The evaluation of internal condition of the fruit via destructive techniques mostly damaged the
internal and external fruit structure. However, there are several non-destructive techniques available could
be applied in the agricultural industry, specifically for observing internal fruit conditions. Different kinds of
internal conditions of fruits are evaluated in terms of their quality and ripeness levels. These nondestructive
techniques include fruit evaluation via ultrasonic measurement techniques, light spectroscopy,
imaging via Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and X-Ray, computer vision, electric nose and also
vibration. The capabilities and the effectiveness of these techniques towards fruit monitoring are
thoroughly discussed. Besides, the drawback of these non-destructive technique has been analysed.
Multi-layered materials are commonly used in various industries and may alter the mechanical, acoustic and optical properties of materials. Identifying the chemical composition of different layers by studying the cross section of a multi-layered film is important in research and development of composite materials. This presentation showcases the use of an FTIR microscope to acquire high-resolution data of the cross section of composite films. Analysis of the FTIR spectra helps to understand the formulation of different layers of polymer film.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POLY (Ɛ-CAPROLACTONE) NANOSUSPENSION CONT...VIJAY SINGH
This document summarizes the preparation and characterization of poly(Ɛ-caprolactone) nanosuspension containing the drug satranidazole. Satranidazole nanosuspensions were prepared using the nanoprecipitation method with poly(Ɛ-caprolactone) and sodium lauryl sulfate. The nanosuspensions were characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, in vitro drug release, and stability. The optimized formulation of NS1a had a particle size of 241.6 nm, zeta potential of -21.3 mV, and drug entrapment efficiency of 72.61%. In vitro drug release studies showed higher release in simulated
Infrared microscopy, also referred to as FTIR microscopy, is ideal for identification of trace evidence in forensics and characterizing small particles in wide varieties of other fields. Combining the accurate material and chemical identification of FTIR spectroscopy with the ability to focus directly on micro-sized particles, makes this an indispensable technique. This presentation provides a couple of examples related to drug analysis and identification of explosives.
Estimation of Pioglitazone hydrochloride in Bulk and Pharmaceutical dosage fo...SriramNagarajan15
A simple, fast and reliable Spectrophotometric method was developed for determination of Pioglitazone hydrochloride in bulk and Pharmaceutical formulation. Spectrophotometrically, Pioglitazone hydrochloride was determined by measuring the maximum absorption at 270nm. Analytical Calibration curves were linear within a concentration range from 10 to 50µg/ml. The developed method was applied to directly and easily to the analysis of the pharmaceutical tablet preparations. % R.S.D was found to be 0.51 for piosis 30 mg Tablet. The %R.S.D values for all method validation parameters were found within 2% for the developed method. The method was completely validated. The results showed that this method can be used for rapid determination of Pioglitazone hydrochloride in bulk and Pharmaceutical tablet formulation with linearity, precision, accuracy specificity.
Estimation of Pioglitazone hydrochloride in Bulk and Pharmaceutical dosage fo...pharmaindexing
This document describes the development and validation of a UV spectroscopic method for estimating pioglitazone hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. The method was validated per ICH guidelines and found to be linear, precise, accurate and specific. Pioglitazone hydrochloride exhibited maximum absorption at 270nm. The developed method was applied to a pharmaceutical tablet and found to contain 100.9% of the label claim of pioglitazone with 0.51% RSD, indicating the method can be used to rapidly analyze pioglitazone content in tablets.
IRJET- Effect of Intensity - Temperature on Ultrasonic Dextran DegradationIRJET Journal
This document discusses an experiment investigating the effect of ultrasound intensity and temperature on the degradation of dextran solutions. Dextran, a polysaccharide produced by bacteria, was sonicated at various intensities (19.2-34.6 W/cm2) and temperatures (10-25°C) for up to 150 minutes. The specific viscosity of the dextran solutions was measured over time using a capillary viscometer to analyze degradation kinetics. Theoretical models were used to determine degradation constants and limit viscosities. The results showed that degradation constants and limit viscosities decreased with increasing intensity and temperature, as higher intensities and temperatures enhanced degradation through cavitation and vapor pressure effects.
In vitro sun screening activity of Sri Lankan orthodox black tea (Camellia Si...Jing Zang
Currently, there is demand for the development of herbal sunscreen formulations to suppress harmful effects of UV rays. In this regard, this study, was conducted to investigate the sun screen potential of Sri Lankan Orthodox black tea (made from buds and top most leaves of Camellia sinensis L plant) using three grades (Dust No:1, Broken Orange Pekoe and Orange Pekoe) using UV spectroscopic technique and Mansur equation. Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value was determined using 20% aqueous extracts (Black tea brews). The results revealed that all three tea samples had markedly high absorbance values (1.4 to 4.2) at 290-320 nm range and SPF values above 15 which are considered as the threshold value for good sunscreen. The SPF value of Dust No:1, B.O.P.F and O.P were respectively 36, 23 and 22. This is a novel finding for Sri Lankan black tea. It is concluded that Sri Lankan black tea, especially, Dust No: 1 can function as an efficient sunscreen agent and has great promise to be developed as cheap, safe and effective topical botanical sunscreen acting via multiple mechanisms (considering its other reported bioactivities).
Comparative Analysis of Inkjet Printer Inks Extracted from Printed Documents ...IOSR Journals
Primary coloured inks i.e. Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black used in inkjet printers were extracted from the printed document and analyzed in order to identify the possible functional groups using Infrared (IR) spectroscopic technique. Experiments were conducted on the all four primary inks and the results are presented. The technique can provide valuable information if an admitted sample is provided for comparison with the suspect printed document.
Multi-layered materials are commonly used in various industries and may alter the mechanical, acoustic and optical properties of materials. Identifying the chemical composition of different layers by studying the cross section of a multi-layered film is important in research and development of composite materials. This presentation showcases the use of an FTIR microscope to acquire high-resolution data of the cross section of composite films. Analysis of the FTIR spectra helps to understand the formulation of different layers of polymer film.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POLY (Ɛ-CAPROLACTONE) NANOSUSPENSION CONT...VIJAY SINGH
This document summarizes the preparation and characterization of poly(Ɛ-caprolactone) nanosuspension containing the drug satranidazole. Satranidazole nanosuspensions were prepared using the nanoprecipitation method with poly(Ɛ-caprolactone) and sodium lauryl sulfate. The nanosuspensions were characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, in vitro drug release, and stability. The optimized formulation of NS1a had a particle size of 241.6 nm, zeta potential of -21.3 mV, and drug entrapment efficiency of 72.61%. In vitro drug release studies showed higher release in simulated
Infrared microscopy, also referred to as FTIR microscopy, is ideal for identification of trace evidence in forensics and characterizing small particles in wide varieties of other fields. Combining the accurate material and chemical identification of FTIR spectroscopy with the ability to focus directly on micro-sized particles, makes this an indispensable technique. This presentation provides a couple of examples related to drug analysis and identification of explosives.
Estimation of Pioglitazone hydrochloride in Bulk and Pharmaceutical dosage fo...SriramNagarajan15
A simple, fast and reliable Spectrophotometric method was developed for determination of Pioglitazone hydrochloride in bulk and Pharmaceutical formulation. Spectrophotometrically, Pioglitazone hydrochloride was determined by measuring the maximum absorption at 270nm. Analytical Calibration curves were linear within a concentration range from 10 to 50µg/ml. The developed method was applied to directly and easily to the analysis of the pharmaceutical tablet preparations. % R.S.D was found to be 0.51 for piosis 30 mg Tablet. The %R.S.D values for all method validation parameters were found within 2% for the developed method. The method was completely validated. The results showed that this method can be used for rapid determination of Pioglitazone hydrochloride in bulk and Pharmaceutical tablet formulation with linearity, precision, accuracy specificity.
Estimation of Pioglitazone hydrochloride in Bulk and Pharmaceutical dosage fo...pharmaindexing
This document describes the development and validation of a UV spectroscopic method for estimating pioglitazone hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. The method was validated per ICH guidelines and found to be linear, precise, accurate and specific. Pioglitazone hydrochloride exhibited maximum absorption at 270nm. The developed method was applied to a pharmaceutical tablet and found to contain 100.9% of the label claim of pioglitazone with 0.51% RSD, indicating the method can be used to rapidly analyze pioglitazone content in tablets.
IRJET- Effect of Intensity - Temperature on Ultrasonic Dextran DegradationIRJET Journal
This document discusses an experiment investigating the effect of ultrasound intensity and temperature on the degradation of dextran solutions. Dextran, a polysaccharide produced by bacteria, was sonicated at various intensities (19.2-34.6 W/cm2) and temperatures (10-25°C) for up to 150 minutes. The specific viscosity of the dextran solutions was measured over time using a capillary viscometer to analyze degradation kinetics. Theoretical models were used to determine degradation constants and limit viscosities. The results showed that degradation constants and limit viscosities decreased with increasing intensity and temperature, as higher intensities and temperatures enhanced degradation through cavitation and vapor pressure effects.
In vitro sun screening activity of Sri Lankan orthodox black tea (Camellia Si...Jing Zang
Currently, there is demand for the development of herbal sunscreen formulations to suppress harmful effects of UV rays. In this regard, this study, was conducted to investigate the sun screen potential of Sri Lankan Orthodox black tea (made from buds and top most leaves of Camellia sinensis L plant) using three grades (Dust No:1, Broken Orange Pekoe and Orange Pekoe) using UV spectroscopic technique and Mansur equation. Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value was determined using 20% aqueous extracts (Black tea brews). The results revealed that all three tea samples had markedly high absorbance values (1.4 to 4.2) at 290-320 nm range and SPF values above 15 which are considered as the threshold value for good sunscreen. The SPF value of Dust No:1, B.O.P.F and O.P were respectively 36, 23 and 22. This is a novel finding for Sri Lankan black tea. It is concluded that Sri Lankan black tea, especially, Dust No: 1 can function as an efficient sunscreen agent and has great promise to be developed as cheap, safe and effective topical botanical sunscreen acting via multiple mechanisms (considering its other reported bioactivities).
Comparative Analysis of Inkjet Printer Inks Extracted from Printed Documents ...IOSR Journals
Primary coloured inks i.e. Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black used in inkjet printers were extracted from the printed document and analyzed in order to identify the possible functional groups using Infrared (IR) spectroscopic technique. Experiments were conducted on the all four primary inks and the results are presented. The technique can provide valuable information if an admitted sample is provided for comparison with the suspect printed document.
The document summarizes the capabilities of the SurPASSTM 3 instrument for measuring surface properties such as zeta potential. It can directly analyze real samples of any geometry or size without needing model surfaces. The instrument provides a stream of answers to routine and customized analysis tasks through simultaneous measurement of zeta potential as well as pH, conductivity, and temperature. It allows monitoring how surface properties change under various environmental influences or treatments.
Preparation and characterization of nimesulide loaded cellulose acetate hydro...Jing Zang
This document summarizes a study that prepared nimesulide-loaded cellulose acetate hydrogen phthalate nanoparticles using the salting out technique. The effect of drug concentration and polymer concentration on nanoparticle size, shape, and uniformity was investigated. Increasing the polymer concentration decreased nanoparticle size and improved uniformity. Drug concentration did not affect size. Nanoparticles were characterized using SEM, zeta potential analysis, and photon correlation spectroscopy. The mean nanoparticle size was 548.2 nm with a zeta potential of -19.8 mV, indicating stability.
The document discusses the formulation and characterization of inhalable spray dried powders containing magnetic nanoparticles and anti-cancer agents for lung cancer treatment. Specifically, it formulates powders containing common anti-cancer drugs like cisplatin or erlotinib along with iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles and excipients through spray drying. It then characterizes the particles' properties, like their aerodynamic diameter and morphology, heating ability upon exposure to an alternating magnetic field, and aerosol performance through next generation impactor studies. The results demonstrate the successful production of spherical, uniformly sized spray dried particles that show improved aerosolization and heating capabilities, indicating potential for advancement of localized lung cancer treatments.
A polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) acrylic sample cell using flow injection is developed in this research for the determination of nitrite in an aqueous media. The research focuses on exhibiting direct absorbance spectrophotometry of nitrite using concentration of samples ranging from 0.1078 to 1.725 ppm. Nitrite determination is done colorimetrically using the Greiss reagent method. This method is based on the reaction of nitrite with sulphanilamide acid and N-1-napthylamine (NED) utilizing diazo coupling, and a syringe is used to administer the nitrite solution. The sample cell being used possesses a diameter of 1
mm with an overall size of 7.35×22 mm2. To gauge the direct absorbance, a wavelength range from 400 to 650 nm has been selected for the testing, and the maximum absorbance is found to be at 545 nm. The validity of the proposed cell is explained in this letter.
The document discusses nanotechnology and its applications. It begins with an introduction to nanoscience and defines nanoparticles. It then discusses various types of nanoparticulate systems including polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, inorganic nanoparticles, dendrimers, silica nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and carbon nanoparticles. Methods for preparing nanoparticles including coacervation, polymerization, supercritical, and dispersion methods are summarized. Applications of nanoparticles in drug delivery, cancer treatment, gene therapy, cosmetics, and biosensing are highlighted. The document concludes that nanotechnology can potentially improve drug delivery and make a major impact on human health.
1) The document analyzes the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of polyaniline (PANI) under medium acidic conditions. TEM images of PANI with the drug Taxol show no major defects, cracks, or deformations.
2) TEM is used to identify surface morphology and defects at the nanoscale. The images of PANI in this study reveal no major defects or flaws on the surface.
3) PANI has potential applications in lithography for fabricating integrated circuits due to its reactivity to oxygen and moisture. TEM provides information on structure, composition, and crystallinity of materials at the nanoscale.
R. VIJAYAKUMAR., M Pharm,
Research Scholar
department of Pharmaceutical Technology.
Anna university- BIT
Tiruchirappalli
III Semester.
UNIT-IV / Micromeritics
Application of Plasma finishing on Cotton FabricIJERA Editor
“Plasma” word is derived from the Greek and referring to the “something molded or fabricated”. Plasma treatments are gaining popularity in the textile industry. Plasma treatment has to be controlled carefully to avoid detrimental action of the plasma onto the substrate. Plasma surface treatments show distinct advantages, because they are able to modify the surface properties of inert materials, sometimes with environment friendly devices. For fabrics, cold plasma treatments require the development of reliable and large systems. Application of “Plasma Technology” in chemical processing of textiles is one of the revolutionary ways to boost the textile wet processing right from pre-treatments to finishing.
This document discusses various pre-formulation studies including analytical methods used to characterize drug substances and formulations. It describes techniques such as microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) that are used to investigate the physical and chemical properties of drugs and excipients alone and in combination. Specific application and procedures for each technique are provided with examples.
The document discusses a study that investigated the effects of different sterilization methods (ethylene oxide, autoclave, UV) on electrospun polyester nanofibers and polyester fabrics. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanofibers with concentrations of 10, 15 and 20 wt.% were produced by electrospinning and subjected to different sterilization methods. The surface characteristics, mechanical properties, and fiber morphology of the nanofibers were examined before and after sterilization. For polyester fabrics, color change, drape, and mechanical properties were evaluated after sterilization. The results showed that sterilization methods, especially ethylene oxide, significantly damaged the nanofiber structure and
Guar gum nanoparticles are smaller than 10-1000 nanometers and have properties distinct from larger particles. They can be prepared using ionic gelation and cross-linking methods. Dynamic light scattering, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy are used to characterize the particles' size, morphology, and stability. Guar gum nanoparticles between 10-280 nm were successfully synthesized using these methods and characterized using these techniques. The particle size decreases with decreasing concentrations of guar gum and cross-linker. These nanoparticles have potential applications for targeted drug delivery.
This document discusses nanoparticles for transdermal drug delivery. It begins by introducing nanoparticles and their types, including nanospheres and nanocapsules. It also discusses various polymeric carriers that can be used, including natural and synthetic polymers. The structure of skin and factors affecting drug permeability through skin are described. The basic components of a transdermal delivery system are outlined, including polymers, drugs, and permeation enhancers. Methods for evaluating nanoparticles are provided, such as determining particle size, drug entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release.
Micromeritics is the study of the properties of small particles. It involves characterizing individual particles and particle size distributions in powders. Particle size is important for properties like dissolution, flowability, and stability. Smaller particle sizes increase surface area and dissolution rate. Different techniques measure different particle size parameters like length, surface area, or volume. Understanding the particle size distribution provides essential information about the range of particle sizes present in a sample.
This document provides information about micromeritics, which is the science and technology of small particles. It discusses several key concepts in micromeritics including particle size, shape, density, and surface area. The document then describes several important applications of micromeritics in the pharmaceutical field related to drug release, absorption, stability, and dose uniformity. Several examples are provided to illustrate how reducing particle size can impact solubility and bioavailability. Different methods for measuring particle size distribution are also summarized, including microscopic, sieving, sedimentation, and conductivity techniques.
This document discusses micromeritic properties of powders and granulation. It defines micromeritics and explains that particle size is important for physical and pharmacological properties. Common methods to determine particle size are described, including optical microscopy, sieving, sedimentation, and particle volume measurement. Derived powder properties like porosity, packing arrangement, and densities are covered. Factors affecting powder flow properties include particle size, shape, density, and surface texture. Applications of micromeritics in drug release, absorption, stability, and dose uniformity are presented. A case study on enhancing lovastatin dissolution uses methods like angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, Carr's index, and Hausner's ratio to analyze
PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF WOOL KERATIN BASED CHITOSAN NANOFIBERS FOR AIR ...AM Publications
In this article, we have extracted keratin from deccani wool waste and prepared the wool keratin based Chitosan nanofibers by electrospinning technique. The prepared nanofibers mat were prepared with different weight percent ratio like 1wt.%, 3wt.% and 5wt.% with respect to polymer i.e Chitosan. The physicochemical and filtration properties of wool keratin based Chitosan nanofibers were studied. Wool keratin based Chitosan nanofibers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The filtration efficiency of keratin Chitosan nanofibers were investigated through DOP test and heavy metal removal capacity of evaluated through Atomic absorption spectroscopy. FTIR results were showed that Keratin gets compatible with Chitosan. XRD patterns revealed keratin was in crystalline nature and increase the crystalline nature of Chitosan nanofibers. FESEM images showed that uniform nanofibers generation with average fiber diameter 80nm. Nanofibers filtration efficiency against a particulate matter in air was obtained more than 99.53% and excellent property of removal of heavy metal.
Analytical characterization of bone scaffold for tissue engineeringSUSHMITA DHIR
The document discusses using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to analyze the chemical structure and characteristic wave numbers of a bone scaffold composite material. FTIR spectra are performed on the scaffold to identify functional groups and interactions between the natural polymers and bioactive components that make up the scaffold. Literature references describe using FTIR to study membrane proteins, ligand adsorption on nanoparticles, and evaluate biodegradable scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. FTIR is shown to provide a nondestructive means of analyzing secondary structure, interactions, and material changes in biomaterials.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF GELATIN MICROSPHERES LOADED WITH FENOFIBRATEReshma Fathima .K
The document summarizes the formulation and evaluation of gelatin microspheres loaded with the drug Fenofibrate. Two microsphere formulations were developed using a coacervation and phase separation method. Formulation F2 showed 97% drug encapsulation efficiency and released the drug over 12 hours, indicating it was suitable for oral sustained release. Evaluation tests on the microspheres showed they were spherical in shape, had good flow properties, and released the drug in a controlled manner without any burst release. The microspheres could facilitate the design of hard gelatin capsules for improved patient compliance.
A study of Heavy Metal Pollution in Groundwater of Malwa Region of Punjab, In...IJERA Editor
Among the different types of pollution, heavy metal pollution has become one of the major environmental issues in India. A number of studies show that high level of heavy metal exposure is a frequent cause of permanent intellectual and developmental disabilities. In this present study, the AAS method is used to determine the various heavy metal concentrations for 240 samples of Groundwater distributed in eight districts in Malwa Region of Punjab. The concentration values were compared with Standard Values given by BIS. The results showed that the maximum percentage of groundwater samples of Malwa region is beyond the permissible limits and that’s why not fit for drinking purposes and other domestic activities due to the presence of various heavy metals . The overall groundwater quality of Punjab for Arsenic, lead, Iron, Cobalt, Chromium, zinc and Mercury can also be detected and compared with BIS standards. The aim of this particular study was to investigate the distribution of Heavy metals in groundwater of Malwa Region of Punjab and its greater risks to public health. The results were compared with the recommended standards for drinking water of BIS to know the existing status and trend. Overall, water quality was found as unsatisfactory for drinking purposes in all the samples
genetics of skin pigmentation in north indian populations SHOBHAN BHUKYA
This document summarizes a study on the genetics of skin pigmentation in North Indian populations. The study analyzed the association between the variant rs12076878 and skin pigmentation. DNA was collected from multiple North Indian populations and genotyped for the variant. The results found that rs12076878 was mostly present in a heterozygous condition, with the CC genotype being less frequent than the other two genotypes. Further studies with more populations and phenotype data are needed to reliably associate the polymorphism with skin pigmentation traits.
Transformations for non-destructive evaluation of brix in mango by reflectanc...IJECEIAES
Mango is a very popular climacteric fruit in America and Europe. Among the internal properties of the mango, total soluble solids (TSS) are an adequate indicator to estimate the quality of mango, however, the measurement of this indicator requires destructive tests. Several research have addressed similar issues; they have made use of pre-processing transformations without making it clear which of them is statistically better. Here, we created a new spectral database to build machine learning (ML) models. We analyzed a total of 18 principal component regression (PCR) models and 18 partial least squared regression (PLSR) models, where 4 types of transformations, 3 different feature extractors, and 3 different pre-processing techniques are combined. The research proposes a double cross validation (CV) both to determine the optimal number of components and to obtain the final metrics. The best model had a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.1382 °Brix and a RMSE on the transformed scale of 0.5140. The best model used 4 components, used y2 transformation, reflectance R as the independent variable and MSC as a pre- processing technique.
Pesticide residues refer to any pesticide substance or its metabolites that remain in food, water, or animal feed after application. This document outlines methods for analyzing pesticide residues, including sampling procedures, sample preparation techniques like homogenization, common extraction methods like solid phase extraction, cleanup steps to remove interferences, and quantification methods like gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. It emphasizes the importance of analyzing pesticide residues to ensure food safety and compliance with legal limits.
The document summarizes the capabilities of the SurPASSTM 3 instrument for measuring surface properties such as zeta potential. It can directly analyze real samples of any geometry or size without needing model surfaces. The instrument provides a stream of answers to routine and customized analysis tasks through simultaneous measurement of zeta potential as well as pH, conductivity, and temperature. It allows monitoring how surface properties change under various environmental influences or treatments.
Preparation and characterization of nimesulide loaded cellulose acetate hydro...Jing Zang
This document summarizes a study that prepared nimesulide-loaded cellulose acetate hydrogen phthalate nanoparticles using the salting out technique. The effect of drug concentration and polymer concentration on nanoparticle size, shape, and uniformity was investigated. Increasing the polymer concentration decreased nanoparticle size and improved uniformity. Drug concentration did not affect size. Nanoparticles were characterized using SEM, zeta potential analysis, and photon correlation spectroscopy. The mean nanoparticle size was 548.2 nm with a zeta potential of -19.8 mV, indicating stability.
The document discusses the formulation and characterization of inhalable spray dried powders containing magnetic nanoparticles and anti-cancer agents for lung cancer treatment. Specifically, it formulates powders containing common anti-cancer drugs like cisplatin or erlotinib along with iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles and excipients through spray drying. It then characterizes the particles' properties, like their aerodynamic diameter and morphology, heating ability upon exposure to an alternating magnetic field, and aerosol performance through next generation impactor studies. The results demonstrate the successful production of spherical, uniformly sized spray dried particles that show improved aerosolization and heating capabilities, indicating potential for advancement of localized lung cancer treatments.
A polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) acrylic sample cell using flow injection is developed in this research for the determination of nitrite in an aqueous media. The research focuses on exhibiting direct absorbance spectrophotometry of nitrite using concentration of samples ranging from 0.1078 to 1.725 ppm. Nitrite determination is done colorimetrically using the Greiss reagent method. This method is based on the reaction of nitrite with sulphanilamide acid and N-1-napthylamine (NED) utilizing diazo coupling, and a syringe is used to administer the nitrite solution. The sample cell being used possesses a diameter of 1
mm with an overall size of 7.35×22 mm2. To gauge the direct absorbance, a wavelength range from 400 to 650 nm has been selected for the testing, and the maximum absorbance is found to be at 545 nm. The validity of the proposed cell is explained in this letter.
The document discusses nanotechnology and its applications. It begins with an introduction to nanoscience and defines nanoparticles. It then discusses various types of nanoparticulate systems including polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, inorganic nanoparticles, dendrimers, silica nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and carbon nanoparticles. Methods for preparing nanoparticles including coacervation, polymerization, supercritical, and dispersion methods are summarized. Applications of nanoparticles in drug delivery, cancer treatment, gene therapy, cosmetics, and biosensing are highlighted. The document concludes that nanotechnology can potentially improve drug delivery and make a major impact on human health.
1) The document analyzes the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of polyaniline (PANI) under medium acidic conditions. TEM images of PANI with the drug Taxol show no major defects, cracks, or deformations.
2) TEM is used to identify surface morphology and defects at the nanoscale. The images of PANI in this study reveal no major defects or flaws on the surface.
3) PANI has potential applications in lithography for fabricating integrated circuits due to its reactivity to oxygen and moisture. TEM provides information on structure, composition, and crystallinity of materials at the nanoscale.
R. VIJAYAKUMAR., M Pharm,
Research Scholar
department of Pharmaceutical Technology.
Anna university- BIT
Tiruchirappalli
III Semester.
UNIT-IV / Micromeritics
Application of Plasma finishing on Cotton FabricIJERA Editor
“Plasma” word is derived from the Greek and referring to the “something molded or fabricated”. Plasma treatments are gaining popularity in the textile industry. Plasma treatment has to be controlled carefully to avoid detrimental action of the plasma onto the substrate. Plasma surface treatments show distinct advantages, because they are able to modify the surface properties of inert materials, sometimes with environment friendly devices. For fabrics, cold plasma treatments require the development of reliable and large systems. Application of “Plasma Technology” in chemical processing of textiles is one of the revolutionary ways to boost the textile wet processing right from pre-treatments to finishing.
This document discusses various pre-formulation studies including analytical methods used to characterize drug substances and formulations. It describes techniques such as microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) that are used to investigate the physical and chemical properties of drugs and excipients alone and in combination. Specific application and procedures for each technique are provided with examples.
The document discusses a study that investigated the effects of different sterilization methods (ethylene oxide, autoclave, UV) on electrospun polyester nanofibers and polyester fabrics. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanofibers with concentrations of 10, 15 and 20 wt.% were produced by electrospinning and subjected to different sterilization methods. The surface characteristics, mechanical properties, and fiber morphology of the nanofibers were examined before and after sterilization. For polyester fabrics, color change, drape, and mechanical properties were evaluated after sterilization. The results showed that sterilization methods, especially ethylene oxide, significantly damaged the nanofiber structure and
Guar gum nanoparticles are smaller than 10-1000 nanometers and have properties distinct from larger particles. They can be prepared using ionic gelation and cross-linking methods. Dynamic light scattering, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy are used to characterize the particles' size, morphology, and stability. Guar gum nanoparticles between 10-280 nm were successfully synthesized using these methods and characterized using these techniques. The particle size decreases with decreasing concentrations of guar gum and cross-linker. These nanoparticles have potential applications for targeted drug delivery.
This document discusses nanoparticles for transdermal drug delivery. It begins by introducing nanoparticles and their types, including nanospheres and nanocapsules. It also discusses various polymeric carriers that can be used, including natural and synthetic polymers. The structure of skin and factors affecting drug permeability through skin are described. The basic components of a transdermal delivery system are outlined, including polymers, drugs, and permeation enhancers. Methods for evaluating nanoparticles are provided, such as determining particle size, drug entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release.
Micromeritics is the study of the properties of small particles. It involves characterizing individual particles and particle size distributions in powders. Particle size is important for properties like dissolution, flowability, and stability. Smaller particle sizes increase surface area and dissolution rate. Different techniques measure different particle size parameters like length, surface area, or volume. Understanding the particle size distribution provides essential information about the range of particle sizes present in a sample.
This document provides information about micromeritics, which is the science and technology of small particles. It discusses several key concepts in micromeritics including particle size, shape, density, and surface area. The document then describes several important applications of micromeritics in the pharmaceutical field related to drug release, absorption, stability, and dose uniformity. Several examples are provided to illustrate how reducing particle size can impact solubility and bioavailability. Different methods for measuring particle size distribution are also summarized, including microscopic, sieving, sedimentation, and conductivity techniques.
This document discusses micromeritic properties of powders and granulation. It defines micromeritics and explains that particle size is important for physical and pharmacological properties. Common methods to determine particle size are described, including optical microscopy, sieving, sedimentation, and particle volume measurement. Derived powder properties like porosity, packing arrangement, and densities are covered. Factors affecting powder flow properties include particle size, shape, density, and surface texture. Applications of micromeritics in drug release, absorption, stability, and dose uniformity are presented. A case study on enhancing lovastatin dissolution uses methods like angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, Carr's index, and Hausner's ratio to analyze
PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF WOOL KERATIN BASED CHITOSAN NANOFIBERS FOR AIR ...AM Publications
In this article, we have extracted keratin from deccani wool waste and prepared the wool keratin based Chitosan nanofibers by electrospinning technique. The prepared nanofibers mat were prepared with different weight percent ratio like 1wt.%, 3wt.% and 5wt.% with respect to polymer i.e Chitosan. The physicochemical and filtration properties of wool keratin based Chitosan nanofibers were studied. Wool keratin based Chitosan nanofibers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The filtration efficiency of keratin Chitosan nanofibers were investigated through DOP test and heavy metal removal capacity of evaluated through Atomic absorption spectroscopy. FTIR results were showed that Keratin gets compatible with Chitosan. XRD patterns revealed keratin was in crystalline nature and increase the crystalline nature of Chitosan nanofibers. FESEM images showed that uniform nanofibers generation with average fiber diameter 80nm. Nanofibers filtration efficiency against a particulate matter in air was obtained more than 99.53% and excellent property of removal of heavy metal.
Analytical characterization of bone scaffold for tissue engineeringSUSHMITA DHIR
The document discusses using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to analyze the chemical structure and characteristic wave numbers of a bone scaffold composite material. FTIR spectra are performed on the scaffold to identify functional groups and interactions between the natural polymers and bioactive components that make up the scaffold. Literature references describe using FTIR to study membrane proteins, ligand adsorption on nanoparticles, and evaluate biodegradable scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. FTIR is shown to provide a nondestructive means of analyzing secondary structure, interactions, and material changes in biomaterials.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF GELATIN MICROSPHERES LOADED WITH FENOFIBRATEReshma Fathima .K
The document summarizes the formulation and evaluation of gelatin microspheres loaded with the drug Fenofibrate. Two microsphere formulations were developed using a coacervation and phase separation method. Formulation F2 showed 97% drug encapsulation efficiency and released the drug over 12 hours, indicating it was suitable for oral sustained release. Evaluation tests on the microspheres showed they were spherical in shape, had good flow properties, and released the drug in a controlled manner without any burst release. The microspheres could facilitate the design of hard gelatin capsules for improved patient compliance.
A study of Heavy Metal Pollution in Groundwater of Malwa Region of Punjab, In...IJERA Editor
Among the different types of pollution, heavy metal pollution has become one of the major environmental issues in India. A number of studies show that high level of heavy metal exposure is a frequent cause of permanent intellectual and developmental disabilities. In this present study, the AAS method is used to determine the various heavy metal concentrations for 240 samples of Groundwater distributed in eight districts in Malwa Region of Punjab. The concentration values were compared with Standard Values given by BIS. The results showed that the maximum percentage of groundwater samples of Malwa region is beyond the permissible limits and that’s why not fit for drinking purposes and other domestic activities due to the presence of various heavy metals . The overall groundwater quality of Punjab for Arsenic, lead, Iron, Cobalt, Chromium, zinc and Mercury can also be detected and compared with BIS standards. The aim of this particular study was to investigate the distribution of Heavy metals in groundwater of Malwa Region of Punjab and its greater risks to public health. The results were compared with the recommended standards for drinking water of BIS to know the existing status and trend. Overall, water quality was found as unsatisfactory for drinking purposes in all the samples
genetics of skin pigmentation in north indian populations SHOBHAN BHUKYA
This document summarizes a study on the genetics of skin pigmentation in North Indian populations. The study analyzed the association between the variant rs12076878 and skin pigmentation. DNA was collected from multiple North Indian populations and genotyped for the variant. The results found that rs12076878 was mostly present in a heterozygous condition, with the CC genotype being less frequent than the other two genotypes. Further studies with more populations and phenotype data are needed to reliably associate the polymorphism with skin pigmentation traits.
Transformations for non-destructive evaluation of brix in mango by reflectanc...IJECEIAES
Mango is a very popular climacteric fruit in America and Europe. Among the internal properties of the mango, total soluble solids (TSS) are an adequate indicator to estimate the quality of mango, however, the measurement of this indicator requires destructive tests. Several research have addressed similar issues; they have made use of pre-processing transformations without making it clear which of them is statistically better. Here, we created a new spectral database to build machine learning (ML) models. We analyzed a total of 18 principal component regression (PCR) models and 18 partial least squared regression (PLSR) models, where 4 types of transformations, 3 different feature extractors, and 3 different pre-processing techniques are combined. The research proposes a double cross validation (CV) both to determine the optimal number of components and to obtain the final metrics. The best model had a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.1382 °Brix and a RMSE on the transformed scale of 0.5140. The best model used 4 components, used y2 transformation, reflectance R as the independent variable and MSC as a pre- processing technique.
Pesticide residues refer to any pesticide substance or its metabolites that remain in food, water, or animal feed after application. This document outlines methods for analyzing pesticide residues, including sampling procedures, sample preparation techniques like homogenization, common extraction methods like solid phase extraction, cleanup steps to remove interferences, and quantification methods like gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. It emphasizes the importance of analyzing pesticide residues to ensure food safety and compliance with legal limits.
1. The document discusses using data loggers in an experiment conducted by biology students to measure wavelength. It describes the components of a data logging system and benefits of using data loggers, such as collecting accurate measurements over long periods without human intervention.
2. An example experiment is described that uses data loggers to measure ultrasound attenuation in solids. The objectives, apparatus, procedures, and results are outlined.
3. Additional examples are provided of using ultrasound imaging to evaluate fetal development and diagnose issues during pregnancy examinations. Diagrams of ultrasound machine interfaces and applications in organ and fetal evaluations are displayed.
Analysis of Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for chlorophyll prediction in oi...journalBEEI
This document analyzes the use of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to predict chlorophyll content in oil palm leaves as a non-invasive alternative to traditional chemical analysis methods. NIR spectral data from oil palm leaf samples were collected and correlated with chlorophyll readings using partial least squares regression with different preprocessing techniques. Savitzky-Golay smoothing produced the best results with an R^2 of 0.9998 for calibration and prediction, indicating NIR spectroscopy can accurately predict chlorophyll content in oil palm leaves in a time-saving manner without destructive sampling.
Poster presentation on the research article carried out during Internship period LEE presented in National Horticulture society Seminar Held in Kirtipur.
Evaluation of topical bioavailability of clotrimazole using dermato pharmaco ...IJSIT Editor
In this single-dose-one arm, open label two way parallel design, pharmacokinetic study of two
marketed formulations of Clotrimazole using 12 healthy Indian male subjects the pharmacokinetic
parameters of two marketed Clotrimazole topical formulations were compared . Marketed Clotrimazole
topical formulations (A & B) were applied on the pre-marked forearms of the subjects as per the dosing
schedule. Treatment sample B was used as a reference sample. Subjects received treatment A & treatment B
on both the arms simultaneously, following open label two way parallel design. Skin Stratum Corneum
samples were collected in sterile glass test tubes during the study period. The samples were collected predose and at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, & 6.0 hours post-dose application. The Stratum Corneum samples were
analysed for Clotrimazole concentrations only. Pharmacokinetic parameters of Clotrimazole were calculated
as Cmax, tmax, AUC (0-t) and AUC (0-∞) Clotrimazole was estimated in Stratum Corneum using a validated
Spectroscopic method. If the point estimate of the geometric mean ratio and the confidence intervals for the
entire log transformed pharmacokinetic parameters [Cmax, AUC (0-t) and AUC (0-∞)] were entirely included
in the range of 80-125%, then the treatments were claimed to be bio-equivalent.
Development of electronic tongue for sorghum quality detectioneSAT Journals
Abstract Due to insufficient and improper facility of storage available in India many grains affects by quality. Quality changes over time due to many things, one of them is moisture content of the cereals. This paper presents the design of a low-cost electronic tongue system with a personal computer based decision making system. Generally, this kind of concept for food quality determination has been used since many years for liquid food samples like coke, water, tea etc. Here the noble approach is applied for solid cereal food like sorghum, wheat etc. The designed system is able to implement Voltammetry measurement with standard three electrode configuration. Gold silver platinum and copper are used as electrode. Lab-View from National Instrumentation's is used to generate and gather the signals to and from electronic tongue setup. The data obtained from the electrochemical measurement of samples made from different variety of sorghum are applied to the artificial neural network analysis. First, the network is trained for different known samples which are categorized into 3 different classes on the basis of the varieties. The network is found to able discriminate them all accordingly.. The next experiment has shown that with the e-tongue graduation of the sample based on quality of the cereal sample can be done, where the quality is affected due to the moisture. Keywords: Neural networks, Electronic tongue, Feature extraction, Cereals, Food quality etc.
This document discusses an ultrasonic study of a mixture of Gymnema sylvestre leaf extraction and sugar solution. Ultrasonic velocity, viscosity, compressibility, and density of the mixture were measured using an ultrasonic interferometer at different time intervals after mixing. The results showed changes in these properties over time, indicating a transformation of chemical compounds as the plant extraction acted as a sugar-reducing agent in the solution. This demonstrates that ultrasonic interferometry can be used as a tool to analyze how plant extracts interact with other bio samples.
A biosensor is a compact analytical device incorporating a biological or biologically derived sensing element either associated or integrated within a physicochemical transducer
Here are some slides to discuss about biosensors and their application which we prepared in graduation.
This document discusses the use of infrared spectroscopy, specifically mid-infrared (MIR) and near-infrared (NIR), as an analytical tool in the food industry. It explains that MIR and NIR spectroscopy can be used to quantify major food constituents like water, proteins, lipids, and sugars quickly and without sample preparation. The document provides examples of applications for MIR and NIR spectroscopy in analyzing cereals, grains, flour, bread, dairy products, and more. Infrared spectroscopy is presented as a powerful technique that provides both qualitative and quantitative food analysis faster and with less chemicals than traditional methods.
Thermosonication is a non-thermal technology that uses ultrasound combined with moderate heat to pasteurize foods like fruit and vegetable juices. It can inactivate enzymes and microorganisms faster than heating alone. This document summarizes two case studies on using thermosonication to process carrot juice and various fruit/vegetable juices. The studies found thermosonication significantly reduced enzyme activity and microorganisms, maintained vitamin C and carotenoid levels, and improved color attributes compared to heating alone. Thermosonication is a promising alternative to thermal pasteurization that can improve quality of fruit and vegetable juices.
Absorption spectrum analysis of dentine sialophosphoprotein (dspp) in orthodo...Conference Papers
- The document analyzes the absorption spectrum of dentine sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples from orthodontic patients to develop a model for detecting orthodontic-induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR).
- GCF samples were collected from orthodontic patients at different treatment periods (3, 6, 12 months) and from non-orthodontic patients. Absorption spectroscopy found DSPP absorbance spectra increased with longer treatment duration, indicating more DSPP released due to more OIIRR.
- A qualitative model using SIMCA analysis accurately classified GCF samples into orthodontic and non-orthodont
Absorption spectrum analysis of dentine sialophosphoprotein (dspp) in orthodo...Conference Papers
- The document analyzes the absorption spectrum of dentine sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples from orthodontic patients to develop a model for detecting orthodontic-induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR).
- GCF samples were collected from orthodontic patients at different treatment periods (3, 6, 12 months) and from non-orthodontic patients. Absorption spectroscopy found DSPP absorbance spectra increased with longer treatment duration, indicating more DSPP released due to more OIIRR.
- A qualitative model using SIMCA analysis accurately classified GCF samples into orthodontic and non-orthodont
This document summarizes research using a radio frequency sensor to detect and distinguish particle concentration. The RF sensor uses changes in dielectric permittivity to detect particles without labelling. Test results showed the sensor could detect 4 μm polystyrene particles at different concentrations and frequencies, and distinguish between 1% and 10% concentrations. Future work will further test the sensor's ability to detect different particles and concentrations at more frequencies to support its use in applications like medicine, biology and environmental monitoring.
The high demand of meat causes the seller mix the fresh and not-fresh meat. Electronic nose was used to detect the quality of the meat quickly and accurately. This research is proposed to test and analyze the sensitivity of MOS sensor in the electronic nose and simulate it using Matlab to identify meat classification using neural network. Test parameters based on Indonesian National Standard (SNI 3932-2008) requirement on the quality of carcass and meat. In this simulation, the number of neurons in the hidden layer was varied to find the most accurate identification. The sensitivity analysis of the MOS sensor was conducted by testing the meat sample aroma, calculate the sensitivity, identify the formation of input, hidden layer, outputs, and simulate the result of the varied formation. Then, found the number of the most optimal neurons. The result of the data training will be applied to the real instrument.
The use of agrochemicals has increased considerably in recent years, and consequently, there has been increased exposure of ecosystems and human populations to these highly toxic compounds. The study and development of methodologies to detect these substances with greater sensitivity has become extremely relevant. This article describes, for the first time, the use of atomic force spectroscopy (AFS) in the detection of enzyme-inhibiting herbicides. A nanobiosensor based on an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip functionalised with the acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme was developed and characterised. The herbicide metsulfuron-methyl, an ALS inhibitor, was successfully detected through the acquisition of force curves using this biosensor. The adhesion force values were considerably higher when the biosensor was used. An increase of ~250% was achieved relative to the adhesion force using an unfunctionalised AFM tip. This considerable increase was the result of a specific interaction between the enzyme and the herbicide, which was primarily responsible for the efficiency of the nanobiosensor. These results indicate that this methodology is promising for the detection of herbicides, pesticides, and other environmental contaminants.
Non Invasive Glucose Measurement using Raman SpectroscopyIRJET Journal
This document discusses non-invasive glucose measurement using Raman spectroscopy. It begins with an introduction to diabetes and the need for frequent blood glucose monitoring. Current methods are invasive and painful. The document then reviews various non-invasive optical methods studied previously, including near-infrared spectroscopy, photo-acoustic spectroscopy, and optical coherence tomography, which all have limitations. It focuses on Raman spectroscopy, which resolves limitations of other techniques by using inelastic light scattering to obtain a molecular fingerprint spectrum. The methodology section describes the setup, which uses an 830nm laser as the excitation source and collects inelastically scattered light to identify glucose and other molecules for non-invasive concentration measurements.
This document provides an overview and comparison of various in-vitro methods used to measure antioxidant activity, including their advantages and disadvantages. It summarizes several common methods such as the Thin Layer Chromatography autography technique, Cellular Antioxidant Activity assay, Dye-Substrate oxidation method, and Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity method. The document emphasizes selecting methods based on feasibility, simplicity, required instrumentation and ability to effectively analyze antioxidant properties.
- The document presents a case study on using an electronic nose to evaluate the quality of three types of grapes (green, red, black) over 10 days of storage.
- Principal component analysis was used to analyze the sensor response data and distinguish the grapes at different stages of ripening and quality degradation.
- The results showed the electronic nose could clearly identify and differentiate the grapes based on storage time, with samples further from the origin on the PCA plots indicating poorer quality. This demonstrated the potential of electronic noses for non-destructive quality evaluation of fruits.
Descriptive sensory analysis, consumer liking and preference mapping for sola...Alexander Decker
Descriptive sensory analysis was conducted on fresh and solar dried mango samples from three drying methods to analyze differences in sensory attributes. Fifteen trained panelists evaluated samples using six descriptors and found significant differences between fresh and dried samples for attributes like color, whiteness, hardness and sweetness. A consumer test with 78 participants also found fresh samples were significantly preferred over dried for attributes like color, texture and mouthfeel. Preference mapping showed color and acidity were main drivers for fresh sample preference. Drying methods impacted attributes, with tunnel dried samples most similar to fresh. In conclusion, solar drying impacted sensory quality and consumer acceptance of mango, with drying method selection important to retain key attributes.
Similar to Investigating Maturity State and Internal Properties of Fruits Using Non-Destructive Techniques-A Review (20)
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes using a snake optimization algorithm to tune the gains of an enhanced proportional-integral controller for congestion avoidance in a TCP/AQM system. The controller aims to maintain a stable and desired queue size without noise or transmission problems. A linearized model of the TCP/AQM system is presented. An enhanced PI controller combining nonlinear gain and original PI gains is proposed. The snake optimization algorithm is then used to tune the parameters of the enhanced PI controller to achieve optimal system performance and response. Simulation results are discussed showing the proposed controller provides a stable and robust behavior for congestion control.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
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Figure 1. Schematic diagram for continuous-touch ultrasonic system [2]
Another technique used in observing the internal conditions of fruits involves the use of
high frequency transducers. 20MHz was used as the central frequency to study two different
varieties of oranges. In this technique, both the transducer and samples were immersed in
water as in Figure 2 [6]. Ultrasonic waves were released to the peel of the samples from the
transducer, with the backscattered signals reflected from the samples received by the
transducer. Both different varieties of oranges generated significant differences in terms of
attenuation and velocity of signals. This technique is thus suitable to be used in exploring the
maturity of oranges through the amount of water content in the outer layer of the orange peel
called flavedo.
Figure 2. Ultrasonic measuring device for measuring water level in orange peel [6]
The attenuation value of ultrasonic waves received by the receiver depends on the
fruit’s condition [2] . The researchers found the attenuation of ultrasonic waves in mangos to be
higher with increased storage time. As the flesh of mangos softens with the maturity of the fruit
with increased storage time, the attenuation will be higher when firmness of the mango
decreases. This is in contrast to a study of plum fruit maturity where the attenuation
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measurement showed a decrease with increased storage time, due to a decrease in sugar
content and firmness with advancing time [3].
The mealiness of apples has also been investigated using the same system, with two
different cultivars of apple varieties selected, namely, Jonagold and Cox [4]. Comparison of data
obtained from the attenuated ultrasonic signal and confined compression test, indicated a good
relationship for fresh and overripe mealiness level of Cox apples. In contrast, data from the
Jonagold apples did not show any correlation for different mealiness levels.
The capability of this technique has also been explored in predicting the oil content of
fresh palm fruits. The oil content of palm fruits is highly dependent on their species and maturity.
The amplitude of the attenuation data was compared to the actual oil content in accordance with
the Soxhlet extraction procedure [5]. Based on the comparison between these two data, it can
be concluded that the attenuated ultrasonic signal is capable of predicting the oil content of
palm fruits without involving any physical penetration of the flesh of the fruit.
In yet another technique, a set of ultrasonic transducers has been designed to generate
the desired signals without the need for physical contact between the transducer probe and fruit
sample. Instead, the 500 kHz ultrasonic transducer is moved up and down along the line
towards the fruit to obtain the first reflection with the highest amplitude of the ultrasonic signal
from the sample as in Figure 3 [7]. In testing this technique, the amplitude of the first reflected
signal from the apple surface is gradually decreased until about 10 days, which is the time
required to test the reduction in apple firmness, density and weight due to biochemical reaction
of the apple’s rind and pulp as time passes. The main weakness of this method is the intensity
of the ultrasonic signal is vulnerable to the changes of the distance between the ultrasonic
transducer and the fruit sample in obtaining the maximum reflected signal.
Figure 3. Non-contact ultrasonic measuring system [8]
Visible Light and Near Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy is the most active technique being
explored by researchers in observing fruit quality. Spectroscopy is the scientific technique for
measuring light that is emitted, absorbed or scattered by the sample to be studied and
identified. Generally, there are two types of spectroscopy which are most commonly used to
observe fruit conditions, namely, the interactance and reflectance method as shown in
Figure 4 [9]. Interactance measurement involves light absorption of the flesh of the fruit within a
maximum depth of 1 cm. This involves fibre optic probe that is pressed against the fruit surface
to allow light to penetrate the fruit content. However, the reflectance measurement is a non-
contact method which is only suitable for flesh that is just below the skin of the fruit.
Time Resolved Reflectance Spectroscopy (TRS) in 540-900nm spectral range has also
been explored in studying the internal conditions of 60 mango fruits. The TRS set up is shown in
Figure 5 which consists of a light source from a superconcinuum laser, a filter wheel for spectral
selection, with reflected light from the sample detected by the photomultiplier. The spectral
range chosen is under a visible light spectrum. Based on the study, carotenoid absorption
indicated high variability at the spectral range of 630-690nm, but less variability for chlorophyll
absorption peak which was found to be at the 630-690nm spectral range. The readings
indicated that most of the mango samples were in a ripened state. Besides, it was also found
that the scattering coefficient decreases in correlation with the increasing maturity of the
fruits [10].
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(a) (b)
Figure 4. Setup for acquisition of (a) reflectance, (b) interactance spectra, with (i) the light
source, (ii) fruit, (iii) monochromator/detector, (iv) light barrier and (v) support [9]
Figure 5. TRS instrumentation setup [10]
The reflectance and fluorescent spectroscopy of visible light and NIR have also been
explored for the purpose of investigating fruit maturity like nectarine, mango, papaya and guava.
As shown in Figure 6, reflectance spectra are obtained when light from a tungsten lamp is
guided through fibre to the fruit sample and the reflected light captured by reflectance probe to
the spectrometer. A fluorescent spectra, 385nm fibre coupled with a UV light emitting diode
acting as the light source was directed at the fruit sample. The fluorescent radiation was then
transmitted to the spectrometer on the same path with the reflectance light. From the testing of
each fruit, it was found that the reflectance and fluorescent spectra were sensitive to chlorophyll
content. Hence the technique could be an estimator of chlorophyll changes in the fruit ripening
process [11]. The reflectance property of NIR spectroscopy was tested with different cultivars of
apples, where it was found that the water content of apples decreases with increased shelf-life
of the fruit [12].
Figure 6. Experimental set up for measurement of reflectance and fluorescent spectra [11]
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MRI is also well known as a non-invasive technique which uses magnetic field and radio
frequency pulses to image internal organs, soft tissues, bone and other internal body structure.
This was the reason why the technique was used to observe the internal structure of fruits for
quality monitoring purposes. One aspect of investigation conducted via this technique is for the
purpose of seed detection in fruits. In this case, Mandarins were chosen as an object of study.
Seed detection in Mandarins has been investigated via MRI since the presence of seeds in the
fruit is undesirable based on consumers’ demand. Based on this technique, the difference
between seedless and seed-containing Mandarins could clearly be distinguished via this
technique [13]. The image constructed via MRI has been further investigated based on seed
identification precision by radial spiral sequence and gradient echo images with 98.7% and
100% accuracy respectively [14].
The MRI technique has also been applied in studying the maturity levels of tomatoes.
The maturity levels of tomatoes were divided into three classes, namely, green, beaker-light red
and red. Each class was divided into 5 images where for each image, voxel intensity pattern
varies proportional to the maturity level. As tomatoes change to different levels of maturity, the
contrast of the image changes, which indicates different water proton properties in tomato
pericarp tissues, in line with physiological changes in tomatoes [15]. Capability of the MRI
technique has been further explored to observe microporosity in different cultivars of apples,
where it was concluded that the microporosity amount depended on cultivars and will vary
according to pre-and post- harvest conditions and maturity [16].
Imaging techniques via X-Ray have been widely used for medical and industrial
applications especially in medical radiography and airport security. The electromagnetic
wavelength of X-Ray is in the range of 0.01nm to 10nm with frequencies ranging from 30
petahertz to 30 exahertz and photon energies from 100eV to 100keV [17]. In recent years, there
has been limited research investigating the imaging capabilities of X-Rays in agricultural
applications especially for fruit inspection. The concept of X-Ray computed tomography is
based on the X-Ray beams that traverse through objects with the attenuated radiation captured
by detectors. This attenuated signal is then used to rebuild the image of the slice of an object
that is being inspected.
Based on the X-Ray absorption of an object expressed in terms of CT numbers, the
stages of mango ripening from the cultivars Chausa was observed. Based on the comparison of
CT numbers and the biochemical properties of the fruit, it was found that both CT numbers and
the uniformity in grayness decreased as in Figure 7 [1]. Initially, the flesh of the fruit contained
more water, but as time (day) increases, water was gradually replaced by air which reduces the
CT number and grayness level [18]. Imaging via X-Ray CT has also been found to be capable
of differentiating the quality of chestnuts based on their internal condition. Generally, the internal
condition is observed based on internal decay of the chestnut which is divided into five severity
of internal decay (complete, high, partial, minimum and no decay or healthy chestnut) [19]. In
another case, using the same technique for the imaging of kiwifruits, it was found that different
kiwifruit cultivars have different porosity and pore sizes, which are smaller than most other fruits.
Figure 7. Maturity assessment of Chausa mango using Computed Tomography (CT) [1]
In studies of watercore of apples, the effectiveness of CT and MRI techniques have also
been explored and compared. As shown in Figure 8, watercore is a disease where an apple has
been exposed to too much sunlight which leads to the fruit to be over mature before its time.
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This will cause water-soaked regions in the flesh which normally cannot be observed if the case
is minor. However, for severe cases, it can be seen externally by the naked eyes.
Figure 8. Apple with water core disease
Four different apple cultivars were observed via these techniques, with one of the
cultivars from the “Rebellón” cultivar variety shown in Figure 9. It was found that the MRI
technique offers a higher contrast, hence producing clearer images which can be observed in
comparison to the CT technique [20].
Figure 9. X-Ray CT and MRI images for “Rebellón” apple (i) Normal apple for (a) X-Ray CT and
(c) MRI (ii) Watercore disease apple for (b) X-Ray CT and (d) MRI [20]
A computer vision based system can also be considered to be one of the non-
destructive techniques which could be explored to determine the internal condition of fruits. This
technique involves the study of the internal conditions of fruits based on the external features of
the fruit which includes texture, size, shape and peel colour.
In fruit grading system, the capability of the computer vision has been explored. From
this technique, a date fruit was grounded and sorted using RGB images in three different levels
of quality. As shown in Figure 10, the fruit was placed on a conveyor belt and passed through a
computer vision system where the image was captured, and transmitted to an image processor,
before being classified, and separated into different bins according to the quality of the date fruit
[21]. In another case, the same technique was also used to differentiate between the different
levels of maturity of date fruits, namely, immature, changing colour/not mature, mature and
ripe [22].
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In yet another study that investigated the defect of “Jonagold” apple cultivars, the same
technique was used to observe three types of severity levels of the apples, which are bruise,
flesh damage and russet. Statistical, textural and geometric features were selected for the
analysis of the defective area [23]. Image segmentation via Support Vector Machine (SVM) and
Otsu’s thresholding method were shown to be able to sort and grade “Delicious” apple cultivars
based on three different skin colours which are orange, stripe or dark red [24]. Classification of
percentage defect of an olive fruit was also successfully distinguished based on the infrared
vision system using segmentation algorithms, edge detection and pixel value intensity. The
category of external defects of olive fruits can be divided into five categories which are healthy
olive (100% healthy area), minor defects (>75% heathy area), moderate defects (>50%
defective area), several defects (>75% defective area) and defective olives (100% defective
area) [25].
Figure 10. Computer mediated fruit sorting system [21]
In determining and classifying the quality of grapes, the Canny Edge Detection
algorithm is applied based on surface texture of the fruits. The grapes’ image was captured at
2-day intervals and grouped in five clusters based on five different days which showed very
distinguishable patterns based on different days [26]. For automated strawberry grading system,
machine vision technology contributed a significant value in order to increase the commercial
value of the strawberry fruit. Based on the three features extracted, namely, shape, size and
colour, the automated grading system has been successfully developed with strawberry size
detection error to be less than 5%, colour grading accuracy to be at 88.8% and shape
classification accuracy to be more than 90% [27]. The same method has also been applied for
the purpose of mango fruit grading, where it was found that the technique was able to classify
mangos into four different qualities with higher grading accuracy [28].
Computer vision has also been explored for the estimation of mango crop yield. Instead
of manually counting the total number of fruits on the mango tree, colour segmentation in RGB
and YCbCr colour ranges and texture segmentation are used However, this technique has been
found to be more suitable for less mature fruit in comparison to mature fruit as the former tend
to generate more colour variation [29].
Electric nose (e-nose) is another non-destructive method option which can be
considered in evaluating fruit quality and its overall condition. This method specifically mimics
the biological (human) nose to identify fruit conditions based on its aroma. Generally, an aroma
consists of chemical compounds which can be detected by a human nose that consists of 400
receptors [30]. As in Figure 11, these olfactory receptors send signals to the brain through
olfactory bulbs and identify the aroma which corresponds with the received volatile chemical
composition [31]. As in comparison with the e-nose construction, an array of chemical sensor
detects the fruit odour which is then processed by a signal transducer that identify the fruit odour
via a pattern recognition engine such as the neural network system.
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Figure 11. Comparison between electric nose and mammal olfactory [31]
The electric nose based on the Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) system has been
explored to classify banana fruits with different level of ripening stages. As in Figure 12, banana
fruits for the Cavendish cultivars were placed inside a sample chamber and the aroma collected
via a sensor chamber (through valve1,V1), which is then stored and analysed using computers.
Based on the Support Vector Machine (SVM) analysis, different maturity level of banana fruits
has been successfully determined [32].
Figure 12. Schematic View for classifying banana fruit ripeness using e-nose [32]
Ripening stage monitoring of mangos after harvesting is also another significant fruit
condition that can be observed using the e-nose, which is capable of classifying the mango
fruits into three classes, namely, unripe, ripening and ripe. Based on the observation of Volatile
Organic Compound (VOCs) of each mango for the Chokanan cultivars, it was found that
ripening samples can be segregated based on the total concentration and number of VOCs of
the samples as in Figure 13 [33].
Capability of the e-nose has also been explored in differentiating different types of fruits
involving guava, orange and banana fruits. Based on VOCs patterns released from these three
types of fruits, through analysis using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), each type of
fruit has been successfully identified [34].
The e-nose system could also be applied in determining and discriminating the storage
of the fruit shelf-life. Storage shelf-life of mandarin fruits were observed with the fruits kept in
three different types of storage; bag and box stored at 20+1
o
C and bag stored at 4+0.5
o
C. The
shelf-life of the mandarin fruits which were kept in a temperature of 20+1
o
C and stored using the
bag and box, showed similar volatility patterns where the volatility decreases more steeply in
comparison with the Mandarins stored in a refrigeration [35]. This indicates, the ripeness of the
fruit could be slowed down by slowing down the ripening process after harvesting [36].
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Figure 13. Comparison of common volatiles in ripe and ripening samples [33]
Laser Doppler Vibrometry (LDV) is one of the methods that has been investigated in
determining ripeness of fruits. As in Figure 14, a watermelon fruit is placed on a shaker which is
then vibrated according to random wave signal frequencies where the vibration spectrum
response of the watermelon will be recorded by LDV [37]. Based on different spectrum patterns,
the ripeness of the watermelon is then identified.
Figure 14. Set up for measuring vibration response by LDV [37]
3. Conclusion
Based on different type of technique explored, generally fruit monitoring techniques are
divided into two parts which are qualitative and quantitative analysis. The qualitative analysis is
where the information obtained from the external appearance of the fruit such as fruit skin, and
the aroma released from the fruits whereas the quantitative evaluation is based on the value
obtained from signal released inside the fruit and the response received based on the
penetrated signal that released from the fruit.
Most fruit evaluation methods are based on the examination of specific spots on the
fruits instead of the whole fruit. For example, measurement using the ultrasonic method [2] only
evaluates just a few mm under the fruit’s surface, which does not represent the condition of the
fruit overall. Fruit evaluation via visible light and NIR spectroscopy technique [9] also uses the
same idea where the fruit is evaluated just a few cm under the fruit’s surface. Besides, these
methods require direct contact between the fruit surface and the sensor’s probe. Hence, there is
a medium between the transducers and the fruit called couplant which must be put in place to
maximize the performance of the measuring techniques [7]. However, contamination between
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the couplants may ruin the sample of the fruit. For other cases, the probe of the sensors needs
to be placed extremely close to the fruit to obtain good response from the sample [10]. This
process will increase the measuring time and leads to an inaccurate reading if the location of
the sensor probe is not properly placed as desired. Measuring fruits with uneven skin surface
also cannot be achieved using this kind of measuring method. Although imaging methods such
as X-Ray and MRI give clear and accurate images, the extremely high cost of the measuring
equipment limits the usage of the equipment for fruit quality monitoring.
In general, all the evaluation technique has its own advantages and disadvantages
towards monitoring fruits’ internal condition. However, it still gives great significant contribution
towards agricultural industry globally.
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