The document summarizes a study that investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Pterospermum acerifolium. The study found that the ethyl acetate fraction of P. acerifolium showed the highest free radical scavenging activity in various in vitro antioxidant assays. This fraction also demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects in both in vivo and in vitro models of inflammation. The results support the traditional use of P. acerifolium for reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.
Studying the Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Properties of The A...iosrphr_editor
The aqueous extract of Parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ) were investigated for anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity at the doses of 2 , 5 , and 10 g/kg, of body weight. The experimental paradigms used were carrageenan, dextran, histamine induced pedal edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma for anti-inflammatory activity, while hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing methods were used to assess analgesic activity. Yeast-induced hyperpyrexia was used to evaluate the antipyretic activity. In acute phase inflammation, a maximum inhibition 50.6% (P < 0.05), 51.1% (P < 0.05) and 52.3% (P < 0.05) were noted at the dose of 10 g/kg after 3 h of treatment with methanol extract of Parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ) in carrageenan, dextran and histamine induced pedal edema , respectively. In the chronic model (cotton pellet induced granuloma) , the parsley (10 g/kg) and standard drug (Indomethacin 10 mg/kg) showed decreased formation of granuloma tissue by 51.8% (P < 0.05) and 56.6% (P < 0.05) , respectively. The extract also produced significant (P < 0.01) analgesic activity in both paradigms. In addition, the aqueous extract of parsley potentiated the morphine and aspirin induced analgesia. A significant (P < 0.01) reduction in hyperpyrexia in rat was also produced by the extract. This study exhibits that methanol extracts of leaves of parsley possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities.
Intercontinental journal of pharmaceutical Investigations and ResearchSriramNagarajan19
Anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract of Portulaca quadrifida Linn. was studied in wister rats using the carrageenan induced left hind paw edema, carrageenan induced pleurisy and cotton pellet induced granuloma model. The ethanolic extract (200 mg/kg, p.o.,) produced the inhibition of carrageenan induced rat paw edema. It also showed an inhibitory effect on leukocyte migration and a reduction on the pleural exudates as well as reduction on the granuloma weight in the cotton pellet granuloma method. The results indicated that the ethanolic extract produced significant (P<0.001) anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the standard and untreated control.
Expt. 6 Bioassay of histamine using guinea pig ileum by matching methodVISHALJADHAV100
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Experimental specifications (conditions)
Preparation of histamine standard solution
Preparation of Tyrode solution (PSS)
Procedure
Kymograph recording of contractions
Observation table
Calculation
Result and interpretation
Studying the Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Properties of The A...iosrphr_editor
The aqueous extract of Parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ) were investigated for anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity at the doses of 2 , 5 , and 10 g/kg, of body weight. The experimental paradigms used were carrageenan, dextran, histamine induced pedal edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma for anti-inflammatory activity, while hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing methods were used to assess analgesic activity. Yeast-induced hyperpyrexia was used to evaluate the antipyretic activity. In acute phase inflammation, a maximum inhibition 50.6% (P < 0.05), 51.1% (P < 0.05) and 52.3% (P < 0.05) were noted at the dose of 10 g/kg after 3 h of treatment with methanol extract of Parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ) in carrageenan, dextran and histamine induced pedal edema , respectively. In the chronic model (cotton pellet induced granuloma) , the parsley (10 g/kg) and standard drug (Indomethacin 10 mg/kg) showed decreased formation of granuloma tissue by 51.8% (P < 0.05) and 56.6% (P < 0.05) , respectively. The extract also produced significant (P < 0.01) analgesic activity in both paradigms. In addition, the aqueous extract of parsley potentiated the morphine and aspirin induced analgesia. A significant (P < 0.01) reduction in hyperpyrexia in rat was also produced by the extract. This study exhibits that methanol extracts of leaves of parsley possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities.
Intercontinental journal of pharmaceutical Investigations and ResearchSriramNagarajan19
Anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract of Portulaca quadrifida Linn. was studied in wister rats using the carrageenan induced left hind paw edema, carrageenan induced pleurisy and cotton pellet induced granuloma model. The ethanolic extract (200 mg/kg, p.o.,) produced the inhibition of carrageenan induced rat paw edema. It also showed an inhibitory effect on leukocyte migration and a reduction on the pleural exudates as well as reduction on the granuloma weight in the cotton pellet granuloma method. The results indicated that the ethanolic extract produced significant (P<0.001) anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the standard and untreated control.
Expt. 6 Bioassay of histamine using guinea pig ileum by matching methodVISHALJADHAV100
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Experimental specifications (conditions)
Preparation of histamine standard solution
Preparation of Tyrode solution (PSS)
Procedure
Kymograph recording of contractions
Observation table
Calculation
Result and interpretation
Evaluation of Anti-oxidant Activity of Elytraria acaulis Aerial ExtractsIJERA Editor
Elytraria acaulis, a stem less perennial herb of Acantheceae family has many medicinal and therapeutic properties. Anti oxidative activity of the aerial parts of this Elytraria acaulis were assessed in the present study. The aerial parts of the plant (Stem & Leaves) were extracted in different organic solvents such as n-Hexane, Ethanol, Methanol, Ethyl Acetate and Chloroform. Initially, Total Phenolic & Total Flavonoids content in different solvent plant extracts were estimated. The free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of the Elytraria acaulis aerial extracts in different organic solvents were also assayed by DPPH assay, FRAP assay. The aerial extracts of Elytraria acaulis have shown significant anti oxidant activity. Hence, further studies on this plant will enable elucidation of its therapeutic properties and medicinal applications
ABSTRACT- The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro antioxidant activity and anti-bacterial activity of the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate
and methanol extract obtained from the whole part of Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss (Asteraceae). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of these extracts
were determined as gallic acid and rutin equivalents, respectively. Total antioxidant activity, reducing power of these extract were evaluated as ascorbic
acid and gallic acid equivalents, respectively. ABTS free radical scavenging activity is expressed as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity
(TEAC). The antibacterial activity of the extract was investigated by disc diffusion method. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed moderate
activity against E. coli and S. aureus.
Key words: Jurinea dolomiaea; Total phenolic; Total flavonoid; Total antioxidant; Free radical scavenging activity; Antibacterial activity.
Extraction of Secondary Metabolites from Roots of Acanthus Ilicifolius L and ...inventionjournals
The root extracts of Acanthus ilicifolius L finds a prominent place in folk medicine. In this study, we
extracted alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin and total phenols in benzene, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and
ethanol, their antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity was evaluated. The antioxidant activity is executed
by FRAP assay and agar well diffusion method is done to study the antibacterial activity against Enterobacter
aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus
pyogenes. The antibacterial activity of all the extracts was compared with standard antibiotic gentamicin.
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC] was determined by serial dilution method. Alkaloids are rich in
acetone and Flavonoids are high in methanol extracts. The acetone extract showed higher antioxidant activity,
while benzene extract was identified to contain lower antioxidant activity. The extent of inhibition by the root
extracts diverge between the solvents used, among them ethanol extracts exhibited higher level of inhibition
against the gram positive test cultures compared to gram negative test cultures employed. Whereas, the acetone
extracts efficacy is more on gram negative test cultures than the gram positive cultures. The MIC was found to
be between 1mg/100µl to 5mg/100µl. This study gives the source for purification and characterization of
bioactive principles that possess antioxidant and antibacterial action from the root of Acanthus ilicifolius.
Pratap Singh1*, Rajendra Singh1, Nitin Sati2, Om Prakash Sati1
1Department of Chemistry, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
*Address for Correspondence: Pratap Singh, PhD Scholar, Department of Chemistry, HNB Garhwal University
Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
Received: 15 September 2016/Revised: 28 September 2016/Accepted: 26 October 2016
ABSTRACT- Impatiens sulcata is an annual plant used in traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of several
ailments, seeds are edible, plant paste is applied to prevent utricaria, itching, eczema, pimples and mucilage is used as an
abortifacient. Methanolic extract of Impatiens sulcata and its various fractions were screened for phytochemical analysis,
antioxidant potential by total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total antioxidant activity, DPPH scavenging
activity, reducing power and ABTS scavenging activity, while antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion assay against a set
of bacterial and fungal strains. Petroleum ether and methanolic extract showed higher free radical scavenging activity and
phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids and triterpenoids. In biological assay, the extracts
showed the moderate antimicrobial activity.
Key-words- Impatiens sulcata; Phytochemical analysis; Antioxidant potential; Anti-bacterial activity; Anti-fungal
activity;
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
In-vitro antioxidant and GC-MS analysis ethanolic extract of poly herbal drugSkyfox Publishing Group
Antioxidants play an important role in inhibiting and scavenging free radicals, thus providing protection to human against
infections and degenerative diseases. Current research is now directed towards natural antioxidants originated from plants due to safe
therapeutics. Poly herbal drugs is used in Indian traditional medicine for a wide range of various ailments. To understand the mechanism
of pharmacological actions, antioxidant properties of the Poly herbal drugs extract were tested using standard in vitro models. The
ethanolic extract of Poly herbal drugs exhibited strong scavenging effect on superoxide, nitric oxide radical and reducing power radical
scavenging assay. The free radical scavenging effect of Poly herbal drugs extract was comparable with that of the reference antioxidants.
The data obtained in the present study suggests that the extract of Poly herbal drugs have potent Invitro antioxidant and Anti Diabetic
activity against free radicals, prevent oxidative damage to major biomolecules and afford significant protection against oxidative damage.
Screening of antioxidant phytoextracts of Canarium odontophyllum (Miq.) leave...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Screening of immunomodulatory activity of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. whole plantiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
in vitro study on total phenols and flavonoids content and dpph activity of w...IJEAB
The escalating interest in appraisal of antioxidant power of herbal plant as medicine, the current study was carried out to explore the antioxidant potential of aqueous extracts of Withania somnifera root and Withania coagulan fruit in-vitro. Antioxidant activity; total phenol,total flavonoids and DPPH free radical scavenging assay of Withania somnifera root and Withania coagulans fruit aqueous extracts were determined by using reference standards gallic acid, quercetin and ascorbic acid, respectively. The highest total phenols content (mgGAE/g) and total flavonoids content (mgQE/g) was found to be 33.1±0.82 and 1.86±0.01 respectively in aqueous somnifera root extracts as compared to coagulans fruit extract . The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the both extracts was increased with the increasing concentration and was observed high in aqueous extract insomniferaroot (IC50= 54) than coagulans fruit (69μg/ml) aqueous extract.Thus,Withania somnifera root has potent antioxidant activity and may serve as a good pharmacotherapeutic agent which could be explored to provide affordable medicines to masses.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
How to Give Better Lectures: Some Tips for Doctors
Plethysmometer article 001
1. Volume 2, Issue 1, May – June 2010; Article 001 ISSN 0976 – 044X
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research Page 1
Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY POTENTIAL OF
PTEROSPERMUM ACERIFOLIUM
Santanu Sannigrahi1*
, Sambit Parida2
, V. Jagannath Patro2
, Uma Shankar Mishra3
, Ashish Pathak4
1
St. Peter’s Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh - 506001, India
2
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur, Orissa - 760002, India
3
Royal College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Berhampur, Orissa – 760001, India
4
Radharaman College of Pharmacy, Bhoopal, Madhya Pradesh - 462046, India
*E-mail: santanuin@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT
Leaves of Pterospermum acerifolium L. (Sterculiaceae) are used in India for reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. The objective
of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities to justify the use of the plant in folkloric medicine.
Antioxidant activity of different fractions were evaluated by using in-vitro antioxidant assays models like determination of total
phenolics, DPPH radical scavenging assay, nitric oxide scavenging assay, hydroxy radical scavenging assay and superoxide anion
scavenging assay. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan induced inflammation and thermally induced protein
denaturation. Ethyl acetate fraction of P. acerifolium (EAF) showed highest free radical scavenging activity in all the models. EAF also
produced significant anti-inflammatory activity in both in-vivo and in-vitro model. The results obtained in this study showed that the
leaves of Pterospermum acerifolium L. have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties which provide a basis for the traditional use of
the plant.
Keywords: Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, Pterospermum acerifolium, total phenolic content.
INTRODUCTION
Medicinal plants are believed to be an important source of
new chemical substances with potential therapeutic
effects. The research into plants with alleged folkloric use
as anti-inflammatory agents should therefore be viewed as
a fruitful and logical research strategy in the search for
new anti-inflammatory drugs.
Pterospermum acerifolium Linn. has a wide application in
traditional system of Indian medicine for example, in
ayurvedic anticancer treatment flowers are mixed with
sugars and applied locally [1]. Flowers and bark, charred
and mixed with kamala applied for treatment of smallpox.
Flowers made into paste with rice water used as
application for hemicranias [2]. Stem bark of the plant was
found to have antimicrobial activity [3]. Isolation of
boscialin glucosides from leaves of Pterospermum
acerifolium have been reported [4]. Hepatoprotective
effect of ethanol extract of leaves of Pterospermum
acerifolium was also reported [5]. Chronic effects of
Pterospermum acerifolium on glycemic and lipidemic
status of type 2 model diabetic rats was found beneficial
[6].
There is no scientific information on the anti-inflammatory
and antioxidant study of the plant. The present study aims
to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential
of Pterospermum acerifolium to justify the folkioric use of
this plant.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant Material
Leaves of Pterospermum acerifolium were collected from
Jatara, Tikamgarh, Madhya Pradesh (India) during the
month of September 2007. The plant was identified by
botanist, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur,
Orissa, India.
Chemicals and Reagents
All the chemicals and reagents used were of analytical
grade includes DPPH (diphenyl picryl hydrazyl), nitro
blue terazolium (NBT), NADH, phenazine methosulphate
nicotinamide (PMS), ammonium molybdate, carrageenan,
dextran, trypsin, egg albumin (Lancaster Research Lab,
Chennai, India), α-tocopherol, trichloroacetic acid,
ascorbic acid, casein (Himedia Lab, Mumbai India) and
indomethacin (Advance Scientific Center, Bhopal, India).
Extraction of Plant Material
About 1.5 kg of shade dried powder of leaves of
Pterospermum acerifolium was successively extracted
with petroleum ether and methanol to obtain the petroleum
ether and methanol extract. The crude methanol extract,
after removal of the solvent, was dissolved in 10% sulfuric
acid solution and partitioned with chloroform, ethyl
acetate, n-butanol and water successively to give
chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water soluble
fractions respectively.
Antioxidant activity
Determination of total phenolics
The concentrations of phenolic content in all the fractions
were determined with Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent
(FCR) according to the method of Slinkard and Singleton
[7]. 1 ml of the solution (contains 1 mg) of the fraction in
methanol was added to 46 ml of distilled water and 1 ml of
FCR, and mixed thoroughly. After 3 min, 3 ml of sodium
carbonate (2%) were added to the mixture and shaken
intermittently for 2 h at room temperature. The absorbance
was measured at 760 nm. The concentration of phenolic
compounds was calculated according to the following
2. Volume 2, Issue 1, May – June 2010; Article 001 ISSN 0976 – 044X
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research Page 2
Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net
equation that was obtained from standard pyrocatechol
graph:
Absorbance = 0.001× pyrocatechol (µg) + 0.0033
DPPH radical scavenging activity
The DPPH radical scavenging activity was measured as
per the process described by Blois et al [8]. Briefly, 0.1
mM solution of DPPH solution in methanol was prepared
and 1ml of this solution was mixed with 3ml of sample
solutions in water at different concentrations. Finally, after
30 min, the absorbance was measured at 517 nm.
Decreasing of the DPPH solution absorbance indicates an
increase of the DPPH radical-scavenging activity. DPPH
radical-scavenging activity was calculated according to the
following equation:
% Inhibition = ((A0-A1) / A0 × 100)
Where A0 was the absorbance of the control (without
extract) and A1 was the absorbance in the presence of the
extract.
Nitric oxide scavenging activity
Nitric oxide was generated from sodium nitroprusside,
which at physiological pH liberates nitric acid. This nitric
acid gets converted to nitrous acid and further forms nitrite
ions (NO2
-
) which diazotize with sulphanilic acid and
couple with naphthylethylenediamine (Griess reagent),
producing pink color which can be measured at 546 nm
[9]. Sodium nitroprusside (10 mM, 2 ml) in phosphate
buffer saline was incubated with the test compounds in
different concentrations at room temperature for 30 min.
After 30 min, 0.5 ml of the incubated solution was added
with 1 ml of Griess reagent and the absorbance was
measured at 546 nm. The nitric oxide radicals scavenging
activity was calculated according to the following
equation:
% Inhibition = ((A0-A1) / A0 × 100)
Where A0 was the absorbance of the control (without
extract) and A1 was the absorbance in the presence of the
extract.
Superoxide anion scavenging activity assay
Phenazine methosulfate-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
(PMS-NADH) system was used for the generation of
superoxide anion. It was assayed by the reduction of
nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT). About 1 ml of nitro blue
tetrazolium (156 µM), 1 ml NADH (468 µM) in 100 mM
phosphate buffer of pH 7.8 and 0.1 ml of sample solution
of different concentrations were mixed. The reaction
started by adding 100 µl PMS (60 µM). The reaction
mixture was incubated at 25°C for 5 min and absorbance
of the mixture was measured at 560 nm against blank
samples [10]. The percentage inhibition was determined
by comparing the results of control and test samples.
% Inhibition = ((A0-A1) / A0 × 100)
Where A0 was the absorbance of the control (blank,
without extract) and A1 was the absorbance in the presence
of the extract.
Hydroxy radical scavenging activity
Hydroxy radical scavenging activity was determined using
2-deoxyribose oxidative degradation as described
previously [11]. The principle of the assay is the
quantification of the 2-deoxyribose degradation product,
malonaldehyde, by its condensation with thiobarbturic
acid (TBA). The reaction mixture contained deoxyribose
(2.8mM); FeCl3 (100 mM); KH2PO4–KOH buffer (20mM,
pH 7.4); EDTA (100 mM); H2O2 (1.0 mM); ascorbic acid
(100m M), and various concentrations of the test
compounds in a final volume of 1 ml. Ferric chloride and
EDTA (when added) were premixed just before addition
to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was
incubated at 37°C for 60 min. After incubation at 37°C for
1 h, 1.0 ml of 2.8% trichloroacetic acid and 1.0 ml of 1%
aqueous solution of TBA were added to the sample; test
tubes were heated at 100°C for 20 min to develop the
color. After cooling, TBARS formation was measured
spectrophotometrically at 532 nm against an appropriate
blank. The hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity was
determined by comparing absorbance of the control with
that of test compounds.
Anti-inflammatory activity
Animals
Healthy, albino rats (Wistar Strain) of either sex, weighing
150 – 200 Gm were obtained from Animal house of CPS
Mohuda. They were housed in good condition in the
department’s animal house and given standard mouse
pellet and water ad Libitum. All the rats were kept at
controlled light condition (light: dark, 12:12 hr) and
temperature 22 ± 1º C. (According to CPCSEA norms)
Acute toxicity study
Albino rats of either sex were used for acute toxicity
study. The animals were divided into six groups
containing six animals each. EAF was suspended in
Tween 80 and administered orally as a single dose at
different dose levels viz. 500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500 and
2000 mg/kg of body weight (b.w.) The Mice were
observed periodically for symptoms of toxicity and death
within 24 h and then daily for next 14 days.
Carrageenan induced inflammation
Pedal inflammation was produced by subplantar
administration of 0.1 ml of carrageenan (1% w/v) to the
right paw of each rat [12]. Different groups of animals
were pretreated with EAF (150 and 300 mg/kg, p.o.) or
with 5 ml/kg of distilled water (vehicle control) or 10
mg/kg reference drug (indomethacin) at 1h before eliciting
paw edema. The paw volume was measured by dipping
the foot in the mercury bath of the plethysmograph up to
the anatomical hairline on lateral malleolus and compared
with control animals, which received only the vehicle.
Measurement was done immediately before, first and third
hour following carrageenan injection. The edema
inhibitory activity was calculated according to the
following formula-
Edema (%) inhibition = (1-D/C) × 100
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where, D represents the percentage difference in increased
paw volume after the administration of test drugs to the
rats and C represents the percentage difference of
increased volume in the control groups.
Inhibition of protein denaturation
Test solution having different concentration (50-250
µg/ml) of drug was taken with 1ml (1mM) of egg albumin
solution. The mixture was incubated at 27 ± 1° C for 15
min. Denaturation was induced by keeping the reaction
mixture at 70ºC in a water bath for 10 min. After cooling
the turbidity was measured spectrophotometrically at 660
nm [13]. Percentage inhibition of denaturation was
calculated from control where no drug was added.
Statistical analysis
The experimental data were expressed as mean ± SEM.
the significance of difference among the various treated
groups and control group were analyzed by means of one-
way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison
tests using Graphat Instat Software (San Diego, CA,
USA). The level of significance was set at p < 0.05.
RESULTS
In this study in-vitro antioxidant activity of different
fractions and anti-inflammatory activity of ethyl acetate
soluble fraction of leaves of Pterospermum acerifolium
was evaluated by different in vivo and in vitro screening
methods.
Preliminary phytochemical screening of the different
fractions of Pterospermum acerifolium leaves revealed the
presence of steroids, flavonoids, alkaloids and glycosides.
In the acute toxicity assay no deaths were observed during
the 72 h period at the doses tested. At these doses, the
animals showed no stereotypical symptoms associated
with toxicity, such as convulsion, ataxy, diarrhoea or
increased diuresis thus the median lethal dose (LD50) was
determined to be higher than the dose tested i.e. 2.0 g/ kg
b.w.
The total phenolic content of different fractions is
presented in Table 1. It was calculated as quite high in
ethyl acetate fraction (169.2±12.5 µg mg-1
pyrocatechol
equivalent) other than n-butanol (32.7±8.92 µg mg-1
) and
chloroform fraction (21.2±6.13 µg mg-1
).
The results of the free radical scavenging potentials of
different fractions tested by DPPH method are depicted in
Figure 1. The IC50 value of EAF was found as 26.2 µg/ml,
whereas the IC50 value of NF was found as 66.2 µg/ml.
The low IC50 value of ethyl acetate fraction is due
presence of high polyphenolics and flavonoids in it.
Table 1: Total phenolic content and comparative scavenging activity of different fractions at highest concentration (100
g/ml)#
Fractions
Total phenolic
content
DPPH radical
Nitric oxide
radical
Superoxide
radical
Hydroxy
radical
EAF 169.2 12.5 79.7 2.25 70.7 4.04 66.1 2.3 69.4 1.21
NF 32.7 8.9 73.8 2.25 57.6 3.2 54.2 2.71 58.31 6.7
CF 21.2 6.13 45.08 1.97 33.9 6.3 33.7 3.51 41.3 4.8
#
Values are mean ±SEM (n=6)
Table 2: Effect of EAF of Pterospermum acerifolium on carrageenan induced paw edema in rats#
Paw volume (ml)
Treatment Dose
Initial 1 h 3 h
Edema
inhibition (%)
Normal saline 5 ml/kg 3.41±1.25 3.98±0.29 4.49±0.32 -
EAF 150 3.39±0.23 3.72±0.25 3.42±0.20* 23.83
EAF 300 3.32±0.14 3.61±0.17 2.98±0.21** 33.6
Indomethacin 10 3.22±0.21 3.39±0.18 2.79±0.24** 37.86
#
Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 significant as compared to control group
Different fractions of methanol extract of Pterospermum
acerifolium also moderately inhibited nitric oxide in dose
dependent manner (Figure 2). IC50 value of EAF, NF was
found as 32.4 µg/ml and 78.5 µg/ml respectively.
In superoxide anion scavenging assay, ethyl acetate
fraction showed maximum superoxide anion scavenging
activity and the results are presented in Figure 3. The IC50
value of EAF (51.8 µg/ml) was lower than NF (IC50 = 91.4
µg/ml).
All the fractions suppressed dexyribose degradation in a
concentration-dependent manner (figure 4). In this assay
also ethyl acetate fraction showed lowest IC50 value (28.7
µg/ ml) other than NF (86.6 µg/ ml) and chloroform
fraction (IC50= >100 µg/ ml).
The in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of the EAF were
assayed by using carrageenan induced paw edema. The
administration of sub plantar injection of carrageenan (0.1
4. Volume 2, Issue 1, May – June 2010; Article 001 ISSN 0976 – 044X
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ml, 1% w/v), produced significant edema in the rat paws,
reaching maximum at 3 h (Table 2). Oral administration of
EAF caused doses related inhibition of carrageenan
induced inflammation. The extract with dose of 150 mg/kg
induced significant (p<0.05) anti-inflammatory activity at
3 h after carrageenan administration.
Figure 1: Radical scavenging potential of different
fractions by DPPH method at different concentrations
(µg/ml).
Figure 2: Nitric oxide scavenging potential of different
fractions at different concentrations (µg/ml).
Figure 3: Scavenging potential of different fractions at
different concentrations (µg/ml) on superoxide radicals
generated by the PMS/NADH system.
Figure 4: Hydroxy radical scavenging potential of
different fractions at different concentrations (µg/ml) on
deoxyribose degradation method.
The dose of 300 mg/kg abolished inflammation more
significantly (p<0.01) at 3 h and it was comparable to the
untreated control group. A standard drug indomethacin (10
mg/kg, p.o.) showed potent inhibition against carrageenan
induced inflammation. EAF showed 23.83 and 33.6 %
edema inhibition at 3 h against carrageenan induced
inflammation.
The inhibitory effect on protein denaturation by EAF is
shown in Table 3. EAF (50-250 µg/ml) showed significant
(p<0.05) inhibition of denaturation of egg albumin in
concentration dependent manner. EAF at concentration of
250 µg/ml and indomethacin at concentration of 100 µg/ml
showed significant (p<0.01) inhibition (68.86 and 82.67%
respectively) of protein denaturation when compared with
control.
Table 3: Effect of ethyl acetate fraction of Pterospermum
acerifolium on in vitro assays.#
Concentration
(µg/ml)
Inhibition of protein
denaturation (%)
50 24.07±0.62
100 29.8±0.66
150 34.59±0.23
200 54.6±0.67
250 68.76±0.85
#
Values are mean ±SEM (n=3)
DISCUSSION
The present study established the anti-inflammatory
activity of ethyl acetate fraction of methanolic extract of
Pterospermum acerifolium. It is earlier reported that
carrageenan induced inflammation is useful for the
detection of orally active anti-inflammatory agents [14].
Vinegar et al, [15] reported that edema formation due to
5. Volume 2, Issue 1, May – June 2010; Article 001 ISSN 0976 – 044X
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carrageenan in the rat paw is a biphasic event. The initial
phase is attributed to the release of histamine & serotonin.
The second phase of edema is a result of liberation of
prostaglandins, lysosomes, bradykinins and protease [16].
Dirosa et al had earlier stated that the second phase is
sensitive to most clinically active anti-inflammatory drugs
[14]. The EAF showed dose dependent inhibitory activity
over a period of 3hrs and extract showed maximum
inhibition of carrageenan induced paw edema at 3h. This
indicates EAF attenuates with both early and delayed
phases of carrageenan induced inflammation.
Denaturation of proteins is well documented cause of
inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis [17]. Several anti-
inflammatory drugs have shown dose dependent ability to
inhibit thermally induced protein denaturation [18].
Ability of EAF to bring down thermal denaturation of
protein is possibly a contributing factor with the
mechanism of action.
The presence of flavonoids and triterpenes in the leaves of
Pterospermum acerifolium has been observed by general
identification test. EAF was also found as a rich souce of
polyphenolic compounds. Therefore the anti-inflammatory
activity of EAF of Pterospermum acerifolium seems to be
due to the high polyphenolic compounds in it.
This study has revealed the potential for antioxidant
activity and also lent scientific justification to the
traditional use of plant in anti-inflammatory conditions.
However, the exact structure of the bioactive compounds
and mechanism(s) involved in anti-inflammatory activities
of the EAF are yet to be elucidated.
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