In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Design of miniaturized patch crossover based on superformula slot shapesIJECEIAES
In this paper, miniaturized microstrip crossover circuits are proposed using slots shapes obtained using the superformula. The design starts by using a conventional half-wavelength square patch crossover. For miniaturization purposes, different superformula slot shapes are introduced on the square patch. The proposed crossovers are designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using a 0.8 mm thick FR-4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.4. The designs are simulated using the high frequency structure simulator (HFSS). One of the miniaturized designs is fabricated and its scattering parameters are measured using a vector network analyzer. Simulated and measured results agree very well. At the design frequency, the measured input port matching is better than ˗19 dB, while 𝑆12, 𝑆13 and 𝑆14 have the values of ˗12 dB, ˗2.2 dB and ˗10 dB, respectively. Furthermore, a 71% size reduction is achieved as compared to the conventional crossover area.
In this paper, a low pass filter based on T-Shaped resonator is presented. The T-Shaped resonator consists of meandered lines and rectangular patches. Also, the LC model and transfer function of the proposed resonator is presented. For suppression of spurious harmonics, a bandstop structure consists of hexangular patches and open stubs has been utilized. Finally, the wide stopband microstrip lowpass filter with cutoff frequency 2.72 GHz has been simulated, fabricated and measured. The LPF has good characteristics such as wide stopband and insertion loss lower than 0.18 dB in the passband region. The rejection level is less than -20 dB from 2.98 up to 21.3 GHz. The filter size is 10.5 mm×12.7 mm, or 0.131 λg× 0.158 λg, where λg is the guided wavelength. The measured and simulated results of the filter is in good agreement with each other, which show the merits of low insertion loss and wide stopband.
Coplanar waveguide low pass filter based on square complementary split ring r...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present a novel coplanar waveguide low pass filter (LPF)structure based on the use of square complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) in order to enhance the performances of a low pass filter. Especially, to enlarge the bandwidth of the LPF, the insertion losses and to increase the rejection of the LPF. The CSRRs are optimised and inserted periodically along the center conductor of the CPW line with a CPW ground integrating stubs permitting to enlarge the bandwidth. The simulation results of this filter show a -3 dB cut-off frequency equal to fc = 5.28 GHz. The designed filter has a good rejection in the stop band which below -20 dB and presents a good insertion loss in the bandwidth. The proposed filter has been fabricated and tested which give a good agreement between simulation and measurement results, the whole dimensions of the validated filter are 35.48x21.16 mm2. The originality of this work is the wide rejection band and the miniature dimensions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
3D FSS with multiple transmission zeros and pseudo elliptic responsejournalBEEI
The three-dimensional frequency selective surface (3D FSS) with band reject multiple transmission zeros and pseudo-elliptic response is designed from two-dimensional (2D) periodic array of shielded micro strip lines to realize wide out-of–band radio wave rejection. The 3D FSS array consists of multimode cavities whose coupling with air can be controlled to obtain a desired frequency range. The proposed FSS with shorting via to ground exhibits pseudo-elliptic band-reject response in the frequency range from 6GHz to 14GHz. As the plane wave of linear polarization incidents perpendicularly to the shielded micro strip line with perfect electric conductor (PEC) and perfect magnetic conductor (PMC) boundary walls, two quasi-TEM modes are obtained known as air mode and substrate mode. The first 3D FSS design is a combination of two or more resonators. Furthermore, second 3D FSS design with three shorting vias result more elliptic band reject frequency response and a pass band transmission pole. All in phase resonators of design give transmission poles and out of phase combination of resonators give transmission zeros respectively. The proposed 3D FSS is designed and simulated using Ansys HFSS software. These designs exhibit an improved performance for many practical applications such as antenna sub-reflector, and spatial filters.
A compact size microstrip five poles hairpin band-pass filter using three-lay...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents a reduced size microstrip five poles hairpin band-pass filter using three-layers structure for Ku-band satellites application. The three-layers structure shows a substantially reduced filter size and enlarged bandwidth. The filter has been designed based on five-pole resonators at 12.475 GHz and bandwidth of 550 MHz. This filter is designed on Rogers RO3003 substrate having relative permittivity (εr) of 3. The proposed band-pass filter has been designed with the help of Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. Comparison analyses between the simulated insertion loss and reflection coefficient of RO3003 and FR4 substrates have been carried out in order to show the efficiency of the proposed filter design. Based on the obtained results, the proposed filter design achieves significant filter size reduction compared to other band-pass filters.
MICROSTRIP COUPLED LINE FILTER DESIGN FOR ULTRA WIDEBAND APPLICATIONSjmicro
A compact microstrip parallel coupled line filter for ultra wide band applications by means of combining a network of coupled line and defected ground is proposed. The design equations for three and five interconnected networks are derived and implemented. Simulations for three different configurations for filters are optimized. Then three prototype circuits are constructed, a bandpass filter with center frequency 2.25 GHz and two different bandpass filters (in terms of perturbations) with center frequencies 2.33GHz.
For 2.25 GHz circuit wide fractional bandwidth of about 90% is obtained but undesired high return loss existed. For 2.33GHz circuit with grooves in sides fractional bandwidth of about 60% is obtained at about 3.4 GHz center frequency. However undesired return loss existed for this circuit whereas good out off or 2.33GHz circuit with grooves in whole sections the center frequency got shifted to about 3.4 GHz and about 50% fractional bandwidth is obtained with very good out off band performance observed.
Design of miniaturized patch crossover based on superformula slot shapesIJECEIAES
In this paper, miniaturized microstrip crossover circuits are proposed using slots shapes obtained using the superformula. The design starts by using a conventional half-wavelength square patch crossover. For miniaturization purposes, different superformula slot shapes are introduced on the square patch. The proposed crossovers are designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using a 0.8 mm thick FR-4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.4. The designs are simulated using the high frequency structure simulator (HFSS). One of the miniaturized designs is fabricated and its scattering parameters are measured using a vector network analyzer. Simulated and measured results agree very well. At the design frequency, the measured input port matching is better than ˗19 dB, while 𝑆12, 𝑆13 and 𝑆14 have the values of ˗12 dB, ˗2.2 dB and ˗10 dB, respectively. Furthermore, a 71% size reduction is achieved as compared to the conventional crossover area.
In this paper, a low pass filter based on T-Shaped resonator is presented. The T-Shaped resonator consists of meandered lines and rectangular patches. Also, the LC model and transfer function of the proposed resonator is presented. For suppression of spurious harmonics, a bandstop structure consists of hexangular patches and open stubs has been utilized. Finally, the wide stopband microstrip lowpass filter with cutoff frequency 2.72 GHz has been simulated, fabricated and measured. The LPF has good characteristics such as wide stopband and insertion loss lower than 0.18 dB in the passband region. The rejection level is less than -20 dB from 2.98 up to 21.3 GHz. The filter size is 10.5 mm×12.7 mm, or 0.131 λg× 0.158 λg, where λg is the guided wavelength. The measured and simulated results of the filter is in good agreement with each other, which show the merits of low insertion loss and wide stopband.
Coplanar waveguide low pass filter based on square complementary split ring r...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present a novel coplanar waveguide low pass filter (LPF)structure based on the use of square complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) in order to enhance the performances of a low pass filter. Especially, to enlarge the bandwidth of the LPF, the insertion losses and to increase the rejection of the LPF. The CSRRs are optimised and inserted periodically along the center conductor of the CPW line with a CPW ground integrating stubs permitting to enlarge the bandwidth. The simulation results of this filter show a -3 dB cut-off frequency equal to fc = 5.28 GHz. The designed filter has a good rejection in the stop band which below -20 dB and presents a good insertion loss in the bandwidth. The proposed filter has been fabricated and tested which give a good agreement between simulation and measurement results, the whole dimensions of the validated filter are 35.48x21.16 mm2. The originality of this work is the wide rejection band and the miniature dimensions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
3D FSS with multiple transmission zeros and pseudo elliptic responsejournalBEEI
The three-dimensional frequency selective surface (3D FSS) with band reject multiple transmission zeros and pseudo-elliptic response is designed from two-dimensional (2D) periodic array of shielded micro strip lines to realize wide out-of–band radio wave rejection. The 3D FSS array consists of multimode cavities whose coupling with air can be controlled to obtain a desired frequency range. The proposed FSS with shorting via to ground exhibits pseudo-elliptic band-reject response in the frequency range from 6GHz to 14GHz. As the plane wave of linear polarization incidents perpendicularly to the shielded micro strip line with perfect electric conductor (PEC) and perfect magnetic conductor (PMC) boundary walls, two quasi-TEM modes are obtained known as air mode and substrate mode. The first 3D FSS design is a combination of two or more resonators. Furthermore, second 3D FSS design with three shorting vias result more elliptic band reject frequency response and a pass band transmission pole. All in phase resonators of design give transmission poles and out of phase combination of resonators give transmission zeros respectively. The proposed 3D FSS is designed and simulated using Ansys HFSS software. These designs exhibit an improved performance for many practical applications such as antenna sub-reflector, and spatial filters.
A compact size microstrip five poles hairpin band-pass filter using three-lay...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents a reduced size microstrip five poles hairpin band-pass filter using three-layers structure for Ku-band satellites application. The three-layers structure shows a substantially reduced filter size and enlarged bandwidth. The filter has been designed based on five-pole resonators at 12.475 GHz and bandwidth of 550 MHz. This filter is designed on Rogers RO3003 substrate having relative permittivity (εr) of 3. The proposed band-pass filter has been designed with the help of Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. Comparison analyses between the simulated insertion loss and reflection coefficient of RO3003 and FR4 substrates have been carried out in order to show the efficiency of the proposed filter design. Based on the obtained results, the proposed filter design achieves significant filter size reduction compared to other band-pass filters.
MICROSTRIP COUPLED LINE FILTER DESIGN FOR ULTRA WIDEBAND APPLICATIONSjmicro
A compact microstrip parallel coupled line filter for ultra wide band applications by means of combining a network of coupled line and defected ground is proposed. The design equations for three and five interconnected networks are derived and implemented. Simulations for three different configurations for filters are optimized. Then three prototype circuits are constructed, a bandpass filter with center frequency 2.25 GHz and two different bandpass filters (in terms of perturbations) with center frequencies 2.33GHz.
For 2.25 GHz circuit wide fractional bandwidth of about 90% is obtained but undesired high return loss existed. For 2.33GHz circuit with grooves in sides fractional bandwidth of about 60% is obtained at about 3.4 GHz center frequency. However undesired return loss existed for this circuit whereas good out off or 2.33GHz circuit with grooves in whole sections the center frequency got shifted to about 3.4 GHz and about 50% fractional bandwidth is obtained with very good out off band performance observed.
Design and optimization of microstrip filtering antenna with modified shaped ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents a new compact microstrip filtering antenna with modified shaped slots to improve the impedance bandwidth. The proposed microstrip filtering antenna consists of three parts; the monopole radiating patch antenna, the SIR filter, and the feeding microstrip line. The design structure is achieved on one sided glass epoxy FR-4 substrate with dielectric constant ε_r = 4.4 and thickness of h = 1.6 mm. The design procedures of the proposed filtering antenna starts from the second order Chebyshev low pass filter prototype. The simulation results throughout this article are done by a computer simulation technology (CST) software. The simulated results have been achieved show good performance of S11-parameter and broad side antenna gain on +z-direction. This design has two transmission zeros at 5.4 GHz and 7.7 GHz, and bandwidth (B.W) of about 1.66 GHz so; it is suitable for high speed data communication. This design has good skirt selectivity.
A design of triple band slot loaded circular microstrip antenna for c- and x-...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design and Fabrication of the Novel Miniaturized Microstrip Coupler 3dB Using...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this work, a novel miniaturized compact coupler using the shunt-stubs artificial transimission
lines with high and low impedances is presented. Design of the proposed coupler is accomplished by
modifying the length and impedance of the branch lines in the conventional structure with the planar
resonators in order to achieve branch line coupler with compact size and improvement of the
performances. First part of this work is focusing on the theorical study of the proposed resonators where
the equations are obtained. Secondly, the proposed coupler is designed on FR4 susbtrate, and simulated
by using the EM Solver (ADS from Agilent technologies and CST microwave studio) in order to operate in
the ISM band. The obtained results show good agreement with the simulations and the coupler shows a
good perfo6rmance in the hole bandwidth. The size of the proposed coupler is reduced around 50%
compared to the conventional design. The last part conerns the fabrication and test of the proposed
coupler. The measurement and simulation results are in good agreements.
A new configuration of a printed diplexer designed for DCS and ISM bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This work presents a new study on the design of a microstrip diplexer configuration optimized and validated for ISM and DCS frequency bands. The achieved structure is based on microstrip technology, the goal was to design two printed bandpass filters one for ISM band and the other one for DCS frequency band.The two microstrip filters are associated by using a T-junction which permits to validate a diplexer in the frequency bands DCS-Band receiver [1.74–2 GHz] and ISM-Band transmitter [2.3–2.55 GHz]. The whole size of the final circuit is 130x50 mm2. After the validation of the proposed diplexer into simulation we have fabricated and tested it by using VNA which permits to have a good agremment between simulation and measurements.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design and manufacturing of iris waveguide filters for satellite communicationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
We propose in this paper, two bandpass filters in waveguide technology having rectangular symmetrical discontinuities with a half-radius r, designed and operating respectively in the X-Band (9-11.5) GHz and C-Band (3.5-5.5) GHz. These filters consists of eight irises placed symmetrically respectively on standard rectangular waveguides WR90 and WR229 in which resonant irises are inserted. These irises are used to couple the sections very strongly in this filter, which allows the bandwidth to be increased and the matching to be controlled. The comparison between the numerical and electromagnetic results, which we obtained for the filters, constitutes a means of validation of computer simulation technology (CST) environment and Mician for the design of the other circuit elements in the various frequency bands. We observed excellent consistency between the simulation curves and those of the measurements. The results obtained are promising and pave the way for the use of these structures in the fields of telecommunications.
A CPW-fed Rectangular Patch Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX ApplicationsIDES Editor
This paper presents a CPW fed Rectangular
shaped patch antenna for the frequency 3.42GHz which
falls in WiMAX and 5.25GHz for WLAN applications.
The measured -10dB impedance bandwidth is about
650MHz (2.98GHz-3.63GHz) for WiMAX and 833MHz
(4.95GHz-5.78GHz) for WLAN applications. The effect of
slot width, rectangular patch height, and substrate
dielectric constant have been evaluated. The results of
antenna are simulated by using Zeeland’s MOM based
IE3D tool. Two dimensional radiation patterns with
elevation and azimuth angles, VSWR<2, Return loss of
-24dB and -18dB for WiMAX and WLAN applications,
antenna efficiency about 90%, gain above 3.5dB are
obtained. The compact aperture area of the antenna is
46.2 X 41.66 mm2.
First order parallel coupled BPF with wideband rejection based on SRR and CSRRTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper a new approach for first order Chebyshev parallel coupled Bandpass filter resonant at
1 GHz is presented to obtain better results (wideband rejection, high selectivity and low bandpass insertion
loss) compared to conventional design. The proposed filter (a tri-formation consisting of CSRR, SRR and
stubs of stepped impedance are loaded microstrip resonator) can be configured, by laying split ring
resonator (SRR) and complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) with 50 Ω microstrip lines, in addition to
effect of loading two stubs of stepped impedance around center of midline microstrip with impedance line
55.36 Ω of parallel coupled. The proposed filter produces high selectivity from passband to stopband
transition equals to 307.5 dB/GHz and an excellent wide stopband performance extend from 1.22 GHz to
5 GHz (harmonics repression till for 5 ƒ0); all are bellow -20 dB excepting one transmission zero of -19 dB,
that can be eliminate the harmonic superior frequencies without using any external Bandstop filter.
Also, enhancement low bandpass insertion loss level, where it reaches 0.25 dB at fundamental centered
frequency (ƒ0 = 0.96 GHz) with 21% bandwidth. The proposed filter is designed and simulated with
computer aided of Ansoft HFSS software package which ordinarily used in microwave application.
Compact Power Divider Integrated with Coupler and Microstrip Cavity Filter fo...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper present the compact power divider integrated with coupler and microstrip cavity filter
for x-band surveillance radar system. These modules consist of several devices (splitter, filter and coupler)
it is integrated in a single module aims to reduce the loss in the joint connectors. The bandpass filter is use
microstrip cavity filter for operating on X-Band Frequency and deployed on RT/duroid 5880. The power
divider and coupler is designed using quarter wavelength transformer. A theoretical analytical circuit model
will be presented, from the theoretical model; a compact integrated module will be designed and simulated.
The proposed compact integrated module is small in dimension and performs a compact size. The
compact integrated devices design on X-Band frequency is simulated and the result is presented.
A novel miniature coplanar band-pass filter for ISM applicationsjournalBEEI
This paper presents a novel approach to design a compact miniature coplanar band-pass filter by using rectangular split ring resonator. This proposed circuit is designed for the Industrial, Scientific and, Medical (ISM) frequency band applications at 2.4 GHz. At the first stage, a metamaterial resonator is designed and simulated in a TEM waveguide to verifiy its electromagnetic proprieties around the desired frequency bands. At the second stage, a band pass filter is designed using the proposed metamaterial resonator. Many parametric studies are realized to investigate the effect and influence of some resonator parameters on the proposed BPF performances. ADS Agilent and CST-MWS solvers are used in order to verify the simulated results. The circuit frequency responses show an excellent insertion loss and good return loss in the passband.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Bandpass Filter in S-Band by D.C.Vaghela,LJIET,Ahmedabad,Gujarat.Dipak Vaghela
This paper is to design bandpass filter suitable with center at 2.5 GHz. This application is in the S band range at
2.5 GHz center frequency currently being used for Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) receiver. The filter
covers the centre frequency 2.5 GHz and the bandwidth is 80 MHz. This project was initiated with theoretical understanding
of various types of filter and their applications. And suitable type was selected. It functions to pass through the desired
frequencies within the range and block unwanted frequencies. In addition, filters are also needed to remove out harmonics
that are present in the communication system. It was design and simulated using ADS (Advanced Design System) software
Inter-connected coupled lines resonator topology for bandpass filter applicat...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an inter-connected side-shorted coupled-line resonator topology as a base cell. The base cell is built from two single-shorted quarter-wavelength coupled-line sections, connected in series to give a halfwavelength coupled-line that creates a single resonance of bandpass filter response. Higher-order bandpass filter is produced by adding new singleshorted coupled-line sections, cascaded in an inter-connected manner to the base cell. This new topology creates a unique arrangement that caused cross coupling effects between the resonators, resulting to the occurrence of transmission zeros that lead to the improvement of selectivity of the higher order bandpass filter response. For validation of concept, 2 nd order bandpass filters were fabricated using microstrip technology on Roger 3210 substrate with parameter of Ɛr=10.2, h=1.27 mm and tan δ=3x10-3. The filters were measured and the results show good agreement with simulation results. and 3 rd
In this research paper, substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) was proposed as a technique by
realizing bilateral edge walls to produce a compact 5G beam-steering antenna at 24 GHz. The beam
forming network is produced using SIW directional coupler perform as 2×2 Butler Matrix (BM) fed with SIW
slotted waveguide antenna array. The output signal is steered from -29 degrees and +29 degrees when
the signal is fed to the respective input ports. If one of the input ports is fed, the signal is evenly distributed
between the adjacent output ports with 90 degree constant phase shift. The compact size of directional
coupler was designed by longitude slots on the surface of SIW substrate with bandwith of 16.85% at the
operating frequency. The proposed antenna produce gain of 6.34 dB at operating frequency and the
promising outcome of the beam steering make proposed design suitable for 5G communications especially
with tracking capabilities.
Design of Compact Monopole Antenna using Double U-DMS Resonators for WLAN, LT...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this research, a novel wide-band microstrip antenna for wideband applications is proposed.
The proposed antenna consists of a square radiating patch and a partial ground plane with a smal
rectangular notch-shape. Two symmetrical U-slots are etched in radiating patch. The defected microstrip
U-shapes and the small notch improve the antenna characterestics such impedance wideband and the
gain along the transmission area. The proposed antenna is simulated on an FR4 substrate of a dielectric
constant of 4.3, thickness 1.6 mm, permittivity 4.4, and loss tangent 0.018. The simulation and optimization
results are carried out using CST software.The antenna topology occupies an area of 30 × 40 × 0.8 mm3
or about 0.629λg × 0.839λg × 0.017λg at 3 GHz (the centerresonance frequency). The antenna covers the
range of 2.1711 to 4.0531 GHz, which meet the requirements of the wireless local area network (WLAN),
worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and LTE (Long Term Evolution) band
applications. Good VSWR, return loss and radiation pattern characteristics are obtained in the frequency
band of interest. The obtained Simulation results for this antenna depict that it exhibits good radiation
behavior within the transmission frequency range.
Non-radiative wireless energy transfer with single layer dual-band printed sp...journalBEEI
Accomplishing equilibrium in terms of transfer efficiency for dual-band wireless energy transfer (WET) system remains as one of key concerns particularly in the implementation of a single transmitter device which supports simultaneous energy and data transfer functionality. Three stages of design method are discussed in addressing the aforementioned concern. A single layer dual-band printed spiral resonator for non-radiative wireless energy transfer operating at 6.78 MHz and 13.56 MHz is presented. By employing multi-coil approach, measured power transfer efficiency for a symmetrical link separated at axial distance of 30 mm are 72.34% and 74.02% at the respective frequency bands. When operating distance is varied between 30 mm to 38 mm, consistency of simulated peak transfer efficiency above 50% is achievable.
Design and optimization of a new compact 2.4 GHz-bandpass filter using DGS te...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The objective of this work is the study, the design and the optimization of an innovative structure of a network of coupled copper metal lines deposited on the upper surface of a R04003 type substrate of height 0.813 with a ground deformed by slots (DGS). This structure is designed in an optimal configuration for use in the design of narrowband bandpass filter for wireless communication systems (WLAN), the aim of use the defected ground structure is to remove the unwanted harmonics in the rejection band, the simulation results obtained from this structure using CST software show a very high selectivity of the designed filter, a very low level of losses (less than-0.45 dB) with a size overall size of 43.5x34.3 mm.
PLANAR ACS FED DUAL BAND ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONSjantjournal
A novel Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) suitable for dual application is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) based mentor graphics IE3D electromagnetic solver has been used for this design. Dual band operation has been obtained by modifying the ground plane of the proposed design with spur-slots. It has been fabricated and tested with the overall size of 21x15x1.6 mm3. The measured results indicate that the proposed antenna yields <-10dB impedance bandwidth of 13.13% and 9.86% which meets the requirement of 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World Wide Interoperability Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The approximate lumped equivalent circuit extraction for the proposed DGS fed dual band antenna has been discussed in detail. Because of its stable radiation patterns with low cross polarization,miniature size, high average antenna gain of 2.5dBi and good electromagnetic characteristics, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for dual mode wireless communication devices.
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
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Design and optimization of microstrip filtering antenna with modified shaped ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents a new compact microstrip filtering antenna with modified shaped slots to improve the impedance bandwidth. The proposed microstrip filtering antenna consists of three parts; the monopole radiating patch antenna, the SIR filter, and the feeding microstrip line. The design structure is achieved on one sided glass epoxy FR-4 substrate with dielectric constant ε_r = 4.4 and thickness of h = 1.6 mm. The design procedures of the proposed filtering antenna starts from the second order Chebyshev low pass filter prototype. The simulation results throughout this article are done by a computer simulation technology (CST) software. The simulated results have been achieved show good performance of S11-parameter and broad side antenna gain on +z-direction. This design has two transmission zeros at 5.4 GHz and 7.7 GHz, and bandwidth (B.W) of about 1.66 GHz so; it is suitable for high speed data communication. This design has good skirt selectivity.
A design of triple band slot loaded circular microstrip antenna for c- and x-...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design and Fabrication of the Novel Miniaturized Microstrip Coupler 3dB Using...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this work, a novel miniaturized compact coupler using the shunt-stubs artificial transimission
lines with high and low impedances is presented. Design of the proposed coupler is accomplished by
modifying the length and impedance of the branch lines in the conventional structure with the planar
resonators in order to achieve branch line coupler with compact size and improvement of the
performances. First part of this work is focusing on the theorical study of the proposed resonators where
the equations are obtained. Secondly, the proposed coupler is designed on FR4 susbtrate, and simulated
by using the EM Solver (ADS from Agilent technologies and CST microwave studio) in order to operate in
the ISM band. The obtained results show good agreement with the simulations and the coupler shows a
good perfo6rmance in the hole bandwidth. The size of the proposed coupler is reduced around 50%
compared to the conventional design. The last part conerns the fabrication and test of the proposed
coupler. The measurement and simulation results are in good agreements.
A new configuration of a printed diplexer designed for DCS and ISM bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This work presents a new study on the design of a microstrip diplexer configuration optimized and validated for ISM and DCS frequency bands. The achieved structure is based on microstrip technology, the goal was to design two printed bandpass filters one for ISM band and the other one for DCS frequency band.The two microstrip filters are associated by using a T-junction which permits to validate a diplexer in the frequency bands DCS-Band receiver [1.74–2 GHz] and ISM-Band transmitter [2.3–2.55 GHz]. The whole size of the final circuit is 130x50 mm2. After the validation of the proposed diplexer into simulation we have fabricated and tested it by using VNA which permits to have a good agremment between simulation and measurements.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design and manufacturing of iris waveguide filters for satellite communicationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
We propose in this paper, two bandpass filters in waveguide technology having rectangular symmetrical discontinuities with a half-radius r, designed and operating respectively in the X-Band (9-11.5) GHz and C-Band (3.5-5.5) GHz. These filters consists of eight irises placed symmetrically respectively on standard rectangular waveguides WR90 and WR229 in which resonant irises are inserted. These irises are used to couple the sections very strongly in this filter, which allows the bandwidth to be increased and the matching to be controlled. The comparison between the numerical and electromagnetic results, which we obtained for the filters, constitutes a means of validation of computer simulation technology (CST) environment and Mician for the design of the other circuit elements in the various frequency bands. We observed excellent consistency between the simulation curves and those of the measurements. The results obtained are promising and pave the way for the use of these structures in the fields of telecommunications.
A CPW-fed Rectangular Patch Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX ApplicationsIDES Editor
This paper presents a CPW fed Rectangular
shaped patch antenna for the frequency 3.42GHz which
falls in WiMAX and 5.25GHz for WLAN applications.
The measured -10dB impedance bandwidth is about
650MHz (2.98GHz-3.63GHz) for WiMAX and 833MHz
(4.95GHz-5.78GHz) for WLAN applications. The effect of
slot width, rectangular patch height, and substrate
dielectric constant have been evaluated. The results of
antenna are simulated by using Zeeland’s MOM based
IE3D tool. Two dimensional radiation patterns with
elevation and azimuth angles, VSWR<2, Return loss of
-24dB and -18dB for WiMAX and WLAN applications,
antenna efficiency about 90%, gain above 3.5dB are
obtained. The compact aperture area of the antenna is
46.2 X 41.66 mm2.
First order parallel coupled BPF with wideband rejection based on SRR and CSRRTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper a new approach for first order Chebyshev parallel coupled Bandpass filter resonant at
1 GHz is presented to obtain better results (wideband rejection, high selectivity and low bandpass insertion
loss) compared to conventional design. The proposed filter (a tri-formation consisting of CSRR, SRR and
stubs of stepped impedance are loaded microstrip resonator) can be configured, by laying split ring
resonator (SRR) and complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) with 50 Ω microstrip lines, in addition to
effect of loading two stubs of stepped impedance around center of midline microstrip with impedance line
55.36 Ω of parallel coupled. The proposed filter produces high selectivity from passband to stopband
transition equals to 307.5 dB/GHz and an excellent wide stopband performance extend from 1.22 GHz to
5 GHz (harmonics repression till for 5 ƒ0); all are bellow -20 dB excepting one transmission zero of -19 dB,
that can be eliminate the harmonic superior frequencies without using any external Bandstop filter.
Also, enhancement low bandpass insertion loss level, where it reaches 0.25 dB at fundamental centered
frequency (ƒ0 = 0.96 GHz) with 21% bandwidth. The proposed filter is designed and simulated with
computer aided of Ansoft HFSS software package which ordinarily used in microwave application.
Compact Power Divider Integrated with Coupler and Microstrip Cavity Filter fo...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper present the compact power divider integrated with coupler and microstrip cavity filter
for x-band surveillance radar system. These modules consist of several devices (splitter, filter and coupler)
it is integrated in a single module aims to reduce the loss in the joint connectors. The bandpass filter is use
microstrip cavity filter for operating on X-Band Frequency and deployed on RT/duroid 5880. The power
divider and coupler is designed using quarter wavelength transformer. A theoretical analytical circuit model
will be presented, from the theoretical model; a compact integrated module will be designed and simulated.
The proposed compact integrated module is small in dimension and performs a compact size. The
compact integrated devices design on X-Band frequency is simulated and the result is presented.
A novel miniature coplanar band-pass filter for ISM applicationsjournalBEEI
This paper presents a novel approach to design a compact miniature coplanar band-pass filter by using rectangular split ring resonator. This proposed circuit is designed for the Industrial, Scientific and, Medical (ISM) frequency band applications at 2.4 GHz. At the first stage, a metamaterial resonator is designed and simulated in a TEM waveguide to verifiy its electromagnetic proprieties around the desired frequency bands. At the second stage, a band pass filter is designed using the proposed metamaterial resonator. Many parametric studies are realized to investigate the effect and influence of some resonator parameters on the proposed BPF performances. ADS Agilent and CST-MWS solvers are used in order to verify the simulated results. The circuit frequency responses show an excellent insertion loss and good return loss in the passband.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Bandpass Filter in S-Band by D.C.Vaghela,LJIET,Ahmedabad,Gujarat.Dipak Vaghela
This paper is to design bandpass filter suitable with center at 2.5 GHz. This application is in the S band range at
2.5 GHz center frequency currently being used for Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) receiver. The filter
covers the centre frequency 2.5 GHz and the bandwidth is 80 MHz. This project was initiated with theoretical understanding
of various types of filter and their applications. And suitable type was selected. It functions to pass through the desired
frequencies within the range and block unwanted frequencies. In addition, filters are also needed to remove out harmonics
that are present in the communication system. It was design and simulated using ADS (Advanced Design System) software
Inter-connected coupled lines resonator topology for bandpass filter applicat...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an inter-connected side-shorted coupled-line resonator topology as a base cell. The base cell is built from two single-shorted quarter-wavelength coupled-line sections, connected in series to give a halfwavelength coupled-line that creates a single resonance of bandpass filter response. Higher-order bandpass filter is produced by adding new singleshorted coupled-line sections, cascaded in an inter-connected manner to the base cell. This new topology creates a unique arrangement that caused cross coupling effects between the resonators, resulting to the occurrence of transmission zeros that lead to the improvement of selectivity of the higher order bandpass filter response. For validation of concept, 2 nd order bandpass filters were fabricated using microstrip technology on Roger 3210 substrate with parameter of Ɛr=10.2, h=1.27 mm and tan δ=3x10-3. The filters were measured and the results show good agreement with simulation results. and 3 rd
In this research paper, substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) was proposed as a technique by
realizing bilateral edge walls to produce a compact 5G beam-steering antenna at 24 GHz. The beam
forming network is produced using SIW directional coupler perform as 2×2 Butler Matrix (BM) fed with SIW
slotted waveguide antenna array. The output signal is steered from -29 degrees and +29 degrees when
the signal is fed to the respective input ports. If one of the input ports is fed, the signal is evenly distributed
between the adjacent output ports with 90 degree constant phase shift. The compact size of directional
coupler was designed by longitude slots on the surface of SIW substrate with bandwith of 16.85% at the
operating frequency. The proposed antenna produce gain of 6.34 dB at operating frequency and the
promising outcome of the beam steering make proposed design suitable for 5G communications especially
with tracking capabilities.
Design of Compact Monopole Antenna using Double U-DMS Resonators for WLAN, LT...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this research, a novel wide-band microstrip antenna for wideband applications is proposed.
The proposed antenna consists of a square radiating patch and a partial ground plane with a smal
rectangular notch-shape. Two symmetrical U-slots are etched in radiating patch. The defected microstrip
U-shapes and the small notch improve the antenna characterestics such impedance wideband and the
gain along the transmission area. The proposed antenna is simulated on an FR4 substrate of a dielectric
constant of 4.3, thickness 1.6 mm, permittivity 4.4, and loss tangent 0.018. The simulation and optimization
results are carried out using CST software.The antenna topology occupies an area of 30 × 40 × 0.8 mm3
or about 0.629λg × 0.839λg × 0.017λg at 3 GHz (the centerresonance frequency). The antenna covers the
range of 2.1711 to 4.0531 GHz, which meet the requirements of the wireless local area network (WLAN),
worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and LTE (Long Term Evolution) band
applications. Good VSWR, return loss and radiation pattern characteristics are obtained in the frequency
band of interest. The obtained Simulation results for this antenna depict that it exhibits good radiation
behavior within the transmission frequency range.
Non-radiative wireless energy transfer with single layer dual-band printed sp...journalBEEI
Accomplishing equilibrium in terms of transfer efficiency for dual-band wireless energy transfer (WET) system remains as one of key concerns particularly in the implementation of a single transmitter device which supports simultaneous energy and data transfer functionality. Three stages of design method are discussed in addressing the aforementioned concern. A single layer dual-band printed spiral resonator for non-radiative wireless energy transfer operating at 6.78 MHz and 13.56 MHz is presented. By employing multi-coil approach, measured power transfer efficiency for a symmetrical link separated at axial distance of 30 mm are 72.34% and 74.02% at the respective frequency bands. When operating distance is varied between 30 mm to 38 mm, consistency of simulated peak transfer efficiency above 50% is achievable.
Design and optimization of a new compact 2.4 GHz-bandpass filter using DGS te...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The objective of this work is the study, the design and the optimization of an innovative structure of a network of coupled copper metal lines deposited on the upper surface of a R04003 type substrate of height 0.813 with a ground deformed by slots (DGS). This structure is designed in an optimal configuration for use in the design of narrowband bandpass filter for wireless communication systems (WLAN), the aim of use the defected ground structure is to remove the unwanted harmonics in the rejection band, the simulation results obtained from this structure using CST software show a very high selectivity of the designed filter, a very low level of losses (less than-0.45 dB) with a size overall size of 43.5x34.3 mm.
PLANAR ACS FED DUAL BAND ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONSjantjournal
A novel Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) suitable for dual application is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) based mentor graphics IE3D electromagnetic solver has been used for this design. Dual band operation has been obtained by modifying the ground plane of the proposed design with spur-slots. It has been fabricated and tested with the overall size of 21x15x1.6 mm3. The measured results indicate that the proposed antenna yields <-10dB impedance bandwidth of 13.13% and 9.86% which meets the requirement of 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World Wide Interoperability Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The approximate lumped equivalent circuit extraction for the proposed DGS fed dual band antenna has been discussed in detail. Because of its stable radiation patterns with low cross polarization,miniature size, high average antenna gain of 2.5dBi and good electromagnetic characteristics, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for dual mode wireless communication devices.
Similar to A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bands (20)
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, snake optimization algorithm (SOA) is used to find the optimal gains of an enhanced controller for controlling congestion problem in computer networks. M-file and Simulink platform is adopted to evaluate the response of the active queue management (AQM) system, a comparison with two classical controllers is done, all tuned gains of controllers are obtained using SOA method and the fitness function chose to monitor the system performance is the integral time absolute error (ITAE). Transient analysis and robust analysis is used to show the proposed controller performance, two robustness tests are applied to the AQM system, one is done by varying the size of queue value in different period and the other test is done by changing the number of transmission control protocol (TCP) sessions with a value of ± 20% from its original value. The simulation results reflect a stable and robust behavior and best performance is appeared clearly to achieve the desired queue size without any noise or any transmission problems.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
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A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bands
1. TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control
Vol. 21, No. 5, October 2023, pp. 990~996
ISSN: 1693-6930, DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v21i5.24825 990
Journal homepage: http://telkomnika.uad.ac.id
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced
rejection bands
Ayyoub El Berbri1
, Hassna Agoumi1
, Seddik Bri2
, Youssef El Amraoui1,3
, Adil Saadi1
1
Modeling, Information Processing and Control Systems (MIPCS), National Graduate School of Arts and Crafts, Moulay Ismail
University, Meknes, Morocco
2
Materials and Instrumentation (MIM), High School of Technology, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
3
Laboratory of Condensed Matter and Indisciplinary Science (LaMCScI), Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
Mexico
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Nov 24, 2022
Revised Mar 31, 2023
Accepted Apr 30, 2023
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter
(DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design
this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with
nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how
impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional
bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72%
and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared
to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the
electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response
and show an improved frequency behavior.
Keywords:
Bandstop filter
Dual-band
Microstrip technology
Nonuniform transmission lines
Wideband This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Ayyoub El Berbri
Modeling, Information Processing and Control Systems (MIPCS)
National Graduate School of Arts and Crafts, Moulay Ismail University
15290 ENSAM, Meknes 50500, Morocco
Email: ayyoub.elberbri@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Bandstop filters are critical components in wireless communication systems to suppress unwanted
signals or interference at specific frequencies [1]-[3]. They play a vital role in mitigating spurious signals and
preventing them from interfering with the desired communication signals. Dual-band bandstop filters
(DBBSFs) are a specific type of bandstop filter that have the unique ability to suppress signals at two distinct
frequency bands simultaneously. These filters are particularly useful in scenarios where high-power
amplifiers and mixers generate unwanted double-sideband spectrum [4]. By using a single DBBSF, it is
possible to effectively suppress the unwanted frequencies in both bands, simplifying the filtering process and
reducing the size and cost of the overall component.
There are several designs and methodologies that have been proposed to realize a DBBSF [4]-[13].
In Uchida et al. [4], a two-step frequency-variable transformation is applied to the low-pass prototype in order to
have the dual-band performance. DBBSFs can also be designed by replacing the microstrip lines of conventional
bandstop filters with composite right/left-handed metamaterial transmission lines [5]. Feng et al. [10], used
open/shorted coupled lines for dual-band operation. Chin et al. [14], [15] used the stepped-impedance
resonators (SIRs) to construct a compact DBBSF [16]. However, none of these circuits could combine a good
compact size and wide dual stop bands. In Hammed and Abdulljabar [17], use “stepped impedance loaded
resonator” to create a compact “dual-band BSF” utilizing “multilayer technology”; the produced filter circuit
2. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bands (Ayyoub El Berbri)
991
area is quite small, although fabrication is a little complex, more expensive to produce than single-layer
DBBSFs, and time-consuming. To create a compact multiple bandstop filter, an electrical combination of
defected microstrip structure (DMS) and connected dual-mode resonators is used in [18]; however, its
frequency response shows narrow rejection bands.
In this work, we present a new compact single-layer dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) with wide
rejection bands, using nonuniform transmission lines (NUTLs). The method used in this letter to design this
DBBSF, is based on replacing conventional uniform transmission lines (UTLs) of the DBBSF in [14] with
nouniform transmission lines (NUTLs) governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how the impedances
are profiled in the proposed filter structure, the FBWs of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to
39.72% and 52.63% respectively. The obtained theoretical response is supported by full-wave electromagnetic
simulations.
2. TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY-BASED ANALYSIS
By replacing the UTLs of the second-order DBBSF shown in Figure 1(a) [14] with optimized NUTLs,
the proposed DBBSF is created (Figure 1(b)). This new filter has seven variable-impedance lines that are
characterized by the nonuniform impedances 𝑍𝑘=(1,2,3,4)(𝑥) and the lengths 𝑑𝑘=(1,2,3,4). The mathematical
formulations of these impedances are established following the outline described in the rest of this section.
(a) (b)
Figure 1. Geometry of the DBBSF with SIRs using: (a) UTLs and (b) NUTLs
At first, each NUTL is subdivided into 𝑀 uniform electrically-short portions with lengths of
𝛥𝑥𝑘=(1,2,3,4) = 𝑑𝑘=(1,2,3,4)/𝑀. Then, at each frequency 𝑓𝑠 of the bands [𝑓𝑙1, 𝑓ℎ1] and [𝑓𝑙2, 𝑓ℎ2] (where 𝑓𝑙1, 𝑓ℎ1, 𝑓𝑙2
and 𝑓ℎ2 are the extremities of the two rejection bands where the filter is designed to operate), the ABCD matrice of
the 𝑘-th NUTL is determined by multiplying successively the ABCD matrices of its 𝑀 uniform portions:
[𝐴𝐵; 𝐶𝐷]𝑧𝑘(𝑥) = ∏ [𝐴𝐵; 𝐶𝐷]𝑝
𝑀
𝑝=1 (1)
While the ABCD matrix of each portion p can be computed by [19]:
(
𝐴 𝐵
𝐶 𝐷
)
𝑝
= (
𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝛥𝜃𝑝𝑘) 𝑗𝑍𝑘(𝑥𝑝) 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝛥𝜃𝑝𝑘)
𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛥𝜃𝑝𝑘)
𝑍𝑘(𝑥𝑝)
𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝛥𝜃𝑝𝑘)
) (2)
Where 𝑥𝑝 = (𝑝 −
1
2
)𝛥𝑥𝑘 represents the center of each portion 𝑝, 𝜀𝑝𝑒𝑓𝑓 the effective dielectric constant of
each portion p (which is determined using the approximate design formulas of the microstrip line [20]), and
𝛥𝜃𝑝𝑘 the electrical length of the portion 𝑝 of the 𝑘-th line:
𝛥𝜃𝑝𝑘 =
2𝜋
𝜆
𝛥𝑥𝑘 =
2𝜋
𝑐
𝑓𝑠√𝜀𝑝𝑒𝑓𝑓𝛥𝑥𝑘 (3)
In which, 𝑐 is the speed of the light.
To optimally design the proposed DBBSF, a truncated Fourier series extension for the impedances
of the filter lines is used [21]-[26]:
𝑍𝑘=(1,2,3,4)(𝑥) = 𝑍0𝑘 𝑒𝑥𝑝 [𝑐0 + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠(
2𝜋𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑘
) + 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛(
2𝜋𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑘
))
𝑁
𝑛=1 ] (4)
Where 𝑍0𝑘, is a predefined reference impedance.
3. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 21, No. 5, October 2023: 990-996
992
The above-defined impedances 𝑍𝑘=(1,2,3,4)
(𝑥) should be constricted by the fabrication tolerances
and matching conditions, at the two end terminations of the NUTLs [21]-[27]:
𝑍𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑍𝑘(𝑥) ≤ 𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 (5)
𝑍𝑘(0) = 𝑍𝑘(𝑑𝑘) = 𝑍0𝑘 (6)
Where 𝑍𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 in (5) are the minimum and maximum impedances values, respectively, that bound the
nonuniform impedances 𝑍𝑘=(1,2,3,4)
(𝑥) in order to guarantee that the manufacturing limits are not exceeded.
While the constraint in (6), ensures that both terminations of the NUTLs are equal and matched to Z0k, which
is achieved by verifying [21]-[26]:
𝑐0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛
𝑁
𝑛=1 = 0 (7)
Next, the ABCD matrix of the nonuniform lines 1 and 2 in cascade, can be determined by:
(
𝐴 𝐵
𝐶 𝐷
)
𝐶𝑎_12
= (
𝐴 𝐵
𝐶 𝐷
)
𝑧1(𝑥)
(
𝐴 𝐵
𝐶 𝐷
)
𝑧2(𝑥)
(8)
In which, once calculated, the ABCD matrix of the open-circuited stub (composed of the lines 1 and 2 in cascade)
is calculated by [19]:
(
𝐴 𝐵
𝐶 𝐷
)
𝑆𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑂_12
= (
1 0
1
𝑍𝑆𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑂_12
1) (9)
Where 𝑍𝑆𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑂_12 = 𝐴𝐶𝑎_12/𝐶𝐶𝑎_12 is the input impedance of the open-circuited stub. Then, the global ABCD
matrix of the proposed filter structure is expressed by:
(
𝐴 𝐵
𝐶 𝐷
)
𝐺
= (
𝐴 𝐵
𝐶 𝐷
)
𝑧4(𝑥)
(
𝐴 𝐵
𝐶 𝐷
)
𝑆𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑂_12
(
𝐴 𝐵
𝐶 𝐷
)
𝑧3(𝑥)
(
𝐴 𝐵
𝐶 𝐷
)
𝑆𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑂_12
(
𝐴 𝐵
𝐶 𝐷
)
𝑧4(𝑥)
(10)
The resulting global ABCD matrix is used to express the reflection coefficients (𝑆11) and the
transmission coefficients (𝑆21) of the proposed DBBSF, at each frequency 𝑓𝑠, which are [19]:
𝑆11 =
𝐴+𝐵/𝑍0−𝐶𝑍0−𝐷
𝐴+𝐵/𝑍0+𝐶𝑍0+𝐷
(11)
𝑆21 =
2
𝐴+𝐵/𝑍0+𝐶𝑍0+𝐷
(12)
Where 𝑍0 = 50 𝛺 is the ports impedance. The error function is set so that the DBBSF has a response that
matches the design specifications in the two stop bands:
𝐸 = {
√(|𝑆11| − 1) + |𝑆21|2 for f𝑙1 ≤ 𝑓𝑠 ≤ 𝑓ℎ1
√|𝑆11|2 + (|𝑆21| − 1)2 for f𝑝𝑙 ≤ 𝑓𝑠 ≤ 𝑓𝑝ℎ
√(|𝑆11| − 1) + |𝑆21|2 for f𝑙2 ≤ 𝑓𝑠 ≤ 𝑓ℎ2
(13)
Where 𝑓𝑝𝑙 and 𝑓𝑝ℎ are the passband extremities of the DBBSF.
After calculating the above error vector, the optimum values of the coefficient 𝑐0, 𝑎𝑛, and 𝑏𝑛 in (4)
will be acquired by minimizing the following objective function:
𝑂𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 =
1
𝐹𝑓
√∑ 𝐸(𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐹𝑓
𝑖=0
+ 𝑖∆𝑓) (14)
Where 𝐹𝑓 = (𝑓ℎ2– 𝑓𝑙1)/(𝛥𝑓 + 1) is the number of frequency points and 𝛥𝑓 is the frequency step.
4. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bands (Ayyoub El Berbri)
993
3. RESULTS OF THE THEORETICAL MODEL
In a dual-band bandstop filter is designed, using NUTLs, on a FR-4 substrate with 𝜀𝑟 = 4.3 and
a thickness of 1.524 mm. This filter is aimed to provide stop-band performances at the frequencies 𝑓1 = 1.5 GHz
and 𝑓2 = 3.15 GHz. In order to reduce the size of the filter structure, the lengths of the nonuniform lines take the
values 𝑑1 = 16.54 mm, 𝑑2 = 18.34 mm, 𝑑3 = 14.04 mm, and 𝑑4 = 6.9 mm. The reference impedances required
in (4) are fixed as: 𝑍01 = 49.05 Ω, 𝑍02 = 120 Ω, and 𝑍03 = 𝑍04 = 50 Ω; while the minimum and maximum
impedance values that restrict the varying-impedances 𝑍𝑘=(1,2,3,4)(𝑥) are chosen as 20 Ω and 121 Ω,
respectively. To achieve an efficient and fast optimization process at the same time, the numbers of the uniform
portions 𝑀 and the terms of the truncated Fourier series 𝑁 in (4) are chosen to take the values 25 and 5,
respectively.
Figure 2(a) presents the obtained impedance profiles of the DBBSF, after optimizing the coefficient
𝑐0, 𝑎𝑛, and 𝑏𝑛 in (4). We notice that all the nonuniform impedance profiles are bounded by the previously
defined impedances interval (20 Ω, 121 Ω), and all the optimized lines have 𝑍𝑘(0) = 𝑍𝑘(𝑑𝑘) = 𝑍0𝑘.
Figure 2(b) contains the widths of the optimized nonuniform lines, they are calculated using the microstrip
transmission line theory [20].
(a) (b)
Figure 2. Impedances and widths variations as a function of normalize: (a) impedances and (b) widths
Figure 3. Analytical response of the proposed DBBSF
Figure 3 shows the resulting analytical S-parameters of the filter as a function of frequency. We note
that the analytical model of the proposed filter has excellent rejection levels on the two frequencies 1.49 GHz
and 3.3 GHz (𝑆21 < −129 dB at 1.49 GHz; 𝑆21 < −161 dB at 3.3 GHz). Since the analytical model has
been built based on the transmission line theory, these results need to be verified with an EM simulation.
4. ELECTROMAGNETIC SIMULATION
The final geometry of the proposed DBBSF, based on the optimized widths shown in Figure 2(b),
is illustrated in Figure 4 with a three-dimensional view. Figure 5 presents the results of the EM simulation of
the proposed DBBSF as a function of frequency (GHz), we note that the two 10 dB stop bands
([1.23 GHz − 1.84 GHz] / [2.52 GHz − 4.32 GHz]) have higher rejection levels (greater than 38 dB) at 1.46 GHz
and 3.16 GHz, respectively.
5. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 21, No. 5, October 2023: 990-996
994
Figure 4. Three-dimensional view of the proposed DBBSF
Figure 5. EM simulation results of the proposed DBBSF
Table 1 illustrates the performances of some reported dual-band bandstop filters [10], [14], [15].
The FBWs of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively.
In addition, the physical size of the structure of the new filter is only 27.85×36.57 mm2
, corresponding to a
size reduction of 1.35% and 15.1% compared to [14] and [15], respectively. We can see that the proposed
filter offers a very good trade-off between the electrical characteristics and the physical size compared to
other reported efforts.
Table 1. Comparison between the performances of some DBBSF
Ref. Central frequency (GHz) Fractional bandwidth (FBW) of the 10-dB stop-bands (%) Size (mm2)
[14] 1.57/3.16 35.83/17 28×36.87 †
[15] 1.495/3.11 33.91/16.30 33.38×35.94
[10] 1.5/2.4 16.86/10.82 39.7×18.26 §
This work 1.46/3.16 39.72/52.63 27.85×36.57
Where: †: the size of the filter in [14] is calculated without folding the SIRs stubs, §: the feedlines are not
included in the calculation of the size of this filter [10].
5. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have explored the use of nonuniform transmission lines in the design of a compact
dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF). The principle consisted in replacing the conventional transmission lines,
used in the DBBSFs with stepped-impedance resonators (SIRs), by nonuniform lines. The straightforward
methodology used allows complete control of the center frequencies and the bandwidths of the designed
DBBSFs; this is possible by integrating the suitable design specifications in the algorithm of the optimization
during the transmission line theory-based analysis. The impedance variation using the truncated Fourier
series leads to a controllable nonuniform width profile; thus, the proposed filter frequency behavior is
improved (FBWs of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72 % and 52.63 %, respectively)
and its size has been reduced.
6. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bands (Ayyoub El Berbri)
995
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7. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 21, No. 5, October 2023: 990-996
996
BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Ayyoub El Berbri received the Bachelor’s degree in physics from Moulay Ismail
University, Meknes, Morocco, in 2014, and the master’s degree in electronics and
telecommunications from Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tétouan, Morocco, in 2016. He
optioned a Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Moulay Ismail University, Meknes,
Morocco, in 2022. His research interests include microwave circuits design and optimization.
He can be contacted at email: ayyoub.elberbri@gmail.com.
Hassna Agoumi currently, she is a Ph.D student in electrical engineering in
Moulay Ismail University, Meknes. She received the master’s degree in telecommunications
and microwave devices from Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University,Fes, Morocco, in 2011
and the bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from Moulay Ismail University, Meknes,
Morocco, in 2009. She can be contacted at email: hassnaagoumi1987@gmail.com.
Seddik Bri is a Professor in Electrical Engenrring Department, responsible of
Material and Instrumenations group in High Scool of Technology, Moulay Ismail University,
Meknes-Morocco. His recharch interested in commincations systems. He can be contacted at
email: briseddik@gmail.com.
Youssef El Amraoui received a bachelor’s and a master’s degree in physics from
Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco, in 1989 and 1990, respectively. He optioned a
Ph.D. degree in Physics from Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco, in 1998. He is
currently a professor at Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco. His research areas of focus
include the theoretical study of phase transitions in disordered systems. He can be contacted at
email: yelamraoui@hotmail.com.
Adil Saadi currently a professor at Moulay Ismail University, Meknes Morocco.
He was born in Morocco in 1970 and received a Ph.D. from Ibnou Tofail University, Kenitra,
Morocco, in 2003. His work is interested in microwave biomedical applications such as
hyperthermia and cancer detection, now he develops microwave components with TSM for
industrial microwave applications. He can be contacted at email: rayhan_achraf@yahoo.fr.