The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Performance enhancement of maximum ratio transmission in 5G system with multi...IJECEIAES
The downlink multi-user precoding of the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) method includes optimal channel state information at the base station and a variety of linear precoding (LP) schemes. Maximum ratio transmission (MRT) is among the common precoding schemes but does not provide good performance with massive MIMO, such as high bit error rate (BER) and low throughput. The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and precoding schemes used in 5G have a flaw in high-speed environments. Given that the Doppler effect induces frequency changes, orthogonality between OFDM subcarriers is disrupted and their throughput output is decreased and BER is decreased. This study focuses on solving this problem by improving the performance of a 5G system with MRT, specifically by using a new design that includes weighted overlap and add (WOLA) with MRT. The current research also compares the standard system MRT with OFDM with the proposed design (WOLA-MRT) to find the best performance on throughput and BER. Improved system results show outstanding performance enhancement over a standard system, and numerous improvements with massive MIMO, such as best BER and throughput. Its approximately 60% more throughput than the traditional systems. Lastly, the proposed system improves BER by approximately 2% compared with the traditional system.
Index modulation is one of the promising techniques for future communications systems due to many improvement over the classical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems such as single RF chain, increased throughput for the same modulation order, achieved tradeoff between the efficiencies of the power and the spectral, and elimination of inter-channel interference. Many forms of index modulation researches exist where symbols are conveyed in antennas, subcarriers, time slots, and the space-time matrix. Spatial modulation is one member of index modulation family where symbols are conveyed in activating transmit/receive antennas. In this paper, a modification to a standard multiple input single output scheme by integrating spatial modulation using simplified mathematical procedure is achieved. In the transmitter side, data and activation symbols are distributed simultaneously using mathematical module and floor functions. At the receiver, a simplified maximum likelihood detector is used to obtain transmitted pair of symbols. To verify this, MATLAB simulink is used to simulate a downlink system where spatial modulation is applied to a base station. Results for different transmit antenna number and modulation order are obtained in the form of bit error rate versus signal to noise ratio.
MOBILITY AND ROUTING BASED CHANNEL ESTIMATION FOR HYBRID MILLIMETER-WAVE MIMO...IJCNCJournal
Recently, technological developments have enhanced, the use of Millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system in various communication applications and wireless sensor networks as channel estimation efficiency can be immensely improved with the help of this technological developments in Millimeter-wave MIMO system and wireless sensor network as well. Moreover, they can improve quality of communication services to a great extent. However, cell interference in Millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) MIMO system can produce a massive impact on spectral efficiency. Therefore, a Routing Enabled Channel Estimation (RECE) technique is presented in this article to minimize interference between cells. The proposed Channel Estimation technique improves channel capacity as well as spectral efficiency. Moreover, Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE) is minimized heavily using proposed RECE technique. Here, main aim of this article is to reduce cell interference and channel estimation inside a cell by using route selection, beam selection, and spatial frequency estimation. Here, different scenarios and parameters are considered to evaluate performance efficiency of proposed RECE technique in terms of spectral efficiency, NMSE and SNR and compared against varied traditional channel estimation techniques. Moreover, it is clearly evident from performance results that the proposed channel estimation technique performs better than the other two methods.
Mobility and Routing based Channel Estimation for Hybrid Millimeter-Wave MIMO...IJCNCJournal
Recently, technological developments have enhanced, the use of Millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system in various communication applications and wireless sensor networks as channel estimation efficiency can be immensely improved with the help of this technological developments in Millimeter-wave MIMO system and wireless sensor network as well. Moreover, they can improve quality of communication services to a great extent. However, cell interference in Millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) MIMO system can produce a massive impact on spectral efficiency. Therefore, a Routing Enabled Channel Estimation (RECE) technique is presented in this article to minimize interference between cells. The proposed Channel Estimation technique improves channel capacity as well as spectral efficiency. Moreover, Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE) is minimized heavily using proposed RECE technique. Here, main aim of this article is to reduce cell interference and channel estimation inside a cell by using route selection, beam selection, and spatial frequency estimation. Here, different scenarios and parameters are considered to evaluate performance efficiency of proposed RECE technique in terms of spectral efficiency, NMSE and SNR and compared against varied traditional channel estimation techniques. Moreover, it is clearly evident from performance results that the proposed channel estimation technique performs better than the other two methods.
Abstract –The energy efficiency has become more important in MIMO wireless communication system in recent days. The antennas at each end of the communications circuit are combined to minimize errors and optimize data speed. In Multiple Input Multiple Output Time Division Duplexing (MIMO TDD), by assuming reciprocity property the downlink transmission is based on uplink channel estimation. When more uplink pilot power ensures more accurate channel estimation and better downlink performance, it achieves higher energy consumption of mobile users. Link adaptation scheme uses different modulation schemes for different communication link quality. From the result of MIMO TDD, it ensures high Bit Error Rate.MIMO schemes are usually incorporated intoOFDM systems. The spatial and frequencyresource can be jointly allocated to improve EE.However, the complexity of the joint design may be prohibitive. This system is effective, in addition to that it also needs simple algorithms like energy efficiency optimization power allocation (EEOPA) algorithm of multiuser multiple input and multiple output (MU-MIMO) systems in order to obtain a trade-offbetween complexity and performance.
Evolution of millimeter-wave communications toward next generation in wireles...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Next generation in wireless communication systems being deployed in the world, 5G/6G
mobile and wireless communication technologies has been widely studied. This work clarifies that
Millimeter-Wave (mm-Wave) is in its early stages and will be driven by consumers who keep on desire
higher information rates for the consumption of media. Millimeter-Wave innovation represents for next
generation cellular technology and includes a wide range of advanced features which make next
innovation most dominant technology in near future, these abilities incorporate high achievable information
rates in addition to lower delays and constant connectivity on wireless devices.
Performance enhancement of maximum ratio transmission in 5G system with multi...IJECEIAES
The downlink multi-user precoding of the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) method includes optimal channel state information at the base station and a variety of linear precoding (LP) schemes. Maximum ratio transmission (MRT) is among the common precoding schemes but does not provide good performance with massive MIMO, such as high bit error rate (BER) and low throughput. The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and precoding schemes used in 5G have a flaw in high-speed environments. Given that the Doppler effect induces frequency changes, orthogonality between OFDM subcarriers is disrupted and their throughput output is decreased and BER is decreased. This study focuses on solving this problem by improving the performance of a 5G system with MRT, specifically by using a new design that includes weighted overlap and add (WOLA) with MRT. The current research also compares the standard system MRT with OFDM with the proposed design (WOLA-MRT) to find the best performance on throughput and BER. Improved system results show outstanding performance enhancement over a standard system, and numerous improvements with massive MIMO, such as best BER and throughput. Its approximately 60% more throughput than the traditional systems. Lastly, the proposed system improves BER by approximately 2% compared with the traditional system.
Index modulation is one of the promising techniques for future communications systems due to many improvement over the classical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems such as single RF chain, increased throughput for the same modulation order, achieved tradeoff between the efficiencies of the power and the spectral, and elimination of inter-channel interference. Many forms of index modulation researches exist where symbols are conveyed in antennas, subcarriers, time slots, and the space-time matrix. Spatial modulation is one member of index modulation family where symbols are conveyed in activating transmit/receive antennas. In this paper, a modification to a standard multiple input single output scheme by integrating spatial modulation using simplified mathematical procedure is achieved. In the transmitter side, data and activation symbols are distributed simultaneously using mathematical module and floor functions. At the receiver, a simplified maximum likelihood detector is used to obtain transmitted pair of symbols. To verify this, MATLAB simulink is used to simulate a downlink system where spatial modulation is applied to a base station. Results for different transmit antenna number and modulation order are obtained in the form of bit error rate versus signal to noise ratio.
MOBILITY AND ROUTING BASED CHANNEL ESTIMATION FOR HYBRID MILLIMETER-WAVE MIMO...IJCNCJournal
Recently, technological developments have enhanced, the use of Millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system in various communication applications and wireless sensor networks as channel estimation efficiency can be immensely improved with the help of this technological developments in Millimeter-wave MIMO system and wireless sensor network as well. Moreover, they can improve quality of communication services to a great extent. However, cell interference in Millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) MIMO system can produce a massive impact on spectral efficiency. Therefore, a Routing Enabled Channel Estimation (RECE) technique is presented in this article to minimize interference between cells. The proposed Channel Estimation technique improves channel capacity as well as spectral efficiency. Moreover, Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE) is minimized heavily using proposed RECE technique. Here, main aim of this article is to reduce cell interference and channel estimation inside a cell by using route selection, beam selection, and spatial frequency estimation. Here, different scenarios and parameters are considered to evaluate performance efficiency of proposed RECE technique in terms of spectral efficiency, NMSE and SNR and compared against varied traditional channel estimation techniques. Moreover, it is clearly evident from performance results that the proposed channel estimation technique performs better than the other two methods.
Mobility and Routing based Channel Estimation for Hybrid Millimeter-Wave MIMO...IJCNCJournal
Recently, technological developments have enhanced, the use of Millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system in various communication applications and wireless sensor networks as channel estimation efficiency can be immensely improved with the help of this technological developments in Millimeter-wave MIMO system and wireless sensor network as well. Moreover, they can improve quality of communication services to a great extent. However, cell interference in Millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) MIMO system can produce a massive impact on spectral efficiency. Therefore, a Routing Enabled Channel Estimation (RECE) technique is presented in this article to minimize interference between cells. The proposed Channel Estimation technique improves channel capacity as well as spectral efficiency. Moreover, Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE) is minimized heavily using proposed RECE technique. Here, main aim of this article is to reduce cell interference and channel estimation inside a cell by using route selection, beam selection, and spatial frequency estimation. Here, different scenarios and parameters are considered to evaluate performance efficiency of proposed RECE technique in terms of spectral efficiency, NMSE and SNR and compared against varied traditional channel estimation techniques. Moreover, it is clearly evident from performance results that the proposed channel estimation technique performs better than the other two methods.
Abstract –The energy efficiency has become more important in MIMO wireless communication system in recent days. The antennas at each end of the communications circuit are combined to minimize errors and optimize data speed. In Multiple Input Multiple Output Time Division Duplexing (MIMO TDD), by assuming reciprocity property the downlink transmission is based on uplink channel estimation. When more uplink pilot power ensures more accurate channel estimation and better downlink performance, it achieves higher energy consumption of mobile users. Link adaptation scheme uses different modulation schemes for different communication link quality. From the result of MIMO TDD, it ensures high Bit Error Rate.MIMO schemes are usually incorporated intoOFDM systems. The spatial and frequencyresource can be jointly allocated to improve EE.However, the complexity of the joint design may be prohibitive. This system is effective, in addition to that it also needs simple algorithms like energy efficiency optimization power allocation (EEOPA) algorithm of multiuser multiple input and multiple output (MU-MIMO) systems in order to obtain a trade-offbetween complexity and performance.
Evolution of millimeter-wave communications toward next generation in wireles...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Next generation in wireless communication systems being deployed in the world, 5G/6G
mobile and wireless communication technologies has been widely studied. This work clarifies that
Millimeter-Wave (mm-Wave) is in its early stages and will be driven by consumers who keep on desire
higher information rates for the consumption of media. Millimeter-Wave innovation represents for next
generation cellular technology and includes a wide range of advanced features which make next
innovation most dominant technology in near future, these abilities incorporate high achievable information
rates in addition to lower delays and constant connectivity on wireless devices.
Performance analysis of negative group delay network using MIMO techniqueTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study introduces comparative consequences that determine the bit error rate enhancements, resultant from adopting a proposed MIMO wireless model in this study. The antenna configurations for this model uses new small microstrip slotted patch antenna with multiple frequency bands at strategic operating frequencies of 2.4, 4.4, and 5.55 respectively. The S11 response of the proposed antenna for IEEE802.11 MIMO wireless network has been highly appropriate to be adopted with MIMO antenna system. The negative group delay (NGD) response is the most significant feature for projected MIMO antenna. The NGD stands for a counterintuitive singularity that interacts time advancement with wave propagation. These improvements are employed for increasing a reliability of instantly conveyed data streams, enhance the capacity of the wireless configuration and decrease the bit error rate (BER) of adopted wireless system. In addition to antenna scattering response, the enhancements have been analysed in term of BER for different MIMO topologies.
Multicarrier modulation can be implemented by using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) to achieve utmost bandwidth exploitation and soaring alleviation attributes profile besides multipath fading. To support delay sensitive and band bandwidth demanding multimedia applications and internet services, MIMO in addition with other techniques can be used to achieve high capacity and reliability. To obtain high spatial rate by transmitting data on several antennas by using MIMO with OFDM results in reducing error recovery features and the equalization complexities arise by sending data on varying frequency levels. Three parameters frequency OFDM, Spatial (MIMO) and time (STC) can be used to achieve diversity in MIMO-OFDM. This technique is dynamic and well-known for services of wireless broadband access. MIMO if used with OFDM is highly beneficial for each scheme and provides high throughput. There are several space time block codes to exploit MIMO OFDM; one of the techniques is called Alamouti Codes. The paper investigates adaptive Alamouti Codes and their application in IEEE 802.11n.
A Potent MIMO–OFDM System Designed for Optimum BER and its Performance Anal...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Potent MIMO–OFDM System Designed for Optimum BER and its Performance Anal...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Spectrum sharing paradigm (SSP) has recently emerged as an attractive solution to provide capital expenditure (CapEx) and operating expenditure (OpEx) savings and to enhance spectrum utilization (SU). However, practical issues concerning the implementation of such paradigm are rarely addressed (e.g., mutual interference, fairness, and mmWave base station density). Therefore, in this paper, we proposed ultra-reliable and proportionally fair hybrid spectrum sharing access strategy that aims to address the aforementioned aspects as a function of coverage probability (CP), average rate distributions (ARD), and the number of mmWave base stations (mBSs). In this strategy, the spectrum is sliced into three parts (exclusive, semi-pooled, and fully pooled). A typical user that belongs to certain operator has the right to occupy a part of the spectrum available in the high and low frequencies (28 and 73 GHz) based on an adaptive multi-state mmWave cell selection scheme (AMMC-S) which associates the user with the tagged mBS that offers a highest SINR to maintain more reliable connection and enrich the user experience. Numerical results show that significant improvement in terms of ARD, CP, fairness among operators, and maintain an acceptable level of mBSs density.
Energy Efficiency of MIMO-OFDM Communication SystemIJERA Editor
With the ever increasing number of subscribers and their seemingly “greedy” demands for high-data-rate services, the next generation networks will have to provide global connectivity to ensure success. So the combination of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) signal processing with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is regarded as a promising solution for enhancing the data rates of next-generation wireless communication systems operating in frequency-selective fading environments. Therefore hybrid architecture between terrestrial and satellite networks based on MIMO-OFDM with frequency reuse is employed here. However, this frequency reuse introduces severe co-channel interference (CCI) at the satellite end. To mitigate CCI, we propose an OFDM based adaptive beamformer implemented on-board the satellite with pilot reallocation at the transmitter side. The system performance is simulated by using the software MATLAB, the experimental result shows that the MIMO-OFDM communication system has better performance when compared.
Performance Enhancement in SU and MU MIMO-OFDM Technique for Wireless Communi...IJECEIAES
The consistent demand for higher data rates and need to send giant volumes of data while not compromising the quality of communication has led the development of a new generations of wireless systems. But range and data rate limitations are there in wireless devices. In an attempt to beat these limitations, Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) systems will be used which also increase diversity and improve the bit error rate (BER) performance of wireless systems. They additionally increase the channel capacity, increase the transmitted data rate through spatial multiplexing, and/or reduce interference from other users. MIMO systems therefore create a promising communication system because of their high transmission rates without additional bandwidth or transmit power and robustness against multipath fading. This paper provides the overview of Multiuser MIMO system. A detailed review on how to increase performance of system and reduce the bit error rate (BER) in different fading environment e.g. Rayleigh fading, Rician fading, Nakagami fading, composite fading.
Power saving and optimal hybrid precoding in millimeter wave massive MIMO sys...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The proliferation of wireless services emerging from use cases offifth-generation(5G) technology is posing many challenges on cellular communicationinfrastructure. They demand to connect a massive number of devices withenhanced data rates. The massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)technology at millimeter-wave (mmWave) in combination with hybrid precodingemerges as a concrete tool to address the requirements of 5G networkdevelopments. But Massive MIMO systems consume significant power fornetwork operations. Hence the prior role is to improve the energy efficiency byreducing the power consumption. This paper presents the power optimizationmodels for massive MIMO systems considering perfect channel state information(CSI) and imperfect CSI. Further, this work proposes an optimal hybrid precodingsolution named extended simultaneous orthogonal matchingpursuit (ESOMP).Simulation results reveal that a constant sum-rate can be achieved in massiveMIMO systems while significantly reducing the power consumption. Theproposed extended SOMPhybrid precoder performsclose to the conventionaldigital beamforming method. Further, modulation schemes compatible withmassive MIMO systems are outlined and their bit error rate (BER) performance isinvestigated
Integrating millimeter wave with hybrid precoding multiuser massive MIMO for ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Nowadays, there has been growing interest in the Massive MIMO as a result of improving throughput by leveraging spatial freedom and array gain. It is equipped with millimeter wave (mm Wave) bands to resolve the high path-loss. It is known from the literature that iterated algorithms are usually used to attain the hybrid precoders to accomplish a specific optimization objective. Thus, the complexity remains high because each iteration may include singular value decomposition, the matrix inversion, and so on that motivates us to split the hybrid precoding and combining problem into sub-problems. The proposed solution is a multi-user Massive MIMO hybrid beamforming based on a convex optimization problem that is applied and solved for estimating the digital precoding to eliminate inter-user interference while using codebooks to select analog beamformers. It is apparent in the majority of cases; the proposed beamforming performance is higher than only-analog beamforming, single-user (no interference), the ZF precoding, the MMSE precoding, and the Kalman precoding where the full digital solution is a considerable as the benchmark point with different scenarios due to the reduction of user interference. Thus, there is no consideration for complicated operations such as SVD or inversion matrices as well as no need for data estimation. Our proposed solution can serve a large number of users simultaneously due to more directive gain by using numerous antennas at BS. Based on its less complexity and keeping performance, our solution can be recommended.
A Review on Cooperative Communication Protocols in Wireless World ijwmn
Future generations of cellular communications requires higher data rates and a more reliable
transmission link with the growth of multimedia services, while keeping satisfactory quality of service, .
MIMO antenna systems have been considered as an efficient approach to address these demands by
offering significant multiplexing and diversity gains over single antenna systems without increasing
bandwidth and power. Although MIMO systems can unfold their huge benefit in cellular base stations,
but they may face limitations when it comes to their deployment in mobile handsets.
To overcome this drawback, relays (fixed or mobile terminals) can cooperate to improve the overall
system performance in cellular networks. Cooperative communications can efficiently combat the severity
of fading and shadowing through the assistance of relays. It has been found that using relays the capacity
and coverage of cellular networks can be extended without increasing mobile transmit power or
demanding extra bandwidth.
The Study and Analysis of Effect of MultiAntenna Techniques on LTE network wi...Eswar Publications
Long Term Evolution (LTE) system adapts advanced Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna techniques on both uplink and downlink to achieve high peak data rates and higher system throughput. This enables LTE to support multimedia applications beyond web browsing and voice, which demands higher bandwidth configurations. LTE employs Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) in downlink
to support spectrum flexibility in order to use upto 20MHz system bandwidth to improve the system throughput and robustness. Therefore the combined study of multi-antenna techniques and spectrum flexibility usage on the performance of LTE system becomes vital. Hence in this paper, an attempt has been made to evaluate the performance of different multi-antenna techniques with various system bandwidth configurations from 1.4MHz to 20MHz using QualNet 5.2 network simulator. The multi-antenna techniques considered for performance evaluation are Single Input Single Output (SISO), Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) and Multiple Input
Multiple Output (MIMO). The performance metrics such as aggregate bytes received, average throughput, average delay and average jitter are considered for simulation study.
In this work, high-speed transmission over the long-haul optical channel using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) was investigated. Furthermore, we recommend mixing polarization division multiplexing (PDM) with coherent OFDM (CO-OFDM) and quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) to improve spectral efficiency (SE) while transmitting over a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system.
An 800 Gb/s WDM PDM-CO-OFDM-16QAM transmission system with various channel spacing of 100 GHz, 50 GHz, and 25 GHz is examined utilizing the OptiSystem (2021) version 18.0 software package over ten spans of 60 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF). Different channel spacing WDM systems have been compared in terms of performance and SE. The results reveal that the WDM system with 100 GHz channel spacing has a longer transmission range and needs minimal optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) at the reception. The 25 GHz channel spacing WDM system exceeds the others in terms of SE. Further, the effect of ultra-low loss and large effective area fiber in lowering span loss and nonlinear effects for
25 GHz channel spacing WDM system is investigated. The findings show that the system performance with the new fiber outperforms the SSMF.
The acceptable bit error rate (BER) for this study is 0.033 (20% concatenated forward error correction (FEC) threshold).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
PERFORMANCE OF CONVOLUTION AND CRC CHANNEL ENCODED V-BLAST 4×4 MIMO MCCDMA WI...ijasa
Wireless communications are among the rapidly growing fields in our current life and have a massive effect on every aspect of our everyday life. In this paper, the performance of the various digital modulation techniques (BPSK, DPSK, QPSK, and QAM) based wireless communication system on the audio signal transmission through the additive Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel is assessed on the basis of bit error rate (BER) as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Based on the results of this study, BPSK modulation outperforms the DPSK, QPSK, and QAM modulation strategies in the MIMO MC-CDMA VBlast based wireless communication system. The digital modulation of QPSK shows the worst performance in audio signal transmission especially in comparison to other digital modulations. It is clear from the current simulation study based on MATLAB that the V-Blast encoded 4×4 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with minimum mean square error (MMSE) signal detection and 1⁄2-rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies show good performance utilizing BPSK digital modulation in audio signal transmission
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
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Performance analysis of negative group delay network using MIMO techniqueTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study introduces comparative consequences that determine the bit error rate enhancements, resultant from adopting a proposed MIMO wireless model in this study. The antenna configurations for this model uses new small microstrip slotted patch antenna with multiple frequency bands at strategic operating frequencies of 2.4, 4.4, and 5.55 respectively. The S11 response of the proposed antenna for IEEE802.11 MIMO wireless network has been highly appropriate to be adopted with MIMO antenna system. The negative group delay (NGD) response is the most significant feature for projected MIMO antenna. The NGD stands for a counterintuitive singularity that interacts time advancement with wave propagation. These improvements are employed for increasing a reliability of instantly conveyed data streams, enhance the capacity of the wireless configuration and decrease the bit error rate (BER) of adopted wireless system. In addition to antenna scattering response, the enhancements have been analysed in term of BER for different MIMO topologies.
Multicarrier modulation can be implemented by using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) to achieve utmost bandwidth exploitation and soaring alleviation attributes profile besides multipath fading. To support delay sensitive and band bandwidth demanding multimedia applications and internet services, MIMO in addition with other techniques can be used to achieve high capacity and reliability. To obtain high spatial rate by transmitting data on several antennas by using MIMO with OFDM results in reducing error recovery features and the equalization complexities arise by sending data on varying frequency levels. Three parameters frequency OFDM, Spatial (MIMO) and time (STC) can be used to achieve diversity in MIMO-OFDM. This technique is dynamic and well-known for services of wireless broadband access. MIMO if used with OFDM is highly beneficial for each scheme and provides high throughput. There are several space time block codes to exploit MIMO OFDM; one of the techniques is called Alamouti Codes. The paper investigates adaptive Alamouti Codes and their application in IEEE 802.11n.
A Potent MIMO–OFDM System Designed for Optimum BER and its Performance Anal...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Potent MIMO–OFDM System Designed for Optimum BER and its Performance Anal...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Spectrum sharing paradigm (SSP) has recently emerged as an attractive solution to provide capital expenditure (CapEx) and operating expenditure (OpEx) savings and to enhance spectrum utilization (SU). However, practical issues concerning the implementation of such paradigm are rarely addressed (e.g., mutual interference, fairness, and mmWave base station density). Therefore, in this paper, we proposed ultra-reliable and proportionally fair hybrid spectrum sharing access strategy that aims to address the aforementioned aspects as a function of coverage probability (CP), average rate distributions (ARD), and the number of mmWave base stations (mBSs). In this strategy, the spectrum is sliced into three parts (exclusive, semi-pooled, and fully pooled). A typical user that belongs to certain operator has the right to occupy a part of the spectrum available in the high and low frequencies (28 and 73 GHz) based on an adaptive multi-state mmWave cell selection scheme (AMMC-S) which associates the user with the tagged mBS that offers a highest SINR to maintain more reliable connection and enrich the user experience. Numerical results show that significant improvement in terms of ARD, CP, fairness among operators, and maintain an acceptable level of mBSs density.
Energy Efficiency of MIMO-OFDM Communication SystemIJERA Editor
With the ever increasing number of subscribers and their seemingly “greedy” demands for high-data-rate services, the next generation networks will have to provide global connectivity to ensure success. So the combination of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) signal processing with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is regarded as a promising solution for enhancing the data rates of next-generation wireless communication systems operating in frequency-selective fading environments. Therefore hybrid architecture between terrestrial and satellite networks based on MIMO-OFDM with frequency reuse is employed here. However, this frequency reuse introduces severe co-channel interference (CCI) at the satellite end. To mitigate CCI, we propose an OFDM based adaptive beamformer implemented on-board the satellite with pilot reallocation at the transmitter side. The system performance is simulated by using the software MATLAB, the experimental result shows that the MIMO-OFDM communication system has better performance when compared.
Performance Enhancement in SU and MU MIMO-OFDM Technique for Wireless Communi...IJECEIAES
The consistent demand for higher data rates and need to send giant volumes of data while not compromising the quality of communication has led the development of a new generations of wireless systems. But range and data rate limitations are there in wireless devices. In an attempt to beat these limitations, Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) systems will be used which also increase diversity and improve the bit error rate (BER) performance of wireless systems. They additionally increase the channel capacity, increase the transmitted data rate through spatial multiplexing, and/or reduce interference from other users. MIMO systems therefore create a promising communication system because of their high transmission rates without additional bandwidth or transmit power and robustness against multipath fading. This paper provides the overview of Multiuser MIMO system. A detailed review on how to increase performance of system and reduce the bit error rate (BER) in different fading environment e.g. Rayleigh fading, Rician fading, Nakagami fading, composite fading.
Power saving and optimal hybrid precoding in millimeter wave massive MIMO sys...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The proliferation of wireless services emerging from use cases offifth-generation(5G) technology is posing many challenges on cellular communicationinfrastructure. They demand to connect a massive number of devices withenhanced data rates. The massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)technology at millimeter-wave (mmWave) in combination with hybrid precodingemerges as a concrete tool to address the requirements of 5G networkdevelopments. But Massive MIMO systems consume significant power fornetwork operations. Hence the prior role is to improve the energy efficiency byreducing the power consumption. This paper presents the power optimizationmodels for massive MIMO systems considering perfect channel state information(CSI) and imperfect CSI. Further, this work proposes an optimal hybrid precodingsolution named extended simultaneous orthogonal matchingpursuit (ESOMP).Simulation results reveal that a constant sum-rate can be achieved in massiveMIMO systems while significantly reducing the power consumption. Theproposed extended SOMPhybrid precoder performsclose to the conventionaldigital beamforming method. Further, modulation schemes compatible withmassive MIMO systems are outlined and their bit error rate (BER) performance isinvestigated
Integrating millimeter wave with hybrid precoding multiuser massive MIMO for ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Nowadays, there has been growing interest in the Massive MIMO as a result of improving throughput by leveraging spatial freedom and array gain. It is equipped with millimeter wave (mm Wave) bands to resolve the high path-loss. It is known from the literature that iterated algorithms are usually used to attain the hybrid precoders to accomplish a specific optimization objective. Thus, the complexity remains high because each iteration may include singular value decomposition, the matrix inversion, and so on that motivates us to split the hybrid precoding and combining problem into sub-problems. The proposed solution is a multi-user Massive MIMO hybrid beamforming based on a convex optimization problem that is applied and solved for estimating the digital precoding to eliminate inter-user interference while using codebooks to select analog beamformers. It is apparent in the majority of cases; the proposed beamforming performance is higher than only-analog beamforming, single-user (no interference), the ZF precoding, the MMSE precoding, and the Kalman precoding where the full digital solution is a considerable as the benchmark point with different scenarios due to the reduction of user interference. Thus, there is no consideration for complicated operations such as SVD or inversion matrices as well as no need for data estimation. Our proposed solution can serve a large number of users simultaneously due to more directive gain by using numerous antennas at BS. Based on its less complexity and keeping performance, our solution can be recommended.
A Review on Cooperative Communication Protocols in Wireless World ijwmn
Future generations of cellular communications requires higher data rates and a more reliable
transmission link with the growth of multimedia services, while keeping satisfactory quality of service, .
MIMO antenna systems have been considered as an efficient approach to address these demands by
offering significant multiplexing and diversity gains over single antenna systems without increasing
bandwidth and power. Although MIMO systems can unfold their huge benefit in cellular base stations,
but they may face limitations when it comes to their deployment in mobile handsets.
To overcome this drawback, relays (fixed or mobile terminals) can cooperate to improve the overall
system performance in cellular networks. Cooperative communications can efficiently combat the severity
of fading and shadowing through the assistance of relays. It has been found that using relays the capacity
and coverage of cellular networks can be extended without increasing mobile transmit power or
demanding extra bandwidth.
The Study and Analysis of Effect of MultiAntenna Techniques on LTE network wi...Eswar Publications
Long Term Evolution (LTE) system adapts advanced Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna techniques on both uplink and downlink to achieve high peak data rates and higher system throughput. This enables LTE to support multimedia applications beyond web browsing and voice, which demands higher bandwidth configurations. LTE employs Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) in downlink
to support spectrum flexibility in order to use upto 20MHz system bandwidth to improve the system throughput and robustness. Therefore the combined study of multi-antenna techniques and spectrum flexibility usage on the performance of LTE system becomes vital. Hence in this paper, an attempt has been made to evaluate the performance of different multi-antenna techniques with various system bandwidth configurations from 1.4MHz to 20MHz using QualNet 5.2 network simulator. The multi-antenna techniques considered for performance evaluation are Single Input Single Output (SISO), Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) and Multiple Input
Multiple Output (MIMO). The performance metrics such as aggregate bytes received, average throughput, average delay and average jitter are considered for simulation study.
In this work, high-speed transmission over the long-haul optical channel using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) was investigated. Furthermore, we recommend mixing polarization division multiplexing (PDM) with coherent OFDM (CO-OFDM) and quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) to improve spectral efficiency (SE) while transmitting over a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system.
An 800 Gb/s WDM PDM-CO-OFDM-16QAM transmission system with various channel spacing of 100 GHz, 50 GHz, and 25 GHz is examined utilizing the OptiSystem (2021) version 18.0 software package over ten spans of 60 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF). Different channel spacing WDM systems have been compared in terms of performance and SE. The results reveal that the WDM system with 100 GHz channel spacing has a longer transmission range and needs minimal optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) at the reception. The 25 GHz channel spacing WDM system exceeds the others in terms of SE. Further, the effect of ultra-low loss and large effective area fiber in lowering span loss and nonlinear effects for
25 GHz channel spacing WDM system is investigated. The findings show that the system performance with the new fiber outperforms the SSMF.
The acceptable bit error rate (BER) for this study is 0.033 (20% concatenated forward error correction (FEC) threshold).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
PERFORMANCE OF CONVOLUTION AND CRC CHANNEL ENCODED V-BLAST 4×4 MIMO MCCDMA WI...ijasa
Wireless communications are among the rapidly growing fields in our current life and have a massive effect on every aspect of our everyday life. In this paper, the performance of the various digital modulation techniques (BPSK, DPSK, QPSK, and QAM) based wireless communication system on the audio signal transmission through the additive Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel is assessed on the basis of bit error rate (BER) as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Based on the results of this study, BPSK modulation outperforms the DPSK, QPSK, and QAM modulation strategies in the MIMO MC-CDMA VBlast based wireless communication system. The digital modulation of QPSK shows the worst performance in audio signal transmission especially in comparison to other digital modulations. It is clear from the current simulation study based on MATLAB that the V-Blast encoded 4×4 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with minimum mean square error (MMSE) signal detection and 1⁄2-rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies show good performance utilizing BPSK digital modulation in audio signal transmission
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, snake optimization algorithm (SOA) is used to find the optimal gains of an enhanced controller for controlling congestion problem in computer networks. M-file and Simulink platform is adopted to evaluate the response of the active queue management (AQM) system, a comparison with two classical controllers is done, all tuned gains of controllers are obtained using SOA method and the fitness function chose to monitor the system performance is the integral time absolute error (ITAE). Transient analysis and robust analysis is used to show the proposed controller performance, two robustness tests are applied to the AQM system, one is done by varying the size of queue value in different period and the other test is done by changing the number of transmission control protocol (TCP) sessions with a value of ± 20% from its original value. The simulation results reflect a stable and robust behavior and best performance is appeared clearly to achieve the desired queue size without any noise or any transmission problems.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
ResNet-n/DR: Automated diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy using a residual neu...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a progressive eye disease associated with diabetes, resulting in blindness or blurred vision. The risk of vision loss was dramatically decreased with early diagnosis and treatment. Doctors diagnose DR by examining the fundus retinal images to develop lesions associated with the disease. However, this diagnosis is a tedious and challenging task due to growing undiagnosed and untreated DR cases and the variability of retinal changes across disease stages. Manually analyzing the images has become an expensive and time-consuming task, not to mention that training new specialists takes time and requires daily practice. Our work investigates deep learning methods, particularly convolutional neural network (CNN), for DR diagnosis in the disease’s five stages. A pre-trained residual neural network (ResNet-34) was trained and tested for DR. Then, we develop computationally efficient and scalable methods after modifying a ResNet-34 with three additional residual units as a novel ResNet-n/DR. The Asia Pacific Tele-Ophthalmology Society (APTOS) 2019 dataset was used to evaluate the performance of models after applying multiple pre-processing steps to eliminate image noise and improve color contrast, thereby increasing efficiency. Our findings achieved state-of-the-art results compared to previous studies that used the same dataset. It had 90.7% sensitivity, 93.5% accuracy, 98.2% specificity, 89.5% precision, and 90.1% F1 score.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
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Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G system
1. TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control
Vol. 21, No. 5, October 2023, pp. 949~956
ISSN: 1693-6930, DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v21i5.25035 949
Journal homepage: http://telkomnika.uad.ac.id
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive
MIMO in a 5G system
Nooruldeen Q. Ismaeel1
, Sarmad Khaleel Ibrahim2
, Hajer Najah Abdulsaheb3
1
College of Medicine, Ibn Sina University of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baghdad, Iraq
2
Department of Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
3
College of Dentistry, Ibn Sina University of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baghdad, Iraq
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Feb 07, 2023
Revised Mar 14, 2023
Accepted Mar 25, 2023
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes
apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency
shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their
bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a
novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO)
and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G
systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are
calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the
improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the
conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO,
including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional
systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and
the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error
than OFDM.
Keywords:
5G
Massive MIMO
MU-MIMO
OFDM
WOLA
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Nooruldeen Q. Ismaeel
College of Medicine, Ibn Sina University of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Baghdad, Iraq
Email: nooruldeen_q@ibnsina.edu.iq
1. INTRODUCTION
With the use of computer networks, it has become feasible to access data from distant locations. These
can be wired or wireless networks [1]. Wireless sensor networks have been widely used and are adaptable,
therefore a lot of research and development has been published recently [2]-[4]. Wireless network connectivity
has seen significant technological advances over the last two decades. For users of second generation 2G
mobile technology, the only options were phone calls and text messaging (i.e., SMS). Similarly, video chatting,
high-speed web browsing, teleconferencing, and online gaming are just a few of the many applications that 4G
technology has enabled [5]. With 5G, the new 5G network is one hundred times faster than the previous 4G
network, with a data transfer rate of 10 Gbit/s and a latency of just 1 millisecond. This increases the durability
of linked devices by increasing their coverage and decreasing their power consumption [6]-[8].
Massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems are important enablers of 5G wireless
communication [9], [10]. MIMO systems encourage the use of multiple antennas at the base station (BS), which
results in a number of advantages, such as the use of simple uplink and downlink transmission [11]. Despite
the benefits of MIMO systems, major architectural challenges emerge as the number of antennas used for BS
increases into the dozens, if not hundreds. Furthermore, before implementing a large MIMO system, a variety
of potential approaches must be thoroughly described [12], [13]. Authors have investigated the effectiveness
of massive MIMO in channels evaluated in actual propagation settings. Due to certain properties, it has been
determined that massive MIMO can be used effectively in actual propagation situations [14]. The various
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TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 21, No. 5, October 2023: 949-956
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components of a multiuser MIMO approach were investigated. These components included pilot and precoding
systems, channel estimates, channel measurement, and many others. Massive MIMO characteristics are
demonstrated in [15] for most millimeter-wave mmWave bands, and the measurements have been validated by
both the geometry-based stochastic model (GBSM) and the propagation graph model (PG model). These
observations and analyses of mm-wave massive MIMO channels indicate that massive MIMO propagation
characteristics should be considered when designing mmWave channels for large antenna array systems.
Otherwise, Payami and Tufvesson [16] measured a genuine big MIMO channel model using base
stations formed in a cylindrical antenna array layout. High doppler and time delay conditions were used to
evaluate and compare orthogonal time-frequency space (OTFS) output with orthogonal frequency-division
multiplexing (OFDM) output, with the OTFS multipath (MP) detector serving as the receiver [17]. Despite the
fact that the standard for wireless transmission in the frequency band is less than 6 GHz and the use of multiple
carriers for modulation during transmissions [18], OFDM has several inherent disadvantages. The rectangular
pulse shape causes significant frequency loss. A cyclic prefix (CP) reduces spectral efficiency. Furthermore,
precise time and frequency synchronization is required to ensure inter-cell interferences, subcarrier
orthogonality, and minimum intra [19], [20]. The high level of complexity of multiuser multiple input multiple
output (MU MIMO) systems includes block diagonalization (BD) precoding as a result of the singular value
decomposition-based sequential creation of transmitter precoding matrices (SVD). El-Abd et al. [21] proposed
the consideration of the impact of an additional BS antenna on potential sum rate performance as well as the
bit error rate (BER) of the various LP algorithms.
2. TRADITIONAL SYSTEM
Figure 1 depicts a MU-MIMO configuration on the downlink that contains one base station outfitted
with 𝐿 and 𝑁 broadcast and receiving antennas. Each BS serves 𝑍 users with 𝑂𝑍 antennas. We assume that each
user receives the same antenna number 𝑂𝑍, without losing comprehensiveness and for the best possible
transmission results, it is assumed that both the BS and the users are in sync and that the transmitter has a thorough
grasp of of channel state information (CSI). The zth user group’s BS-user channel matrix is depicted as a flat
fading MIMO-channel [22], [23].
HZ =
(
ℎ11 ℎ12 … ℎ1𝐿
ℎ21 ℎ22 … ℎ2𝐿
. . … .
. . … .
ℎ𝑂𝑍1 ℎ𝑂𝑍2 … ℎ𝑂𝑍𝐿)
(1)
𝐻 = [ 𝐻1
𝑇
𝐻2
𝑇
… 𝐻𝑍
𝑇
]𝑇
(2)
The MIMO channel 𝐻 matrix has a precoding matrix with transmission vectors indicating to 𝑍 user,
and additive noise 𝑛. The precoding matrix utilized in the maximum ratio transmission (MRT) transmit
beamforming algorithms is:
𝑊 = 𝐻′
(3)
The accompanied signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) of the zth user is dependant on the values of
𝐿 and 𝑍:
𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅 =
𝑝 𝐿
𝑍(𝑝+1)
(4)
With 𝑍𝐹, the 𝐻 matrix of the MIMO channel for the 𝑍 user additionally includes transmission symbol vectors
and precoding, the precoding matrix utilized by transmit beamforming methods is:
𝑊 = 𝐻′
(𝐻𝐻′
)−1
(5)
𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅 = 𝑝
(𝐿−𝑍)
𝑍
(6)
The sent signal is:
𝑦𝑍 = √𝑝𝐻𝐻
𝑊
𝑠 + 𝑛 (7)
3. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G system (Nooruldeen Q. Ismaeel)
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Figure 1. MU-MIMO model
The MIMO channel matrix is denoted as 𝐻, 𝑍 is the number of users, the 𝑃 value represents the typical
transmit power. 𝑊
𝑠, which stands for symbol vector, is the precoding matrix. The letter 𝑛 stands for additive noise.
The perfect channel state is assumed to be known in BS. Before utilizing the transmitter symbol, the acquisition
of the pilot open loop time division of the BS is mandatory, which operates well in time division duplex (TDD),
in order to support large MIMO schemes such as the frequency division duplex (FDD) scheme [24]. The BS
chooses three different precoding techniques. At the user terminal, a unique symbol is assigned to each individual
user. Therefore, the terminal is the location where the signal for each user is generated.
𝑦𝑍 = √𝑝 ℎ𝑍
𝐻
𝑊
𝑠𝑠𝑍 + √𝑝 𝐻𝑍 ∑ ℎ𝑍
𝐻
𝑊
𝑗𝑠𝑗 + 𝑛𝑍
𝑍
𝑖=1,𝑖≠𝑧 (8)
Figure 2. OFDM block diagram
Digital data may be encoded on various carrier frequencies using OFDM. Due to its possession of power
efficiency and effectiveness in mitigating frequency-selective fading in wireless channels, OFDM has become
standard in wireless broadband systems [25]. As shown in Figure 2, with systems of radio frequency (RF), OFDM
is a typical multi-carrier waveform format. It may vastly improve data rates in networks with limited bandwidth
because of its superior spectral efficiency and successful MIMO integration [24]–[26]. The subcarrier spacing
affects the OFDM’s resistance and determines how well OFDM can handle phase noise as well as channels that
are time selective [27]. On the other hand, OFDM’s spectral efficiency is diminished by the inclusion of a CP
and huge side lobes, which demand specific null guard tones at the spectrum’s margins [28], [29]. Furthermore,
inter-carrier interference (ICI) is an issue for OFDM systems because of carrier frequency deflections [30].
Likewise, non-linearity at the receiver is mostly caused by the high peak-to-average ratio (PAPR) [31].
4. ISSN: 1693-6930
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3. THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
The advanced mobile system model and the weighted overlap and add (WOLA) model are both
incorporated into the suggested system model. The WOLA-OFDM windowing approach takes into account the
overlap with OFDM and adds weight to the resulting windowed OFDM. This method effectively reduces
out-of-band (OOB) emissions without much effort. However, a system using OFDM is severely constrained by
OOB interference. System performance degradation and ICI come from the propagation of sidelobes from one
subcarrier onto adjacent subcarrier [32], [33]. Because the window size is determined by the duration of the CP
in the waveform, the level of WOLA-OFDM OOB emissions gradually decreases as the CP length increases.
The cyclic prefix can be shortened by utilizing an asymmetrical window rather of the well-known symmetric
window. The OOB emissions are affected and diminished when an asymmetric window is used. However, it makes
the device far more vulnerable to channel-induced ISI and ICI [34].
In a standard 𝑁-subcarrier OFDM system, to ensure compliance with the CP, the inverse fast Fourier
transform (IFFT’s) last cyclic prefix samples are attached to the beginning of the 𝑁 samples. Following the
application of the aforementioned three sections to the 𝑁 samples at the IFFT output, the WOLA technique
adds 𝑁 additional samples to the OFDM symbol’s start and termination, respectively, using the (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝐺𝐼)
samples. At the transmitter, a non-rectangular window is multiplied to produce the initial and final samples.
To absorb influence from inter-symbol interference (ISI) as well as ICI, guard interval (GI) samples are utilized.
Figure 3 demonstrates the windowing of the relevant 𝛽 + 𝑁 samples. Likewise, the usage of the WOLA component
is seen in Figure 4. The symbol 𝑇0 stands for time and 𝑇𝑤 time-windowed stands for 𝑇𝑋 with 𝑅𝑋 respectively.
Figure 3. Block diagram for the WOLA symbol
Figure 4. Formulating WOLA parameters
4. SYSTEM SIMULATION
This part provides the numerical outcomes from the MATLAB simulation for the purpose of
validating the computed findings. Fair enough, various WOLA and OFDM were used with the same massive
MIMO system configuration. The block diagram of the system model simulation stages is shown in Figure 5.
With up to 64 antennas and modulation up to 1024, 5G new radio (NR) simulates such huge MIMO. Utilizing
MATLAB, the model is implemented and shows data such as the channel coding type, the user nodes and
number of BS, the doppler model, and other relevant data. The simulation parameters are shown in Table 1.
5. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
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Figure 5. Block diagram of the simulation
Table 1. Parameters for simulation
Parameters The values
Channel coding Turbo
Number of frames 10
Doppler model Jakes
Frame architecture FDD
Massive MIMO 64
User_velocity (km/h) 15
Channel modulation QPSK to QAM 1024
Center frequency (GHz) 2.5
Waveform OFDM, WOLA
Path deterioration (dB) 30
Distance between subcarrier (kHz) 15
The MIMO type of receiver MMSE
OFDM/WOLA subcarriers 600
WOLA: window size [𝛼 + 𝛽] 1 / (14×2×30)
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Figure 6 displays the results of a comparison of the overall throughput gained by two BSs (WOLA
and OFDM) utilizing massive MIMO. The proposed model WOLA outperforms OFDM across the MIMO
range of 4-64 antennas. The WOLA model likewise has the best throughput when the MIMO is 64, at roughly
89 Mbps, compared to 86 Mbps in the OFDM system, however, the BS2 WOLA performs worse. Figure 7
depicts the throughput that was achieved by the two systems when four user equipment (UEs) were present.
The findings indicate that the suggested system offers superior performance because it allowed for an extremely
high volume of data flow, which reached 27 Mbps, in comparison to the previous system’s maximum of 22 Mbps
at UE4. The performance of the proposed system is also superior with regard to the remaining users.
Figure 8 shows a comparison of the BERs at BS1 for the proposed system WOLA and the OFDM
system to determine which approach has the lowest BER. This becomes a much more significant factor when
there are 64 antennas. While OFDM had a BER of around 0.041, the new system had a BER of about 0.0328
at UE4, making it far more effective than the previous one. When MIMO is 16, WOLA has a lower throughput
than OFDM, which is 0.052 compared to 0.036 for WOLA. In addition, Figure 9 illustrates the throughput that
was obtained by the two systems when there were a total of four UEs present in the environment. According
to the findings, the system using OFDM performs better since it allowed an extraordinarily high amount of
data flow, reaching 2.43 Mbps, as opposed to the WOLA system, which could only manage 1.75 Mbps at UE5.
The performance of the proposed system was superior in terms of users who were still active in UE6, reaching
a maximum of 1.89 Mbps as opposed to the OFDM system, which could only manage 1.61 Mbps.
Schemes of two different model were utilized over MIMO as illustrated in Figure 10, WOLA provided
the superior BER. In comparison to the OFDM in UE7, which has an approximate BER of 0.065 when 64 antennas
were taken into consideration, it achieved lower BER of about 0.042. A summary of the average throughput
results for the WOLA and OFDM over the various BSS was presented in Figure 11 and Figure 12, respectively.
The throughput of the proposed system, known as WOLA, is 11.72 Mbps, which was higher than the
throughput of the conventional system, which is 11.13 Mbps.
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Figure 6. Total throughput in the models of the
WOLA and OFDM systems for two BSs
Figure 7. Total throughput of users in the WOLA
and OFDM systems at BS1
Figure 8. BER of users in the WOLA and OFDM
systems at BS1
Figure 9. Total throughput of users in the WOLA
and OFDM systems at BS2
Figure 10. BER of users in the WOLA and OFDM
systems at BS2
Figure 11. Results of Average throughput user in
WOLA system
Figure 12. Results of average throughput user in OFDM system
7. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
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6. CONCLUSION
This paper proposes a new mobile system that addresses some of the long-standing issues with
existing mobile platforms. In this regard, WOLA was a possible candidate. Following that, a comparison of
WOLA and OFDM in 5G was performed. This plan could be incorporated into a new approach for future
mobile networks. The impact of two systems on the mobile system’s functionality was investigated.
In order to find the best, each system model must be integrated with the entire mobile system.
The simulation results showed that WOLA outperforms OFDM with four UEs. It has the potential to improve
the system’s throughput and BER performance. As shown by the overall result, the proposed WOLA
outperforms OFDM in terms of BS throughput by about 22%. While the suggested system’s BER result provided
the best performance, it was still approximately 25% less error than OFDM. Because the previous conventional
method fails as the number of antennas increases, the new system performs better in these conditions. This
discovery will be incorporated into future communication technology iterations.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The writers are grateful to Mustansiriyah University and Ibn Sina University of Medical and
Pharmaceutical Sciences for its encouragement and employment opportunities
(https://www.uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/) and (http://ibnsina.edu.iq/).
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Nooruldeen Q. Ismaeel was born in London, UK, in 1988. His B.Sc. degree was
granted from the University of Mustansiriyah/ Computer engineering, Baghdad, Iraq in 2010 while
M.Sc. degree was obtained from University of Putra Malaysia UPM/ Computer science and
information technology/ Distributed computing, Malaysia in 2016. His researches interest in
wireless sensornetwork, Improving theperformanceofcloud storage, wireless communication and
distributed network. He can be contacted at email: nooruldeen_q@ibnsina.edu.iq.
Sarmad Khaleel Ibrahim was born in Baghdad, Iraq. His research interests
include wireless communication, digital signal processing, and multimedia. He received his
B.Sc. degree from the University of Mustasnsiriayh in 2010, his M.Sc. degree from AL-Nahrain
University in 2013, and his Ph.D. from the Department of Communication and Information
Engineering in 2020. He can be contacted at email: eng_sarmadnet@uomustansiriyah.edu.iq.
Hajer Najah Abdulsaheb is an assistant lecturer at Ibn sina University/ Dentistry
college with Master of Software Programming from University of Technology, Iraq (2018). She
obtained Bachelor Degree in Computer science / Software Programming branch from University
of Technology, Iraq in 2012. Her researches are in fields of Pattern Recognition, digital image
processing, Database systems, information analysis, medical computer vision and biometric
identification system. She can be contacted at email: hajernajah@ibnsina.edu.iq.