This document summarizes a study that investigated the decolorization of the cationic dye methylene blue (MB) using immobilized beads of Bacillus coagulans.
Key findings include:
- B. coagulans was effective at decolorizing MB, removing up to 98% of dye within 25 hours.
- The bacteria was immobilized using sodium alginate beads and agricultural waste (sawdust), which performed similarly to free bacteria.
- Decolorization kinetics followed pseudo-first order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm model. Thermodynamic parameters indicated the process was spontaneous and exothermic.
- Reusable immobilized beads maintained high decolorization (over 90%) after
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
4. optimization of culture condition for enhanced decolorization of reactive ...Darshan Rudakiya
Many synthetic azo dyes and their metabolites are toxic, carcinogenic, and
mutagenic so removal of azo dyes using cost-effective and eco-friendly method is
major aspect.Comamonas acidovorans MTCC 3364 has been routinely reported for
different steroid bioconversion and heavy metal removal. The main purpose of this
study is to check the decolorization efficiency of Comamonas acidovorans MTCC
3364 for different dyes and to optimize the condition which gives maximum
decolorization of Reactive Orange 16 dye. The effect of various physicochemical
parameters including condition, carbon and nitrogen sources, temperature,pH and
dye concentration were studied. The % decolorization of dye was determined by
UV Visible spectroscopy. This bacterial strain efficiently decolorizes Reactive
Orange 16 at 37oC, pH 6.85 within 24 hours giving 99.03 ± 0.5 % dye
decolorization under optimum environmental conditions.
Extraction of Secondary Metabolites from Roots of Acanthus Ilicifolius L and ...inventionjournals
The root extracts of Acanthus ilicifolius L finds a prominent place in folk medicine. In this study, we
extracted alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin and total phenols in benzene, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and
ethanol, their antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity was evaluated. The antioxidant activity is executed
by FRAP assay and agar well diffusion method is done to study the antibacterial activity against Enterobacter
aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus
pyogenes. The antibacterial activity of all the extracts was compared with standard antibiotic gentamicin.
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC] was determined by serial dilution method. Alkaloids are rich in
acetone and Flavonoids are high in methanol extracts. The acetone extract showed higher antioxidant activity,
while benzene extract was identified to contain lower antioxidant activity. The extent of inhibition by the root
extracts diverge between the solvents used, among them ethanol extracts exhibited higher level of inhibition
against the gram positive test cultures compared to gram negative test cultures employed. Whereas, the acetone
extracts efficacy is more on gram negative test cultures than the gram positive cultures. The MIC was found to
be between 1mg/100µl to 5mg/100µl. This study gives the source for purification and characterization of
bioactive principles that possess antioxidant and antibacterial action from the root of Acanthus ilicifolius.
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions by Nitrated biomass of Cicer...IOSR Journals
Investigation of removal of methylene blue by nitrated biomass of Cicer arientinum is conducted in batch conditions. The effect of different parameters such as contact time, sorbent dose, pH and temperature has been studied. Adsorption kinetic modeling data were found out. The kinetics of biosorption results shows that sorption process is well explained by pseudo–second order model with determination coefficients higher than 0.99 for sorbent under all experimental conditions. The value Kp is found to be 0.652 to 2.43 for initial and final concentrations. Thermodynamic parameter via KD, ΔG has also been calculated to determine the spontaneity of the process. The low value of activation energy indicates that sorption is an activated and physical process. The Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion model show liquid-film, mass transfer is effective sorption mechanism. Thus nitrated biomass of Cicer areintinum is a low cost and easily available efficiently used as an excellent sorbent for the removal of MB+ from wastewater. It can be safely concluded that biomass of Cicer arientinum is much economical effectual, viable and can be an alternative to more costly adsorbents.
Various human diseases have oxidative stress as one of their component. Many herbs have been reported to exhibit properties that combat oxidative stress through their active constituents such as flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds etc. Different Plants of Dillenicea family has been shown in in vitro experiments to be endowed with antioxidant activity. Therefore this study was carried out to evaluate Dillenicea family for its antioxidant activity.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
4. optimization of culture condition for enhanced decolorization of reactive ...Darshan Rudakiya
Many synthetic azo dyes and their metabolites are toxic, carcinogenic, and
mutagenic so removal of azo dyes using cost-effective and eco-friendly method is
major aspect.Comamonas acidovorans MTCC 3364 has been routinely reported for
different steroid bioconversion and heavy metal removal. The main purpose of this
study is to check the decolorization efficiency of Comamonas acidovorans MTCC
3364 for different dyes and to optimize the condition which gives maximum
decolorization of Reactive Orange 16 dye. The effect of various physicochemical
parameters including condition, carbon and nitrogen sources, temperature,pH and
dye concentration were studied. The % decolorization of dye was determined by
UV Visible spectroscopy. This bacterial strain efficiently decolorizes Reactive
Orange 16 at 37oC, pH 6.85 within 24 hours giving 99.03 ± 0.5 % dye
decolorization under optimum environmental conditions.
Extraction of Secondary Metabolites from Roots of Acanthus Ilicifolius L and ...inventionjournals
The root extracts of Acanthus ilicifolius L finds a prominent place in folk medicine. In this study, we
extracted alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin and total phenols in benzene, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and
ethanol, their antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity was evaluated. The antioxidant activity is executed
by FRAP assay and agar well diffusion method is done to study the antibacterial activity against Enterobacter
aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus
pyogenes. The antibacterial activity of all the extracts was compared with standard antibiotic gentamicin.
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC] was determined by serial dilution method. Alkaloids are rich in
acetone and Flavonoids are high in methanol extracts. The acetone extract showed higher antioxidant activity,
while benzene extract was identified to contain lower antioxidant activity. The extent of inhibition by the root
extracts diverge between the solvents used, among them ethanol extracts exhibited higher level of inhibition
against the gram positive test cultures compared to gram negative test cultures employed. Whereas, the acetone
extracts efficacy is more on gram negative test cultures than the gram positive cultures. The MIC was found to
be between 1mg/100µl to 5mg/100µl. This study gives the source for purification and characterization of
bioactive principles that possess antioxidant and antibacterial action from the root of Acanthus ilicifolius.
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions by Nitrated biomass of Cicer...IOSR Journals
Investigation of removal of methylene blue by nitrated biomass of Cicer arientinum is conducted in batch conditions. The effect of different parameters such as contact time, sorbent dose, pH and temperature has been studied. Adsorption kinetic modeling data were found out. The kinetics of biosorption results shows that sorption process is well explained by pseudo–second order model with determination coefficients higher than 0.99 for sorbent under all experimental conditions. The value Kp is found to be 0.652 to 2.43 for initial and final concentrations. Thermodynamic parameter via KD, ΔG has also been calculated to determine the spontaneity of the process. The low value of activation energy indicates that sorption is an activated and physical process. The Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion model show liquid-film, mass transfer is effective sorption mechanism. Thus nitrated biomass of Cicer areintinum is a low cost and easily available efficiently used as an excellent sorbent for the removal of MB+ from wastewater. It can be safely concluded that biomass of Cicer arientinum is much economical effectual, viable and can be an alternative to more costly adsorbents.
Various human diseases have oxidative stress as one of their component. Many herbs have been reported to exhibit properties that combat oxidative stress through their active constituents such as flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds etc. Different Plants of Dillenicea family has been shown in in vitro experiments to be endowed with antioxidant activity. Therefore this study was carried out to evaluate Dillenicea family for its antioxidant activity.
Production of Amphiphilic Surfactant Molecule From Saccharomyces Cerevisiae M...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
ABSTRACT- Tagetes erecta L. was raised in pots containing soil treated with various concentrations of Pb(NO3)2 (500, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500mg/kg). At maturity plants were separated into root, stem, leaves and inflorescence and lead accumulated in each part was quantified. The effects of lead accumulation on growth was analyzed by the measurement of various growth parameters like root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot and total leaf area per plant. Moreover effect of lead accumulation on biochemical parameters was checked by quantitative estimation of various biochemical parameters like chlorophyll, total protein, free amino acids, total sugar, reducing sugar and starch. Results showed that there is no remarkable negative effect of accumulation of lead on the morphological growth of the plant. Biochemical analysis showed that amount of total protein continuously decreased whereas that of free amino acids continuously increased with increasing concentrations of lead. Amount of chlorophyll, total sugar, reducing sugar and starch contents continuously increased till mid-level i.e., Pb 1500 mg/kg and then continuously decreased at higher concentrations. Results of quantitative estimation of Pb in root, stem, leaves and inflorescence showed that roots accumulated highest amount of Pb followed by stem and leaves, whereas inflorescence contained least amount of Pb.
Key-words- Lead (Pb), Heavy metal, Tagetes erecta L., Accumulation, Phytoremediation
Asparaginase is an important enzyme in Medicine & food industry. It catalyzes Asparagine to aspartate and Ammonia. The purpose of using asparaginase in foods is to reduce the levels of acrylamide that form in certain carbohydrate-rich foods during cooking.The rationale behind asparaginase is that it takes advantage of the fact that acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells and some other suspected tumor cells are unable to synthesize the non-essential amino acid asparagine, whereas normal cells are able to make their own asparagine.
Adsorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solution using Algal BiocharSagar Sonkar
Although the food and beverage industries are not as polluting as some other sectors like metal or leather industries, but they have been responsible for air, water and soil pollution by emitting dust and unpleasant odor in the air.
If the effluents from the food and beverage industry are contaminated with toxic metals, these can affect adversely on human health.
Phenolic compounds which are present in various concentrations in several of these waste streams cause toxic effects and are reported as Cancer causing and may also cause long-term ecological damage.
Microalgae have been reported to accumulate pollutants such as heavy metals, hexachlorobenzene, herbicides, insecticides and even Phenol.
Spirulina Platensis, that was commonly used as nutritional supplements, could be easily cultured, and the species were shown to thrive in municipal and agricultural wastewater effluents for removal of contaminants by production of biochar.
The most common method for the removal of this dissolved organic material is the adsorption with activated carbon, a product that is produced from a variety of carbonaceous materials and biochar is one of it.
chitosan nanoparticles synthesis and application in various fields i.e. biocompatible fruit preservatives, water treatment with non toxic substrate, cotton functionalization, etc.
Lignocellulose Biomass- Hydrolysis & Fermentation Lab Protocols
YOU AGREE TO INDEMNIFY BiorefineryEPCTM , AND ITS AFFILIATES, OFFICERS, AGENTS, AND EMPLOYEES AGAINST ANY CLAIM OR DEMAND, INCLUDING REASONABLE ATTORNEYS' FEES, RELATED TO YOUR USE, RELIANCE, OR ADOPTION OF THE DATA FOR ANY PURPOSE WHATSOEVER. THE DATA ARE PROVIDED BY BiorefineryEPCTM "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL BiorefineryEPCTM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO CLAIMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOSS OF DATA OR PROFITS, WHICH MAY RESULT FROM ANY ACTION IN CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS CLAIM THAT ARISES OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE DATA.
Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Ulipristal Acetate using Napht...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Ulipristal acetate is used to treat uterine fibroids and for emergency birth control. The present study is a first report on development of a visible spectrophotometric method for determination of Ulipristal acetate present in bulk and tablet formulation. The method involves the sequential addition of HCl (0.1 N) and Napthol Blue Black solution to Ulipristal acetate. Cation formed on tertiary amine group of Ulipristal acetate attracts anion of naphthol blue black (an acid dye) to develop a coloured ion-association complex. From the aqueous phase, the chromophore is extractable into chloroform, which exhibits λmax at 640 nm. As per the existing guidelines of ICH, various parameters of the method were tested for validation. Regression analysis (r > 0.999) shows that the plotted calibration curve exhibits good linearity in the studied range of concentration (2.50 – 15.00 μg mL-1). The % recovery values falls in 99.80 – 100.72 range. %RSD results of both precision studies were observed in the range 0.007 – 0.560, indicating the satisfactory precision of the method. Low values of R.S.D. (< 1 %) were observed indicating that the proposed method is reproducible, accurate and precise. The proposed method can be used in quality control laboratories for routine analysis of Ulipristal acetate (bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms) without requirement of expensive instruments.
Electrophoretic Patterns of Esterases in Eri silkworm Samia Cynthia riciniIOSR Journals
The present study was carried out to investigate the patterns of esterase isozymes extracted from the silk gland, haemolymph and mid gut of Eri silkworm (Samia Cynthia ricini). The qualitative analysis of esterases was carried out by 7.5% of native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE). The inhibitor sensitivity of the enzymes towards paraxon, eserine and pCMB was used to classify the individual zones of esterases. Three zones of esterases were observed in different tissues of Eri silkworm. Silk gland esterases were classified as CHsp (Cholinesterase like enzymes) esterases. The haemolymph and mid gut esterases were classified into Esdp (Enzyme inhibited by paraxon and pCMB).
Evaluation of Uptake of Methylene blue dye by Sulphonated biomass of Cicer ar...IOSR Journals
The uptake of methylene blue by sulphonated biomass of Cicer arientinum is conducted in batch mode. The effect of parameters like contact time, sorbent dose, pH and temperature has been studied. The value Kp is found to be 0.1928 and 0.8727 for initial and final concentrations respectively. The kinetics of biosorption results indicate that sorption process follows pseudo–second order model with determination coefficients greater than 0.988 for sorbent under all experimental conditions. Thermodynamic parameter via KD, and ΔG are calculated indicates, rise in KD, negative ΔG values determine the spontaneity of the process and significantly shows that sorption process is time, temperature and concentration dependant. The adsorption obeys the Langmuir isotherm, Hall separation factor values less than unity and low value of activation energy indicate that sorption is an activated and favorable physical process. The phenomenon of sorption includes liquid-film, mass transfer mechanism is well described by Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion model. Thus sulphonated biomass of Cicer arientinum(S-III) is a low cost and easily available good sorbent for the removal of MB+ from wastewater.
Background/Purpose: The reduction solution was aqueous extracted from Acanthus ilicifolius for biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. as green approach. It is less harmful and more economical as compared to physical and chemical methods.
Methods: Ratio of 1: 10 mixtures of 100 mg/ mL of aqueous extract and 5 mM of silver nitrate were incubated for 24 hours at 40°C with 150 rpm in incubator shaker. The formation of silver nanoparticles were monitored by colour changes and were characterized by UV-Vis spectrometry followed by zeta (potential) sizer analyses.
Production of Amphiphilic Surfactant Molecule From Saccharomyces Cerevisiae M...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
ABSTRACT- Tagetes erecta L. was raised in pots containing soil treated with various concentrations of Pb(NO3)2 (500, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500mg/kg). At maturity plants were separated into root, stem, leaves and inflorescence and lead accumulated in each part was quantified. The effects of lead accumulation on growth was analyzed by the measurement of various growth parameters like root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot and total leaf area per plant. Moreover effect of lead accumulation on biochemical parameters was checked by quantitative estimation of various biochemical parameters like chlorophyll, total protein, free amino acids, total sugar, reducing sugar and starch. Results showed that there is no remarkable negative effect of accumulation of lead on the morphological growth of the plant. Biochemical analysis showed that amount of total protein continuously decreased whereas that of free amino acids continuously increased with increasing concentrations of lead. Amount of chlorophyll, total sugar, reducing sugar and starch contents continuously increased till mid-level i.e., Pb 1500 mg/kg and then continuously decreased at higher concentrations. Results of quantitative estimation of Pb in root, stem, leaves and inflorescence showed that roots accumulated highest amount of Pb followed by stem and leaves, whereas inflorescence contained least amount of Pb.
Key-words- Lead (Pb), Heavy metal, Tagetes erecta L., Accumulation, Phytoremediation
Asparaginase is an important enzyme in Medicine & food industry. It catalyzes Asparagine to aspartate and Ammonia. The purpose of using asparaginase in foods is to reduce the levels of acrylamide that form in certain carbohydrate-rich foods during cooking.The rationale behind asparaginase is that it takes advantage of the fact that acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells and some other suspected tumor cells are unable to synthesize the non-essential amino acid asparagine, whereas normal cells are able to make their own asparagine.
Adsorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solution using Algal BiocharSagar Sonkar
Although the food and beverage industries are not as polluting as some other sectors like metal or leather industries, but they have been responsible for air, water and soil pollution by emitting dust and unpleasant odor in the air.
If the effluents from the food and beverage industry are contaminated with toxic metals, these can affect adversely on human health.
Phenolic compounds which are present in various concentrations in several of these waste streams cause toxic effects and are reported as Cancer causing and may also cause long-term ecological damage.
Microalgae have been reported to accumulate pollutants such as heavy metals, hexachlorobenzene, herbicides, insecticides and even Phenol.
Spirulina Platensis, that was commonly used as nutritional supplements, could be easily cultured, and the species were shown to thrive in municipal and agricultural wastewater effluents for removal of contaminants by production of biochar.
The most common method for the removal of this dissolved organic material is the adsorption with activated carbon, a product that is produced from a variety of carbonaceous materials and biochar is one of it.
chitosan nanoparticles synthesis and application in various fields i.e. biocompatible fruit preservatives, water treatment with non toxic substrate, cotton functionalization, etc.
Lignocellulose Biomass- Hydrolysis & Fermentation Lab Protocols
YOU AGREE TO INDEMNIFY BiorefineryEPCTM , AND ITS AFFILIATES, OFFICERS, AGENTS, AND EMPLOYEES AGAINST ANY CLAIM OR DEMAND, INCLUDING REASONABLE ATTORNEYS' FEES, RELATED TO YOUR USE, RELIANCE, OR ADOPTION OF THE DATA FOR ANY PURPOSE WHATSOEVER. THE DATA ARE PROVIDED BY BiorefineryEPCTM "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL BiorefineryEPCTM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO CLAIMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOSS OF DATA OR PROFITS, WHICH MAY RESULT FROM ANY ACTION IN CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS CLAIM THAT ARISES OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE DATA.
Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Ulipristal Acetate using Napht...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Ulipristal acetate is used to treat uterine fibroids and for emergency birth control. The present study is a first report on development of a visible spectrophotometric method for determination of Ulipristal acetate present in bulk and tablet formulation. The method involves the sequential addition of HCl (0.1 N) and Napthol Blue Black solution to Ulipristal acetate. Cation formed on tertiary amine group of Ulipristal acetate attracts anion of naphthol blue black (an acid dye) to develop a coloured ion-association complex. From the aqueous phase, the chromophore is extractable into chloroform, which exhibits λmax at 640 nm. As per the existing guidelines of ICH, various parameters of the method were tested for validation. Regression analysis (r > 0.999) shows that the plotted calibration curve exhibits good linearity in the studied range of concentration (2.50 – 15.00 μg mL-1). The % recovery values falls in 99.80 – 100.72 range. %RSD results of both precision studies were observed in the range 0.007 – 0.560, indicating the satisfactory precision of the method. Low values of R.S.D. (< 1 %) were observed indicating that the proposed method is reproducible, accurate and precise. The proposed method can be used in quality control laboratories for routine analysis of Ulipristal acetate (bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms) without requirement of expensive instruments.
Electrophoretic Patterns of Esterases in Eri silkworm Samia Cynthia riciniIOSR Journals
The present study was carried out to investigate the patterns of esterase isozymes extracted from the silk gland, haemolymph and mid gut of Eri silkworm (Samia Cynthia ricini). The qualitative analysis of esterases was carried out by 7.5% of native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE). The inhibitor sensitivity of the enzymes towards paraxon, eserine and pCMB was used to classify the individual zones of esterases. Three zones of esterases were observed in different tissues of Eri silkworm. Silk gland esterases were classified as CHsp (Cholinesterase like enzymes) esterases. The haemolymph and mid gut esterases were classified into Esdp (Enzyme inhibited by paraxon and pCMB).
Evaluation of Uptake of Methylene blue dye by Sulphonated biomass of Cicer ar...IOSR Journals
The uptake of methylene blue by sulphonated biomass of Cicer arientinum is conducted in batch mode. The effect of parameters like contact time, sorbent dose, pH and temperature has been studied. The value Kp is found to be 0.1928 and 0.8727 for initial and final concentrations respectively. The kinetics of biosorption results indicate that sorption process follows pseudo–second order model with determination coefficients greater than 0.988 for sorbent under all experimental conditions. Thermodynamic parameter via KD, and ΔG are calculated indicates, rise in KD, negative ΔG values determine the spontaneity of the process and significantly shows that sorption process is time, temperature and concentration dependant. The adsorption obeys the Langmuir isotherm, Hall separation factor values less than unity and low value of activation energy indicate that sorption is an activated and favorable physical process. The phenomenon of sorption includes liquid-film, mass transfer mechanism is well described by Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion model. Thus sulphonated biomass of Cicer arientinum(S-III) is a low cost and easily available good sorbent for the removal of MB+ from wastewater.
Background/Purpose: The reduction solution was aqueous extracted from Acanthus ilicifolius for biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. as green approach. It is less harmful and more economical as compared to physical and chemical methods.
Methods: Ratio of 1: 10 mixtures of 100 mg/ mL of aqueous extract and 5 mM of silver nitrate were incubated for 24 hours at 40°C with 150 rpm in incubator shaker. The formation of silver nanoparticles were monitored by colour changes and were characterized by UV-Vis spectrometry followed by zeta (potential) sizer analyses.
Chemical and Physical properties of Cassava Starch-Cm-Chitosan-Acrylic Acid Hydrogel prepared from radiation –induced crosslinking
Gatot Trimulyadi Rekso
Center for Application of Isotopes and Radiation- National Nuclear Energy Agency
Jl. Lebak Bulus Raya No. 49, Jakarta-Selatan, Indonesia
Corresponding author; e-mail; gatot2811@yahoo.com ,
Fax: +62-21-.7513270, HP ; 08129419442
An Investigation Into The Mechanisms Underlying Enhanced Biosulphidogenesis I...iosrjce
Anthropogenic activities like mining, processes of metallurgy and other chemical industries lead to
the discharge of a high amount of sulphate into the environment that causes serious problems to human health.
This paper illustrates the employment of thermophilic sulphate reducing bacteria for biosulphidogenesis. Two
different species have been isolated from hot water spring of Vajreshwari and Ganeshpuri,Thane, Maharashtra,
INDIA.The mechanism involved in biosulphidogenesis includes production of specific protein as well as
liberation of some extracellular polymeric compound (EPS) e.g. proteins, carbohydrate, acids etc. that are
produced during the microbial cell metabolism. These compounds plays an important role in the faster
reduction of sulphate and decrease in production rate of sulphide.The isolate was found to be of genus
Bacillusand type strain was found to be subtilis Zankar and licheniformis Sonali. The strain sequence were
deposited in NCBI database with accession number KJ939324 and KJ939325 respectively. The result highlights
the potential use of these organism in biosulphidogenesis.
IJPCBS 2012, 2(1), 110-116 Kavya et al. ISSN: 2249-9504
110
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Available online at www.ijpcbs.com
ISOLATION AND SCREENING OF STREPTOMYCES SP. FROM
CORINGA MANGROVE SOILS FOR ENZYME PRODUCTION AND
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY
M. Kavya Deepthi1*, M. Solomon Sudhakar1 and M. Nagalakshmi Devamma2 1Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, 2Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pr Taadmesihln, aInddui,a I.n dia.
Bacterial pigments have many applications in current day to day life. The pigments produced by chromobacteria can be used for various applications like dairy, pharmaceutical, and food etc. In this study, three types of pigments were isolated i.e. yellow from Xanthomonas sp., pinkish Red from Rhodotorula sp., and orange from Sarcina sp. Pigmented bacterial isolates were obtained from the soil samples and used for the pigment extraction study. We studied that the pigment producing bacteria and identified the color producing pigments. Soil samples from Pondicherry, Cuddalore, Chennai, and Andhra sea coast were collected and used for isolation of microbes producing pigments. Purification of extracted pigments were done by column chromatography, whereas identification and characterization of purified pigment done by UV-Visible spectrophotometry and GC/MS analysis etc. The pigment isolated from bacterial sp. were used for the antimicrobial activity, antioxidant, and anticancer & transformation studies. The bacterial extracts of carotenoid pigment extracted and used as natural colorants for food products and dying of cloth.
Key-words: - Soil samples, GC/MS analysis, UV-Visible spectrophotometry, Carotenoid, Pigment extraction
Effect of Different Physico-Chemical Parameters on Production ofAmylase by Ba...IOSR Journals
The present study is concerned with the production of amylase by Bacillus species strain. In this
study 12 bacterial strains were isolated and screened for their α-amylase activity. These strains were
maintained on nutrient agar medium. Fermentation for the production of amylase was carried out in the enzyme
production medium (EPM). All the 12 strains were tested for amylase production. On the basis of maximum
amylase activity strain no.1 was selected for further studies. Different starch concentrations, 0.75,1.00,1.25%,
pH labels 6.5,7.0,7.5,8.0, aeration (RPM), 100,120,140, temperatures 250C,280C,370C, and 400C and inoculums
level 0.5%,1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% were studied
In vitro methods of screening of anticancer agentsNikitaSavita
Cancer- It is the leading cause of mortality. Cancer is the disease which is categorized by abnormal cell growth with the dormant to spread to other parts of body.
Similar to Ph.D Paper Publication dated 12.08.2016 (20)
In vitro methods of screening of anticancer agents
Ph.D Paper Publication dated 12.08.2016
1. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2016 July ; 7(3): (B) 1121 - 1134
This article can be downloaded from www.ijpbs.net
B - 1121
Original Research Article Biotechnology
International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences ISSN
0975-6299
PROFICIENT DECOLORIZATION OF METHYLENE BLUE BY RETURNABLE
BACILLUS COAGULANS IMMOBILIZED BEADS: KINETICS, ISOTHERMS
AND THERMODYNAMIC STUDIES
PALRAJ RANGANATHAN 1
, V. KASIVISWANATHAN2
, AND R. SAYEE KANNAN2*
1
Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3,
Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
2*
Department of Chemistry, Thiagarajar College, Madurai, India - 625 009
ABSTRACT
The decolorization equilibria and kinetics of a cationic dye (methylene blue) were examined in this study
using sodium alginate (polymer), agriculture waste stuff such as saw dust (individual and consortium)
immobilized Bacillus coagulans beads as the adsorbent. Factors affecting the variety of adsorption
processes: concentrations of dye (50-90 ppm), time, pH (7.0), inoculums size, temperature were
investigated. The effective dye decolorization was attained within 25 hrs and MB dye removal was 98%.
Captivatingly, MB dye decolorization performance of bacteria immobilized sodium alginate and saw dust
beads was same that of free bacteria. We have also tested the reusability of bacteria immobilized sodium
alginate (SA) and saw dust (SD) beads. The decolorization process followed by the pseudo-first-order
kinetic and the Langmuir isotherm models. The determination of the thermodynamic parameters (∆G, ∆H
and ∆S) indicates the spontaneous and exothermic nature of the adsorption process. Overall, batch study
indicated that this environmentally friendly adsorbent may be an alternative for the removal of methylene
blue dye from contaminated media.
KEYWORDS: Methylene blue, bacillus coagulans, Freundlich, Langmuir, adsorption and decolorization
R. SAYEE KANNAN
Department of Chemistry, Thiagarajar College, Madurai, India - 625 009
2. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2016 July ; 7(3): (B) 1121 - 1134
This article can be downloaded from www.ijpbs.net
B - 1122
INTRODUCTION
Methylene blue (MB), a basic and cationic dye, has
been widely used as a colorant, an indicator, and an
antiseptic agent in clinical therapy.
1,2
However, removal
of MB-containing water can cause plain harm to the
environment. They not only do grave harm to aquatic
species by affecting photosynthetic activity, but also
cause cancer and mutation in humans.
3,4
Numerous
human diseases have been conveyed to be closely
associated to MB, such as hemolytic anemia,
hyperbilirubinemia and acute renal failure.
5
It has been
reported that even micro molar levels of MB can
persuade cytotoxicity in SK-N-MC human
neuroblastoma and U-373 MG human astrocytoma
cells.
6
Hence, the removal of MB is a very significant
chore in the defense of our environment and health.
Thus, a number of biological and physicochemical
methods such as photo catalytic degradation,
ultrafiltration and physical adsorption on activated
carbon have been developed for the efficient removal of
MB from gorgeous wastewater.
7-10
These methods are
attractive for their high effectiveness, but are difficult and
exclusive. Biochemical methods including biosorption
with algae, plant powders and baker's yeast are
substitute ways to desire MB-containing wastewater. In
recent years, a number of studies have fixated on some
microorganisms capable of degrading and absorbing
dyes from wastewater.
11,12
A wide diversity of
microorganisms is reported to be proficient of
decolorization of dyes. It has been described that
microorganisms are capable of degrading dyes and
could be used in sewage treatment plants for removal of
these dyes.
13,14
Microbial decolorization has been
projected as a less luxurious and less environmentally
intrusive alternative. Immobilization improves stability
and allows reuse of the enzymes including laccase.
15,16
Selection of immobilization conditions and
immobilization matrix is essential to design a system
appropriate to each particular purpose.
17
On the other
hand, when adsorption technologies are used, the
adsorption efficiency of the reported adsorbent and
flocculants is quite low, and neither the organic matter
nor treatment agents can be easily recycled.
18,19
The
objective of this work is to investigate the decolorization
equilibria and kinetics of a cationic dye (methylene blue)
by using Bacillus coagulans free cells. Challenge has
also been made for whole cells immobilization using
sodium alginate entrapment, due to the moderate
gelation procedure associated to that of chemical
polymerization procedures. SA beads are porous
materials that form spontaneously when sodium alginate
solution reacts with calcium chloride. Analogous to that
of free cells, studies were also carried out consuming
immobilized beads with SD.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Assemblage of bacteria
Bacillus coagulans was isolated from forest (kodaikanal)
soil by using the nutrient agar medium. Pure cultures of
Bacillus coagulans are inoculated in nutrient broth
contained in sterile Erlenmeyer flasks and incubated in
an incubator with shaker at a temperature of 30 ºC. The
bacteria are developed to early stationary phase (20
hrs). Subsequently the culture was transferred into the
50 ml falcon tubes and centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 10
min, the supernatant was surplus; and the pellet was
washed in pure water.
Enrichment and isolation of dye degrading microbes
Isolated bacterial sample was used as the close relative
foundation of inoculums in this study. For enrichment of
total inhabitants of dye mortifying isolates in the
samples, all colonies were aseptically transferred to 100
ml of enrichment medium, containing 1% (w/v) glucose
as carbon source. The flasks were incubated in shaker
condition at 150 rpm at 28 ºC for 6 days. Behind
incubation, the culture is plated in nutrient agar medium
then diverse colony morphology were preferred and
maintained on nutrient agar slants at 4 ºC.
20
Selection of efficient isolates for dye decolorization
Plate analyzation was performed for detection of MB
dye decolorization activity by the isolated Bacillus
coagulans. Prepared nutrient agar medium is
supplemented with different dyes (50 ppm/100 ml)
individually. Then it was autoclaved at 121 ºC for 30
min. The isolated culture was inoculated in centre of the
medium. All the plates are incubated at 37 ºC for 2 days.
Clear zone was formed around the colony, which
indicated that those bacteria are proficient to degrade
the dye.
21
Biosorption of dyes by the isolated bacteria
Prepared 100 ml of nutrient broth medium containing
various concentration of dye (50-90 ppm) in 250 ml
conical flask, inoculated with 5 ml of Bacillus coagulans
culture for bacterial decolorization study. These
solutions were incubated in an incubator with shaker
(200 rpm) at 30 ºC. Samples of 5 ml of each of the
mixtures were collected at every 5 hrs. The samples
were then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min, apparent
supernatant was measured in UV-Vis
spectrophotometer (HITACHI U-2000). Percentage of
decolorization was determined by monitoring the
decrease in absorbance at the maximum wavelength of
the dye (i.e., 663 nm for methylene blue). Biosorption
activity was calculated as follows:
Diagnostic methods
Decolorization of dye was analyzed
spectrophotometrically, monitoring reduce in absorption
spectrum at λ=663 nm (λmax for MB K2RL) using the UV-
Vis spectrophotometer. 5 ml samples were inhibited at
regular time intervals and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10
min. Supernatant was collected and scanned (200-700
nm). Remaining dye was resolute at maximum
absorption of dye spectrophotometrically and used was
to resolve the percentage of dye decolorized.
Immobilization of bacteria
Dissolve 3.6% of sodium alginate to 0.1% NaCl solution
slowly with continuous stirring. Leave it for 6 to 8 hrs for
air bubbles to escape. Add 5 ml/100 ml bacteria cell to
the alginate slurry and mix well. Take the slurry in a
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B - 1123
syringe and extrude drop wise into the 4% CaCl2
solution. The drops formed into spherical beads of 2 to 3
mm size keep the beads solution for gelation. Wash the
beads in sterile distilled water repeatedly till there is no
leakage. Activate the beads in rich medium for 1 to 2
hrs.
Immobilization of agricultural waste with bacteria
5 gm of saw dust waste was prepared as fine powder
mixed with 5 ml of 24 hrs culture to make a wide history
and to make small beads. The beads were dipped in the
sodium alginate solution for the immobilization. The 10
immobilized beads were added with 100 ml solution of
dissimilar concentration of MB dye. All the procedures
were carried out aseptically. The obvious supernatant
was collected by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 10 min.
The intensity of the color was calculated at maximum
absorbance wavelength of dye. The percent of
decolorization dye was calculated from the above
mentioned formula.
Reusability experiments for bacteria immobilized SA
and SD beads
MB decolorization studies were implemented 5 times to
measure the reusability of the bacteria immobilized SA
and SD beads for an initial concentration of 50 ppm (5
mg/100 ml). Before each cycle, SA and SD beads were
washed three times with sterile PBS buffer and
incubated overnight in PBS to remove any uncommitted
bacteria. MB decolorization experiments were
performed at 100 rpm and 30 ºC for 25 hrs after each
washing step, for a total of 5 cycles. Dye concentrations
were measured at 0 and 25 hrs. Each cycle was
terminated after 25 hrs of total incubation and washing
steps were repeated for both beads samples before the
initiation of the next cycle.
Statistical Analysis
Mean and standard deviation values were calculated
from set of experiments. All statistical analysis were
performed using Microsoft Excel 2007, Version office Xp.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Segregation, selection and classification of dye
degrading bacteria
A secluded bacterium was identified by microscopic and
biochemical tests. Also it was established as Bacillus
coagulans by 16S RNA gene sequencing and it was
deposited in NCBI gene bank (Accessionno. eu732701).
Pseudomonas sp. and Shewanella strains were
secluded from dye effluent due to its dye removal
capacity and has been studied expansively for azo dye
decolorization.
22,23
The Schematic Illustration of
adsorption using an alginate beads with Bacillus
coagulans and Alginate beads, Bacillus coagulans with
saw dust is represented in scheme 1.
Scheme 1
Schematic Illustration of Adsorption using an Alginate beads with
Bacillus coagulans and Alginate beads + Bacillus coagulans
with Saw dust Evaluation of dye decolorization
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Figure 1
UV-VIS Spectra of (a) Initial concentration of inoculated medium
(b) Decolorized medium (after 30 hrs incubation)
Figure 2
(a) culture medium (b) Bacillus coagulans bacteria (Microscopic view) (c) Decolorized medium (d) MB solution
(e& f) immobilized bacterial SA beads using decolorization before adsorption and after adsorption (g & i, and
h & j) immobilized bacterial SD beads before adsorption and after adsorption.
Analyzing the product of MB dye reduction process,
using spectrophotometer and photographic evidence
was used to monitor the color change taking place
during treatment. We got main peaks (663 nm) for
standard dye Fig 1. After 30 hrs incubation of dye with
bacterial culture, the degradation products of dye were
analyzed in the visible regions and the peak gets
completely disappeared. The microorganisms can
degrade MB Fig 2 to less harmful product and can
biosorb the compound through fixation and secretion of
secondary metabolites (enzymes and organic acid) by
the functional groups present on the cell’s surface. The
nitrogen source peptone used in this study helps the
growth of microbes more ultimately.
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Effect of various concentration of MB dye, deviation of inoculums size and pH
Figure 3
a) Percentage of removal of MB on Bacillus coagulans at various concentration and same inoculum size (5
ml) b) Percentage of removal of MB on Bacillus coagulans at same concentration and various inoculum size
(1-5 ml) c) Percentage of removal of MB on Bacillus coagulans at various pH and same inoculum size (5 ml).
The consequence of primary concentration and
inoculum size of MB on its removal by microbial
sorbents was investigated. The pH of the solution is very
significant parameter in adsorption experiment, as it
affects the electrostatic state of both the sorbate and the
sorbent. The growth of the bacteria and the matching
adsorption process were fundamentally controlled by the
pH of the medium. The percentage biosorption of the
dyes, using free bacteria at various initial maximum
decolorization for all the dyes considered in this work
was observed at a pH range of 4.0-8.0. The percent
decolorization decreases with increased primary
concentration of dye. This can be recognized to the
information that, at lower dye concentration, the ratio of
adsorbent sites to the dye concentration was superior,
whereas, at superior dye concentration, the adsorbent
sites were finally saturated.
24,25
Similar studies have
been reported former.
26,27 A,B
Percentage decolorization
of MB was established to vary with initial concentrations
(50-90 ppm) and same inoculums size (5 ml) when
studied up to 30 hrs. Ponraj et al
13
reported that
Pseudomonas sp, have exceedingly decolorized 50%
with 10% inoculums at 144 hrs. Used a mixed culture
for decolorization of reactive azo dye and reported 98%
at 10% inoculums size.
28
Unlike these studies
conducted by, the optimum pH for growth of
Burkholderia sp. was found to be 8.0 and, optimum pH
was 6.8.
29-31
Fig 3a and 3b showed that the maximum
biosorption was found on 50 ppm (98.64% at 25 hrs)
concentration and the inoculum size of 5 ml. The same
size of inoculum was used for all supplementary studies.
The optimum pH range for the decolorization of the MB
dye was found to be pH 7 (87.04%) in 25 hrs and the
least amount decolorization of the dye MB was found to
be pH 4 (70.02%) Fig 3c. Experimental results on the
evaluation of best possible concentration of the
inoculums are needed to achieve maximum
decolorization.
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Effect of SA beads, immobilized SD beads (empty and consortium beads),
Various temperature and reusability result
Figure 4
a) Percentage of removal of MB at SA beads (empty-10 beads) b) Percentage of removal of MB on Bacillus
coagulans at immobilized Bacterial SA beads (10 beads) c) Percentage of removal of MB at SD beads (empty-
10 beads).
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Figure 5
a) Percentage of removal of MB on Bacillus coagulans at immobilized SD beads (bacterial beads-10
beads) b) Percentage of removal of MB on Bacillus coagulans at various Temperature c) Reusability
test of the 5 cycles of MB dye decolorization experiment at the initial concentration of 50 ppm.
The decolorization process was extremely partial by the
physicochemical nature of reactive immobilized SA
beads. SA is one of the most widely studied gel matrices
for cell. Entrapment with SA gel beads offering high
biomass loading and good substrate diffusion within the
matrix. Immobilized cells have some advantages over
free cells, such as higher cell density per volume of
reactor, easier separation from the reaction medium.
The major restriction in the commercialization of
industrial bioremediation is their high processing cost.
The use of readily available cheap agro-industrial
residues as the carbon sources may reduce the high
cost. In our study, cheap substrate like SD and SA was
utilized for MB decolorization and percentage removal of
MB dye at various temperature and reusability test was
investigated.By offering many advantages over other
methods, immobilized microbial cell technology has
been applied widely in the field of wastewater treatment.
For decolorization of azo dyes in wastewater, natural
gels such as alginate; carrageenan; synthetic gels such
as polyvinyl alcohol.
32
Immobilizing bacteria will increase
the density of bacteria contained by the bioreactor,
which in terms will increase the rate of degradation
inside the bioreactor.
21
Studies steered to assess the
effect of temperature on dye decolorization prophesied
that higher temperature ranges stimulate higher dye
decolorization. With increase in temperature from 30 to
50
◦
C, time taken for dye removal decreased. Similarly,
Chen et al reported increase in decolorization of
Remazol Black B by K. Marxianus from 25 to 45
◦
C.
33
Dye decolorization (%) increased from 62% at 25
◦
C to
98% at 45
◦
C at an initial dye concentration of 50 mg/L
beyond which it tends to decrease (10% decolorization
at 50
◦
C). In difference to this, Meehan et al reported 30
◦
C as the best temperature for growth of Candida
tropicalis and also for the removal of disperse dye.
34
Lower dye removal was reported elsewhere 35
◦
C.
Thermal inactivation of the enzyme and low biomass
production could have resulted in the decreased color
removal. For useful applications, the flat of reusability is
an important problem for dye decolorization of
wastewater in textile industry.
35
The Fig 4a shows the
effect of decolorization of MB dye by SA (empty) beads.
Maximum percentage of decolorization was experiential
in (56.09%) MB (50 ppm), at 25 hrs the SA
polysaccharides can adsorb the dye compounds. The
minimum percentage of decolorization was observed in
(17.01%) MB (90 ppm) at 25 hrs. Fig 4b show the
maximum percentage of decolorization was observed
(98%) in MB at 25 hrs (immobilized bacterial SA beads).
In the present study SD immobilized with SA beads
(empty beads) were utilized for MB decolorization and
the maximum of 18% of decolorization achieved in 25
hrs Fig 4c. In additional, study of SA immobilized SD
beads with bacteria Fig 5a were utilized for MB
decolorization and the maximum of 98.66% of
decolorization achieved in 25 hrs. Subsequently 25 hrs
of incubation, 81.42% dye decolorization was obtained
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at an incubation temperature of 30
◦
C, respectively Fig
5b. But at 50
◦
C, dye decolorization increased to 97.14%
respectively. This can be recognized to the increased
rate of bacteria growth at higher temperature ranges.
The reusability results Fig 5c showed that, after the four
cycles of renewal, favorable percentage removal of MB
dye was detected as 51% and 54% for Bacillus
coagulans immobilized SA and SD beads, respectively.
For the 5th renewal cycle, the MB decolorization
dropped to 40% and 43% for Bacillus coagulans
immobilized SA and SD beads, respectively. The
declorization capacity observed in the current study was
higher than that of the above mentioned references.
Kinetic isotherms
Adsorption isotherms are essential for the explanation of
how adsorbates will cooperate with an adsorbent and
are serious in optimizing the use of adsorbent.
36
Two
legendary isotherm equations, the Langmuir, Freundlich
isotherm, were employed for additional elucidation of the
obtained adsorption data. In the current analysis,
isothermal study of MB was conducted at different
concentrations by keeping the inoculums size present at
5 ml.
Langmuir isotherms
The hypothetical Langmuir isotherm is applicable for
adsorption of absolute from a liquid solution as
monolayer adsorption on a surface containing a fixed
number of identical sites. The Langmuir equation is
generally expressed as follows:
Where ‘ eq ’ is the amount of MB dye adsorbed at equilibrium (mg/gm), ‘ maxq ’ is the monolayer sorption capacity (mg/gm), ‘ aK ’ is
Langmuir constant ‘ eC ’ is concentration of MB dye in solution at equilibrium.
The Freundlich isotherm
Figure 6
Freundlich isotherm model for the adsorption of MB dye onto Bacillus coagulansat
concentration a) 50 ppm b) 60 ppm c)70 ppm d) 80 ppm and e) 90 ppm.
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Figure 7
Langmuir isotherm model for the adsorption of MB dye onto Bacillus coagulans
concentration at a) 50 ppm b) 60 ppm c) 70 ppm d) 80 ppm and e) 90 ppm.
Table 1
Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm parameters for the
adsorption of MB dye onto Bacillus coagulans bacteria at various concentrations
Freundlich isotherm model is the most primitive known
equation describing the adsorption process. It is an
experiential equation and can be used for non-ultimate
sorption that involves heterogeneous adsorption.
37,38
The Freundlich isotherm can be consequent assuming a
logarithmic diminish in the enthalpy of adsorption with
the increase in the division of engaged sites and is
generally given by the following non linear equation: The
Freundlich isotherm is commonly presented as,
Isotherms Conc (µg) R2
Freundlich isotherms
100
200
300
400
500
0.9981
0.985
0.8661
0.9315
0.8507
Langmuir isotherms
100
200
300
400
500
0.9996
0.9821
0.954
0.999
0.9992
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Where KF is a constant investigative of the adsorption
capacity of and n is an observed constant correlated to
the magnitude of the adsorption driving force.In the
present investigation, the isotherm study for
decolorization of MB by Bacillus coagulans was
conducted at different concentrations (50-90 ppm). The
Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models were used to
describe the equilibrium adsorption data Fig 6 and 7.
The parameters obtained from the Langmuir (Ce/qe
versus Ce) and Freundlich (log qe versus log Ce)
isotherm plots are listed in Table 1. To quantitatively
compare the accuracy of the models, the correlation
coefficients (R
2
) were also calculated and are also listed
in Table 1. Analysis of the R
2
values suggests that the
Langmuir isotherm model provides best fit to the
equilibrium adsorption data than the Freundlich isotherm
models at all studied concentration implying monolayer
coverage of MB molecules onto the adsorbent surface.
Kinetics of adsorption and Intra particles - diffusion
Figure 8
Pseudo kinetic models for the adsorption of MB dye onto bacillus coagulans
bacteria at various cells mass a) first-order b) second-order and c) Intra
particle diffusion kinetic plots for MB onto Bacillus coagulans
Table 2
Pseudo-first-order and Pseudo-second-order kinetic models for the adsorption
of MB dye onto Bacillus coagulans bacteria at various cells mass
Inoculums
size (ml)
qe Cal (mg/gm) k1 R2
First-order-kinetic
5
10
15
20
25
1071.5
549.54
416.86
338.8
213.79
0.0612
0.121
0.168
0.124
0.169
0.9952
0.9664
0.9138
0.9666
0.9938
Second-order-kinetic
5
10
15
20
25
1666.66
500
486.3
454.54
277.77
2.48x10-5
5.33x10-4
2.48 x10-4
3.58 x10-4
7.85 x10-4
0.9468
0.9832
0.9996
0.9956
0.9983
Table 3
Intra particle diffusion and thermodynamic parameters
for the adsorption of MB dye
Intra particle Diffusion
T (K) Ki C R2
303K 43.146 27.038 0.9941
313K 46.966 -9.93 0.9925
323K 60.641 -93.83 0.9723
Van’t Hoff
T (K) ∆G (J mol-1
) ∆H (J mol-1
) ∆S(J mol-1
k-1
)
303K -25005.22
313K -23062.17 -83879 -194.306
323K -21119.102
Eyring plot
T(K) ∆G#
(J mol-1
) ∆H#
(J mol-1
) ∆S#
(Jmol-1
k-1
)
303K -0.77899
313K -0.77859 -0.79149 0.0000415
323K -0.7780
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The adsorption kinetics is important for adsorption
studies because it can predict the rate of adsorption of
dye on bacterial surface and provide valuable data for
understanding the mechanism of adsorption reactions.
Kinetic models were experienced to obtain the rate
constant and equilibrium adsorption capability at
different inoculums.The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-
second-order reaction rate equations are the two most
commonly applied models to investigate the adsorption
mechanism and description based on experimental
data. Linear form of pseudo-first-order kinetic equation
is expressed as,
where qe (pg/cell) is the amount of methylene blue
adsorbed at the point of equilibrium on the surface of
bacterial cell, qt is the amount of methylene blue
adsorbed at time t and k1 (min
−1
) is the rate constant
which can be calculated from the straight line plot of log
(qe−qt) versus time (h).Linear form of pseudo-second-
order kinetic equation is expressed as,
The second order rate constant k2 and qe values were
determined from the slopes and intercepts of the plots.
The applicability of two models (pseudo-first-order
model, pseudo-second-order model) was tested by
linear fitting of log (qe− qt) versus t, (t/qt) versus t,
respectively. The results showed that the correlation
coefficients (R
2
) obtained at different inoculums size for
the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic
model Fig.8a and 8b The pseudo-first-order rate
constant k2, the calculated qe values and corresponding
linear regression correlation coefficients values R
2
are
given in Table 2. As seen in Table 2, the calculated qe
values agree with experimental qe values well, and also,
the correlation coefficients for the pseudo-first-order
kinetic plots at all the studied inoculums sizes are
significantly higher (R
2
>0.99). In addition, the theoretical
and experimental equilibrium adsorption capacities, qe
obtained from the pseudo second order kinetic model
varied widely at all inoculums size. These findings
suggest that adsorption of MB on Bacillus coagulans
cannot be described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic
model. Conversely, the kinetic data exhibited an
excellent compliance with pseudo-first-order kinetic
equation. Any adsorption process consists of different
steps, the surface diffusion followed by intra-particle
diffusion. In general, the adsorption was governed by
the liquid phase mass transport or by intra particle mass
transport. The mass transfer rate can be expressed as a
function of the square root of time (t). The intra-particle-
diffusion model was expressed by,
Where qt is the amount of dye adsorbed onto the
adsorbent at time t (mg/gm), C is the intercept, and Kdif
is the intra-particle diffusion rate constant (mg g
-1
min
-1
).
The plot of qt vs t
1/2
for intra-particle diffusion in the
adsorption of methylene blue onto Bacillus coagulans at
various temperatures was used to obtain the diffusion
rate parameters. Though intra particle diffusion curves
give good agreement to the linear fitting (R
2
= 0.97 to
0.97) they do not pass through the origin Fig 8c which
implies that intra particle diffusion is not the rate-
controlling step of the adsorption process. Through the
simultaneous calculation of the linear relationship, the
results were shown in Table 3.
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Thermodynamic parameters, Activation parameters and Eyring plot
Figure 9
a) Van’t Hoff equation isotherm
b) Arrhenius plot and c) Eyring plot
Thermodynamic parameters such as free energy
change ( Δ G), enthalpy change ( Δ H) and entropy
change ( Δ S) were calculated to evaluate the
thermodynamic feasibility and the spontaneous nature
of the process. Therefore, the thermodynamic
parameters were calculated from the change of
distribution coefficient, with the respect to temperature.
Therefore, the thermodynamic parameters can be obtained from the following equations,
ΔH and ΔG can be obtained from the slope and intercept of Van't Hoff plot of ln K versus 1/T.39,40
The data are presented in Fig 9a and Table 3. The
negative ∆G values confirm the spontaneous nature and
feasibility of the adsorption process. The negative
values of ΔH further confirm the exothermic nature of
the adsorption process. The negative Δ S value
corresponds to a decrease in randomness at the
solid/liquid interface during the biosorption of dye on
adsorbent while low value of S indicates that no
remarkable change on entropy occurs.
41
Activation
energy gives information about the adsorption
mechanism. A low activation energy (<42 kJ mol
−1
)
value indicates physical adsorption, while a high
activation energy indicates chemical adsorption. The
activation energy, Ea is calculated by using Arrhenius
equation.
42,43
Where A is the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor, R is the
universal gas constant, and T is the temperature in
Kelvin. Ea can be obtained by plotting (Arrhenius plot) ln
k against the reciprocal of the absolute temperature
T.The activation energy for the adsorption of MB onto
Bacillus coagulans from the slope of the plot of ln k vs
1/T Fig 9b which is found to be 111.89 kJ/mol. It clearly
indicates that the process is governed by chemical
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B - 1133
adsorption.The standard enthalpy (∆H
#
), entropy of
activation (∆S
#
) and free energy (∆G
#
) of activation for
dye adsorption can also be calculated using the Eyring
equation as follows:
Where k is the rate constant, KB is the Boltzmann
constant (1.3807x 10
-23
), h is the Plank constant
(6.6261x10
-34
), R is the ideal gas constant (8.314 kJmol
-
1
K
-1
), and T is temperature (K). The values of ∆H
#
and
∆S
#
can be determined from the slope and intercept of a
plot of ln k/T versus 1/T Fig 9c a negative value of
enthalpy of activation implies that the adsorption
process is exothermic. A positive value of entropy
suggests that the adsorption process involves a
dissociative mechanism.
CONCLUSION
Sodium alginate and Saw dust beads containing a
consortium of Bacillus coagulans can be an effective
and alternative adsorbent material used for MB dye
removal in wastewater treatment processes.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to acknowledge the management and
Department of Chemistry, Thiagarajar college, Madurai-
9, for providing lab facilities.
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