The ionic compound consisting of the cationic species M+ and the anionic species B- can be retained by the stationary phase.

16. Basis for molecular separation :-Ion ExchangeGel FiltrationAffinity Charge SizeConformation

17. Components of ion exchange :-A charge solid phase or matrix Liquid phase contains molecules of different chargesSolutions (eluant) of different charges to influence interactions between liquid and solid phases

18. Solid matrix exchangers :-1. A cation exchanger:

19. Matrix negative charge

20. Exchanges cations

21. 2. An anion exchanger:

22. Matrix positive charge

23. Exchanges anions Operation in ion Exchange

24. Metrohm 850 Ion chromatography system

25. 3. Size exclusion chromatography :-Size exclusion chromatography (SEC), also known as gel permeation chromatography or gel filtration chromatography, separates particles on the basis of size. It is generally a low resolution chromatography and thus it is often reserved for the final, "polishing" step of purification. It is also useful for determining the tertiary structure and quaternary structure of purified proteins. SEC is used primarily for the analysis of large molecules such as proteins or polymers. SEC works by trapping these smaller molecules in the pores of a particle. The larger molecules simply pass by the pores as they are too large to enter the pores. Larger molecules therefore flow through the column quicker than smaller molecules, that is, the smaller the molecule, the longer the retention time.

26. Size Exclusion Chromatography(SEC) :-Gel permeation(GPC), gel filtration(GFC) chromatographyTechnique applicable to separation of high-molecular weight speciesRapid determination of the molecular weight or molecular-weight distribution of larger polymers or natural productsSolute and solvent molecules can diffuse into pores -- trapped and removed from the flow of the mobile phase

27. Specific pore sizes.average residence time in the pores depends on the effective size of the analyte moleculeslarger moleculessmaller moleculesintermediate size moleculesSEC (continued) :-

28. Operation in size exclusion

29. Equipment for Running size exclusion chromatography

30. 4. AFFINITY CHROMOTAGRAPY :-This is the most selective type of chromatography employed. It utilizes the specific interaction between one kind of solute molecule and a second molecule that is immobilized on a stationary phase. For example, the immobilized molecule may be an antibody to some specific protein. When solutes containing a mixture of proteins are passed by this molecule, only the specific protein is reacted to this antibody, binding it to the stationary phase. This protein is later extracted by changing the ionic strength or pH..

31. Affinity ChromatographyAffinity ChromatographySurface bound withEpoxy, aldehyde or aryl ester groupsMetal Interaction ChromatographySurface bound withIminodiacetic acid + Ni2+/Zn2+/Co2+

32. Affinity ChromatographyBinding Capacity (mg/ml) medium 12mg of histag proteins (MW= 27kDa)Depends on Molecular weightDegree of substitution /ml medium~15mmol Ni2+Backpressure ~43psiChange the guard column filter

33. Operation in Affinity Chromotagraphy

34. Operation in Affinity Chromotagraphy

35. ACCESSORIES FOR HPLC EQUIPMENT :-HPLC COLOUMS:-The column is one of the most important components of the HPLC chromatograph because the separation of the sample components is achieved when those components pass through the column. The High performance liquid chromatography apparatus is made out of stainless steel tubes with a diameter of 3 to 5mm and a length ranging 10 -30cmNormally, columns are filled with silametica gel because its particle shape, surface properties, and pore structure help to get a good separation. Silica can be used to separate a wide variety of chemical compounds, and its chromatographic behavior is generally predictable and reproducible.

36. HPLC COLOUMN :-

37. Instrumentation :-Gradient Controller•ColumnPumpDetectorInjector

38. Liquid Chromatographic ColumnSmooth-bore stainless steel or heavy-walled glass tubingHundreds of packed columns differing in size and packing are available from manufacturers ($200-$500)Add columns together to increase length

39. Sample Injection SystemsFor injecting the solvent through the column

40. Minimize possible flow disturbances