Antioxidants play an important role in inhibiting and scavenging free radicals, thus providing protection to human against
infections and degenerative diseases. Current research is now directed towards natural antioxidants originated from plants due to safe
therapeutics. Poly herbal drugs is used in Indian traditional medicine for a wide range of various ailments. To understand the mechanism
of pharmacological actions, antioxidant properties of the Poly herbal drugs extract were tested using standard in vitro models. The
ethanolic extract of Poly herbal drugs exhibited strong scavenging effect on superoxide, nitric oxide radical and reducing power radical
scavenging assay. The free radical scavenging effect of Poly herbal drugs extract was comparable with that of the reference antioxidants.
The data obtained in the present study suggests that the extract of Poly herbal drugs have potent Invitro antioxidant and Anti Diabetic
activity against free radicals, prevent oxidative damage to major biomolecules and afford significant protection against oxidative damage.
317 - In-vitro Antioxidant studies on ethanolic extracts of Boswellia ovalifo...pharmaindexing
317 - In-vitro Antioxidant studies on ethanolic extracts of Boswellia ovalifoliolata and saccharum spontaneum by DPPH, Nitric Oxide and Lipid perooxidation methods
TOTAL POLYPHENOLS AND DPPH FREE RADICALS SCAVENGING ACTIVITY IN SIX LEAFY VEG...Md. Kamaruzzaman
TOTAL POLYPHENOLS AND DPPH FREE RADICALS SCAVENGING ACTIVITY IN SIX LEAFY VEGETABLES OF BANGLADESH
Harun-Ar-Rashid, Sheikh Julfikar Hossain, Sk. Amir Hossain, Md Mahfuzur Rahman, Md. Kamaruzzaman
Institut Kurz specializes in performing various assays for food analysis.
In this presentation you can see some of them.
Contact: info@institut-kurz.com
Website: www.institut-kurz.com/
317 - In-vitro Antioxidant studies on ethanolic extracts of Boswellia ovalifo...pharmaindexing
317 - In-vitro Antioxidant studies on ethanolic extracts of Boswellia ovalifoliolata and saccharum spontaneum by DPPH, Nitric Oxide and Lipid perooxidation methods
TOTAL POLYPHENOLS AND DPPH FREE RADICALS SCAVENGING ACTIVITY IN SIX LEAFY VEG...Md. Kamaruzzaman
TOTAL POLYPHENOLS AND DPPH FREE RADICALS SCAVENGING ACTIVITY IN SIX LEAFY VEGETABLES OF BANGLADESH
Harun-Ar-Rashid, Sheikh Julfikar Hossain, Sk. Amir Hossain, Md Mahfuzur Rahman, Md. Kamaruzzaman
Institut Kurz specializes in performing various assays for food analysis.
In this presentation you can see some of them.
Contact: info@institut-kurz.com
Website: www.institut-kurz.com/
Polymeric Nanoparticles of Rifampicin were prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation technique using poly methyl methacrylate as polymer matrix and Poly vinyl alcohol as surfactant. Drug entrapped free flowing nanoparticles of Rifampicin were obtained after optimization using 32 factorial design and characterized for entrapment efficiency, particle size distribution, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and in vitro and stability studies. The PMMA nanoparticles had a small size (213 ± 0.72 nm), uniform size distribution. The effects of dependent variables drug-polymer ratio and surfactant concentration on particle size and encapsulation efficiency were studied. The drug and polymer were not interacting with each other. SEM studies revealed the spherical shape of nanoparticles and in vitro release studies showed sustained drug release. RIF-polymeric nanoparticles drug delivery system proved to be promising for anti-tubercular therapy.
Principle and applications of glucose uptake and calcium influx assay by vivekAnimatedWorld
Principle and applications of glucose uptake assay and calcium influx assay
Diabetes Mellitus and its types
Calcium regulation
Glucose regulation and how it is released in cells.
ABSTRACT- The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro antioxidant activity and anti-bacterial activity of the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate
and methanol extract obtained from the whole part of Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss (Asteraceae). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of these extracts
were determined as gallic acid and rutin equivalents, respectively. Total antioxidant activity, reducing power of these extract were evaluated as ascorbic
acid and gallic acid equivalents, respectively. ABTS free radical scavenging activity is expressed as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity
(TEAC). The antibacterial activity of the extract was investigated by disc diffusion method. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed moderate
activity against E. coli and S. aureus.
Key words: Jurinea dolomiaea; Total phenolic; Total flavonoid; Total antioxidant; Free radical scavenging activity; Antibacterial activity.
Polymeric Nanoparticles of Rifampicin were prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation technique using poly methyl methacrylate as polymer matrix and Poly vinyl alcohol as surfactant. Drug entrapped free flowing nanoparticles of Rifampicin were obtained after optimization using 32 factorial design and characterized for entrapment efficiency, particle size distribution, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and in vitro and stability studies. The PMMA nanoparticles had a small size (213 ± 0.72 nm), uniform size distribution. The effects of dependent variables drug-polymer ratio and surfactant concentration on particle size and encapsulation efficiency were studied. The drug and polymer were not interacting with each other. SEM studies revealed the spherical shape of nanoparticles and in vitro release studies showed sustained drug release. RIF-polymeric nanoparticles drug delivery system proved to be promising for anti-tubercular therapy.
Principle and applications of glucose uptake and calcium influx assay by vivekAnimatedWorld
Principle and applications of glucose uptake assay and calcium influx assay
Diabetes Mellitus and its types
Calcium regulation
Glucose regulation and how it is released in cells.
ABSTRACT- The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro antioxidant activity and anti-bacterial activity of the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate
and methanol extract obtained from the whole part of Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss (Asteraceae). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of these extracts
were determined as gallic acid and rutin equivalents, respectively. Total antioxidant activity, reducing power of these extract were evaluated as ascorbic
acid and gallic acid equivalents, respectively. ABTS free radical scavenging activity is expressed as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity
(TEAC). The antibacterial activity of the extract was investigated by disc diffusion method. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed moderate
activity against E. coli and S. aureus.
Key words: Jurinea dolomiaea; Total phenolic; Total flavonoid; Total antioxidant; Free radical scavenging activity; Antibacterial activity.
Antioxidant Activity of Indian Medicinal Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) cv. NjavaraIJAEMSJORNAL
A study was conducted to find out the antioxidant activity of medicinal rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Njavara. Two eco types of Njavara rice Njavara black (NB) and Njavara yellow (NY) were procured from RRS, Moncompu and one eco type of Hraswa was obtained from ARS, Mannuthy. Hraswa was treated as the control. Diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, reducing power assay, total antioxidant activity, total phenols, zinc and selenium (Se) were estimated. The results of the antioxidant properties revealed that for DPPH scavenging activity and hydroxyl radical activity NY had highest antioxidant activity. For superoxide radical scavenging activity, NB had the highest activity. Present investigation showed that as the concentration increased, the reducing power of all the rice varieties increased and the highest reducing power was shown by NB. NY had shown the highest total antioxidant activity. Present study revealed that among the three rice varieties NB had the highest total phenol content. Zn content was slightly higher in NY than NB. The present study revealed that control variety Hraswa had the highest Se content.
Evaluation of Anti-oxidant Activity of Elytraria acaulis Aerial ExtractsIJERA Editor
Elytraria acaulis, a stem less perennial herb of Acantheceae family has many medicinal and therapeutic properties. Anti oxidative activity of the aerial parts of this Elytraria acaulis were assessed in the present study. The aerial parts of the plant (Stem & Leaves) were extracted in different organic solvents such as n-Hexane, Ethanol, Methanol, Ethyl Acetate and Chloroform. Initially, Total Phenolic & Total Flavonoids content in different solvent plant extracts were estimated. The free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of the Elytraria acaulis aerial extracts in different organic solvents were also assayed by DPPH assay, FRAP assay. The aerial extracts of Elytraria acaulis have shown significant anti oxidant activity. Hence, further studies on this plant will enable elucidation of its therapeutic properties and medicinal applications
Membrane Stabilizing And Antimicrobial Activities Of Caladium Bicolor And Che...IOSR Journals
The crude methanol extracts of whole plant of Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. and leaf of Chenopodium album L. as well as their pet-ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions were evaluated for membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. At concentration 1.0 mg/ml, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of C. bicolor inhibited 43.92±1.63% and 38.08±0.83 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs, respectively. Among the extractives of C. album, the aqueous soluble fraction inhibited 47.11±0.49 % and 36.73±0.76 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs as compared to 72.79 % and 42.12 % by acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/ml), respectively. C. bicolor test samples demonstrated zone of inhibition ranging from 6.0 to 20.0 mm. The chloroform soluble fraction showed the highest zone of inhibition (20.0 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus. The test samples of C. album displayed zone of inhibition ranging from 7.0 to 13.0 mm. The highest zone of inhibition (13.0 mm) was showed by the chloroform soluble fraction against Salmonella paratyphi
Comprehensive study on pharmacognostic, physico and phytochemical evaluation ...Uploadworld
Terminalia arjuna Roxb. (Family-Combretaceae) is commonly known as Arjun tree and valued for its medicinal uses. In the present investigation, the detailed pharmacognostic study of T. arjuna stem bark (TASB) is carried out to lay down the standards which could be useful in forthcoming experimental studies.
Effects of roasting on the total phenolic contents and radical scavenging act...Innspub Net
The purpose of the present study was to explore the influences roasting on the radical scavenging activity and total Phenolic content on selected seeds. Fresh seeds of Prunus domestice, Prunus armeniace and Prunus persica were selected from the local market. The selected seeds were heated on the hotpot at a temperature 160 °C for 1 to 3 hours, respectively and one group were remain irrespective of any treatment (control). It was observed that roasting of fruit seeds produce different effects on total phenolic contents and radical scavenging activity. Antioxidant capacity was measured against the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) whereas the reducing capacity was evaluated with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR). Total phenolic content in Prunus domestica was highest at 160 °C when heated for 1 hour (554 mg/100g), similarly the total phenolic content in the Prunus armeniaca was highest when heated for 2 hour (684 mg/100g) while the Total phenolic content in the Prunus persica was highest when heated for 2 hour (684 mg/100g). Radical scavenging activity in the Prunus domestica was highest when heated for 1 hour (48 %). Similarly radical scavenging activity in the Prunus armeniaca was highest during heated for 1 hour (86 %) while radical scavenging activity in the Prunus persica was at maximum (43 %) at 2 hour treatment. It is suggested that different effect were produced when different fruit seeds were roasted at a single temperature, Therefore different optimum temperature and conditions are required for roasting different seeds.
Food based phytochemical luteolin their derivatives, sources and medicinal be...Skyfox Publishing Group
Luteolin is a type of flavonoid and a 38, 48, 5, 7-tetra hydroxyl flavone with a yellow crystalline appearance. Luteolin is
widely present in different plant families such as, Lamiacea, Arecaceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae, Asteraceae, Resedaceae and
Scrophulariaceae. Luteolin mostly found in edible plants and most important food based phytochemical. Dietary sources of luteolin such
as, celery, peppers, carrots, peppermint, olive oil, thyme, oregano and rosemary, etc. On the base of luteolin content among other sources
oregano is the better source with 1028.75mg/100g contents. Flavonoids are important component of plants, and widely used in
traditional medicine to cure the different type of diseases. Luteolin has different health benefits such as, anti-inflammatory, sun
protectant, anti-oxidant, improve heart function, neurological impairments, anti-cancer and many more. Luteolin has many possible
mechanisms involved in different biological activities such as, stabilization of p53, modulation of ROS levels, and reduction of NF-
kappaB, reduction of AP-1 activity and inhibition of PI3K.
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a soil borne plant pathogen, capable of infecting more than 500 host plants
worldwide. It is a major pathogen that plays a crucial role in reducing the yield in economically important crops. It causes stem & crown
rot, wilt, leaf & petiole rot, blossom blight, fruit rot and damping off diseases in crops. The initial mycelia infection at the base of the stem
is an appearance of elongated water soaked lesions that expand rapidly. Ascospore infection is quite general and occurs on the other plant
parts. Effective pathogenesis by the S. sclerotiorum requires the secretion of oxalic acid and lytic enzymes. Germination of overwintered
sclerotia, and release, survival and germination of ascospores are important factors for the development of disease. The capability of
sclerotia to survive for more than 5 years, so it becomes very difficult to manage the Sclerotinia diseases. Management of S. sclerotiorum is
a major challenge, and the best being the integration of various Measures like, cultural practices, chemical, biological and resistance
varieties. The review summarizes current information on morphology, symptomatology, disease cycle and management of the disease. In
addition, current research and management strategies to combat S. sclerotiorum also discuss.
A yeast strain E2 was purified from traditional yeast, and retained for its strongly acidifying, fermentative and saccharolytic
power. In fact, this strain produces a high concentration of acetic acid 105.85 mg / L revealed by using the H.P.L.C DAD technique
during its growth in semi synthetic medium containing sucrose at 5 g /l as only carbon source. The pH of the culture medium increases
from 5.58 to 2.76 after 24 hours of culture and to 2.48 after 48 hours of
Characterization, treatment and recovery of fish byproduct as a stable bio-fe...Skyfox Publishing Group
National fish production reached in 2013 an amount of 1,245,912 tons. Now the pelagic fish industry generates a
significant amount of waste up to 60%. The physicochemical analyses of these fish by-products showed a wealth of organic material
including proteins (87.4% dry weight) and minerals (9% dry weight). These components and others are capitalizing to be used for
agricultural or agri-food. Biotransformation of biotechnologically in fish products was performed in the laboratory. Fresh fish byproducts
were ground and mixed with a carbon-rich source of carbohydrates. The mixture was inoculated with selected fermentation
yeast. The fermentation of evolution was controlled by monitoring chemical parameters (pH, dry matter, ash, total nitrogen) and
microbiological (FMAT, Enterobacteriaceae: fecal and total Coliforms, yeasts). Then the product thus stabilized at a pH of 3.8 has
undergone a second treatment. A hydrolyzate rich in amino acids and trace elements was obtained with excellent hygienic quality after a
total elimination of pathogens. Its use will be as factors for fertilizer and soil amendment. We produced three biostimulants necessary for
plant growth: Rooting fertilizer, Plant elongation fertilizer and production fertilizer. The application tests on these biofertilizers in the
laboratory were performed and have allowed obtaining promising results.
Determination of Opinions and Level of knowledge of Culinary Program Students...Skyfox Publishing Group
This study is conducted to investigate knowledge, attitudes and behavior of university culinary program students about
genetically modified organisms (GMOS). The study is carried out among 214 university students aged (99 female, 115 male).
Demographic characteristics of students, their knowledge, attitude and behavior of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) are taken
into consideration in the data collection process. 10 open-ended questions and an attitude scale questionnaire which consists of 30
questions was applied. The data obtained with the SPSS 20.0 program by using frequency (F), percent (%), t-test and one way analysis
of variance (ANOVA). For the question “Have you ever heard of the term GMO?” 32 students (15%) stated that they never heard of
the term. Students from the culinary program, replied the question “In your opinion, is GMO beneficial or harmful? ‘’ 95, 8% replied as
harmful. According to replies of culinary program 1. and 2. year students there was no significant difference between their answers to the
question (p> 0.05). For the question ’’ If it is harmful, why?’’ students stated that GMO causes cancer. The average of female students
answer is 3, 40, while the average of male students is 3,42. T test conducted to these averages gives the result of p=0.389 (p> 0.05). The
averages of their responses to the items and the number of male and female students have been very close to each other. But there is
statistical difference to the reply of 28. Question which is p=0.02 (p<0.05). The analysis demonstrates that students have enough basic
knowledge about genetically modified organisms, but it was observed that they experience conceptual confusion. Most of the students
believe that GMO technology is harmful, and there are some conceptual mistakes. It was concluded that the concept of the course will
increase knowledge and awareness about GMOs in the curriculum topics that will help to eliminate confusion.
E-waste is an end of the life span of electric or electronic appliances which contain the complex heavy metals. It is causing
severe health concerns for millions of people around the world, mostly in the developing nations of India, Africa, Europe, etc. More of
these wastes are ending up in dumping yards and recycling centers, cause a new challenge to the environment. In general electronic
gadgets are intended to make our lives happier and simpler, but their toxicity, removal and recycling becomes a health horrendous. Many
research papers have been reported on microbial remediation of heavy metals present in E-waste. The pioneer work was reported on
1998, bio-dissolution of spent nickel batteries using Thiobacillus ferroxidans, which is the first step to recycle and discarded batteries by
using microbes as eco-friendly method. This review paper provides an insight in to the bioremediation of heavy metals from E-waste by
potential microorganisms, in an eco-friendly way and provide pathway for current researchers.
Nutritional significance of cereals and legumes based food mix- A reviewSkyfox Publishing Group
Tertiary processed foods are commercially formulated foods designed for the ease of consumption. These foods are
mainly formulated using the refined flour which are lacking in one or more nutrients. Whole cereals and legumes found to possess
immense nutritional potentials which could complement one another if accurately processed and combined. Therefore, it is essential to
formulate composite blends and carry out scientific research to ascertain the nutritive adequacy of the cereal and legumes for possible
use as tertiary foods. The present study is therefore a part of an exploratory work towards this goal. The study emphasis on formulation
of tertiary processed foods with application of processing and drying methods using multicereals and legume combination. Successful
utilization of cereals and legumes with added functionality in snack food sector will definitely open up new dimensions to the food
industries.
Effect of cooking temperature on some quality characteristic of Almond milkSkyfox Publishing Group
Processing of almond was done at different temperatures (80, 90, 100 and 110°C), to produce almond milk samples (A, B,
C and D). The almond milk sample (C) processed at normal boiling temperature (100°C) kept as reference standard. Using different
standard analytical methods, almond milk were analyzed for physiochemical, microbiological, and sensory attributes. Due to increase in
temperature the crude fat and moisture content decreased significantly (p<0.05)><0.05)><0.05) from 2.24-1.33×103 CFU/ml for sample A to D processed at 80-110°C, while yeast and mold from 1.22-0.35×102 CFU/ml.
The mean value score awarded to all sensory attributes increase from A to C but decrease in D. Almond milk products were acceptable,
highest acceptability score (8.33) awarded to milk sample C processed at 100°C followed by samples B, A and D. Processing of almond
milk at 100°C provide the better milk product with all measured characteristics suggested for almond milk processing.
Human Noroviruses (HuNoVs) are important enteric pathogens, which affect the stomach and intestines, leading to
gastroenteritis or more commonly called the "stomach flu" or “winter vomiting bug". HuNoVs are mainly transmitted by the fecal-oral
route, either by directly infected person-to-person contact or directly via contaminated foods, water and surface areas. The virus is highly
contagious as 10-100 virus particles are sufficient to cause diseases. HuNoVs can spread easily and cause prolonged outbreaks. This is
due to their environmental persistence, high infectivity, being resistance to disinfection and difficulty in preventing transmission.
HuNoVs are the most common causative agent leading to acute gastroenteritis among infectious diseases worldwide and poses a serious
public health problem, especially among children being the most susceptible. In developing countries, the highest cost of medical care
after respiratory infections is listed for acute gastroenteritis. In this study, Norovirus outbreaks, precautions, its identification and
struggles were informed and some suggestions were made about this case.
Quality evaluation of soy milk ice cream prepared with ipomoea batatas starch...Skyfox Publishing Group
Stabilizers are used in ice cream preparation for viscosity, air incorporation, melt down and texture improvement to attain
attractive end product. Soybeans were used to produce soy milk. Soy milk used as a milk replacer due to its some important health
aspects such protein, vitamin C, isoflavones, dietary fiber, omega-3-fatty acid and oligosaccharides. Starch was extracted form Ipomoea
Batatas. Meteroxylon Sagu powder and Ipomoea Batatas starch analyzed against some quality characteristics such as pH, swelling power
and solubility, water holding capacity, moisture, ash protein and viscosity. Ice cream was prepared by using soy milk with different
concentration such as 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75% of starch and powder. Commercially used stabilizing agent Cremodan was kept as reference
standard. Prepared ice cream mix was analyzed against some physicochemical and sensory parameters. Ice cream sample that contain
ipomoea batatas starch 0.75% showed significant (P<0.05) outcomes against overrun, standup time, viscosity and melt-ability. Soy milk
ice cream development with natural stabilizers such as starches can be cost effective and provide more health benefits.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.