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Invasives Management-Big Picture-MCD.pdf
- 1. INVASIVES MANAGEMENT: OUR PROPERTIES ANDTHE BIG PICTURE Jane Maloney Land Steward SudburyValleyTrustees
- 2. Native vs Invasive vs Non-native Native Non-Native Invasive Evolved in this region and currently still in its natural range Examples: creeping dewberry, marsh marigold, blue wood aster, poison ivy From a different area but does not spread freely and not negatively impact wildlife habitat Examples: English ivy, northern catalpa Note: some non-native species are still fast spreading, but that alone does not make them invasive From a different area and able to spread freely and negatively impact wildlife habitat Examples: glossy buckthorn, winged euonymus, multiflora rose It’s all relative!
- 3. Who decides what plants are invasive? • Massachusetts Invasive Plant Advisory Group (MIPAG) reviews potential species and recommends to the Commonwealth to prohibit • Categorized as Invasive, Likely Invasive, or Potentially Invasive • Can you answer YES to these questions? • Non-native to Massachusetts area? • Potential to disperse and establish in high numbers? • Potential to disperse far away from introduction site? • Can it replace natives? • Is it already here or in states nearby or those with similar climate? IfYES to all—it’s probably invasive!
- 4. Why do invasive plants do so well? • Predator release—no native predators • Filling a gap niche • Creates ideal habitat for itself but not natives through soil chemistry changes and shade/light changes • Growing season starts earlier and ends later • Dispersal methods- rhizomes, wind dispersal, seed number/viability • Typically tolerant of a variety of conditions
- 5. Invasives and climate change CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS • Longer growing seasons • More intense/longer periods of drought • Range expansion due to increased temperatures • More frequent intense storm events All of these things benefit invasives and may hinder natives! https://www.invasivespeciescentre.ca/invasive-species/what-is-at-risk/climate-change/
- 6. Ecological Impacts •Replace native plants with monocultures • Loss of preferred or ideal food source (birds, pollinators) • Changes in plant structure and height (perching, nesting, foraging) • Light, water, or space availability changes • Some alter soil chemistry & inhibit growth of natives & mycorrhizal networks (allelopathic) •Alters natural species succession •Overall loss in species diversity https://www.invasivespeciescentre.ca
- 7. Invasive species cause $423 billion in damages and management globally each year and this number is only increasing
- 8. We need your help! The best place to start fighting invasives is in your backyard!
- 9. The first step is… IDENTIFICATION!
- 10. Asiatic Bittersweet Celastrus orbiculatus Vine (+60 ft tall), round leaves with pointed tip, vines curl at end and wrap around everything! Introduction- Ornamental Habitat- Forest edge, open woodlands, disturbed areas, fields. Shade tolerant! Spreads- Seeds and root suckering Ecological Threat- Killing vegetation through smothering or girdling Ideal treatment- Cut and paint, root excavation Plant these instead! American bittersweet Virginia rose
- 11. Japanese Knotweed Fallopia japonica Herbaceous perennial (+10ft tall), heart shaped leaves, spotted stems that are hollow. Small white flowers. Introduction- Ornamental, erosion control, hedge Habitat- Typically wet soils. Shade, drought, salt, and heat tolerant. Spreads- Seeds and rhizomes (can travel down stream) Ecological Threat- dense thicket shades out natives and clog waterways/culverts Ideal treatment- foliar spray or injection, hand pulling if small, three cut per season method. Plant these instead! Joe-pye-weed Blue false indigo New England aster
- 12. Multiflora Rose Rosa multiflora Shrub (+ 15 ft tall). Green stems that turn reddish brown in fall/winter, small white flowers, hairs near base of leaf stalk, downward pointing thorns Introduction- Ornamental and livestock fencing Habitat- Wide tolerance for soil, moisture, and light conditions Spreads- Seed and cane tips rooting Ecological Threat- Dense thicket shades out natives and impact bird nesting Ideal treatment- Combo manual/mechanical removal and chemical treatment Plant these instead! Virginia rose Swamp rose New England rose
- 13. Burning Bush Euonymus alatus Shrub (up to 20 ft tall), opposite, dark green leaves, corky ridges along green or brown stems. Leaves turn bright red in fall. Introduction- Ornamental Habitat- Forests, coastal scrublands, prairies Spreads- Seeds and vegetative reproduction Ecological Threat- Dense thickets replace natives Ideal treatment- Hand pull smaller plants. Repeated cuts or cut and paint Plant these instead! Arrow wood viburnum Oak-leaf hydrangea Witch-alder
- 14. Garlic Mustard Alliaria petiolata Herbaceous Biennial (1-4 ft tall), round/heart shaped leaves with deep veining, purplish hairy stems near the root in rosette plant Introduction- Food/medicinal Habitat- Moist to dry forests, roadsides, disturbed areas Spreads- Seeds carried by wind, water, people and wildlife Ecological Threat- Changes soil chemistry preventing native wildflowers and tree seedling growth. Toxic to butterfly larvae. Ideal treatment- Hand pull or cut back before it sets seed Plant these instead! White baneberry Columbine
- 15. Glossy Buckthorn Frangula alnus Subshrub/Tree (20-25 ft tall), ovate leaves with prominent veining on underside. Gray- brown bark with white lenticels, red roots, dark berries in summer Introduction- Ornamental, Hedge Habitat- Typically in wet soils, sun or full shade. Can establish in dry soils Spreads- Seed Ecological Threat- Dense thicket displaces natives Ideal treatment- Pull smaller individual. Cut and paint larger ones. Buckthorn bags 50% effective Plant these instead! Common witch hazel Black chokecherry Arrow wood viburnum
- 16. Japanese Barberry Berberis thunbergii Shrub (3-6 ft tall), small, ovate leaves that are green and turn red in the fall. Brown stems with a shard thorn at each leaf node. Red dangling berries. Introduction- Ornamental Habitat- Sun to deep shade, forest, wetlands, fields etc. Spreads- Seeds, root creepers and tip rooting branches Ecological Threat- Displaces natives, can raise soil pH, promotes Lyme disease Ideal treatment- Hand pulling, repeated mowing/cutting, cut stem herbicide treatment Plant these instead! Winterberry Maple leaf viburnum
- 17. Tree of heaven Ailanthus altissima Tree (up to 80 ft tall), compound, smooth leaves, with glandular nodes. Brown/gray bark with slight texture. Introduction- Ornamental/shade Habitat- Disturbed environments, edge habitats Spreads- Seeds, root suckers Ecological Threat- Displaces natives, host tree for spotted lantern fly, allelopathic chemicals released Ideal treatment- Hand pulling, repeated cutting, cut stem herbicide treatment Plant these instead! Staghorn sumac Pignut hickory White ash
- 18. Amur corktree Phellodendron amurense Tree (35-50ft), ridged bark that is soft and corky, compound leaves that turn yellow in fall, Introduction- Ornamental/street tree Habitat- Moist woodlands, shady habitats, river floodplains Spreads- Seeds (produces lots of them) Ecological Threat- Displaces natives Ideal treatment- Hand pulling, repeated cutting, cut stem herbicide treatment Plant these instead! White ash Red oak
- 19. So you have invasives, now what?
- 23. Disposal
- 24. The land manager’s approach • Identify species present • Determine end goal- eradiation or maintain edge? • Removal and disposal based on the plants and goal • Choose natives to plant • Develop a long term plan
- 26. HOWTO CHOOSE YOUR NATIVES For a no fuss, low maintenance, high impact garden
- 27. Determine your habitat conditions • What is your soil like without your assistance? • Dry • Wet (all the time or seasonally) • Clay • Sand • How much direct sunlight do you have? • Full sun- direct light for 6+ hrs/day • Partial sun/shade- direct light for 3-6 hrs/day • Full shade- direct light for less than 3 hrs/day
- 28. What species are present now? • Are you keeping all the plants in this area? • Native or non-native (ornamental) • Tree, shrub, perennial? • Are there flowers? If so what is the color, bloom time, and structure?
- 29. What is your goal? • Bird habitat (nesting and/or food source) • Rain garden to capture excess water • Pollinator garden • Hummingbirds • Native Bees • Butterflies • Beneficial insects (ladybugs, green lacewings etc.) • Reduce lawn coverage • Do you want this garden to serve this function for several seasons?
- 30. Rules to the no fuss native garden • Be lazy! • Once established you should not need to water • Plant close so there are no gaps aka space for weeds or need to mow • No (or minimal) mulch • Use native mints and common milkweed wisely (quick spreaders) • No pesticides or fertilizers- native plants = native insects = native birds • Cut plants back in spring after temps consistently over 50° • Rake leaves (leaf mulch) onto flower beds in fall
- 31. Where to find native plants? • Plant list to support our pollinators • https://www.svtweb.org/mca-pollinator-preservation-garden-toolkit • Native PlantTrust • Garden Plant Finder tool: https://plantfinder.nativeplanttrust.org/Plant-Search • Russells Garden Center • New EnglandWetland Plants • VermontWildflower Farm • Grow Native • Bigelows • Local Conservation District annual plant sales To learn more about invasives go to www.cisma-suasco.org Go Botany, Seek, Google Lens, iNaturalist—all good tools for plant ID
- 32. INVASIVE INSECTS (and a couple non-insects)
- 33. Another threat to biodiversity… Invasive insects/bugs/invertebrates •Threaten native species, as well as agricultural crops •Are increasing in population and expanding their ranges with climate change •Can be much more mobile than some of our invasive plants
- 34. Spotted Lantern Fly (Lycorma delicatula) • Sap feeding insect, originally from Asia • First found in US in 2014, in Boston in 2018. No active infestations! • Attacks a variety of trees, main host tree is tree of heaven • Heavily impacts grape production and potentially apple orchards • Report to MDAR/MNRC if seen, treatment methods include traps, tree removal, and chemical treatment REPORT IT!
- 35. HemlockWoolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae) • Very small aphid-like insect • Attacks eastern hemlocks (which make up a lot of our forests!) • Feed on stored starches & cause tree death • White woolly egg masses on underside of needles • Treatment can include chemical injection ($$$) or biocontrol (also $$$)
- 36. Asian Long Horned Beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) • 0.75”-1.5” long with very long antennae (up to 2x its body length) • First found in MA in 2008—several active quarantines (110 sq miles) • Larvae damage tree by eating sapwood • Exit holes 3/8” or larger in diameter • Host trees include maple, horse chestnut, birch, poplar, willow, elm • Can be confused with whitespotted pine sawyer (native!)
- 38. Jumping Worms (Amynthas spp.) • Dark gray/brown, 4-5 inches long • Band is white-gray and wraps entirely around the body • Thrash wildly when disturbed—usually at shallow depth • Consume upper level of soil, depleting nutrients for native species • Can be confused with nightcrawlers—band is usually a different color and does not go all the way around • Report to MDAR if seen in MA!
- 39. Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) • Small, metallic green beetle—usually ½” long • Adults present from mid-May to late June • Distinct S-shaped tunnels beneath tree bark • D-shaped exit holes that are 3-4mm in diameter • Upper part of tree dies off, and lots of shoots come from affected trunk
- 40. Beech Leaf Disease • Relatively new disease affecting beech trees • Symptoms: dark banding between veins of leaves, premature leaf drop, thinning canopy, deformed or shriveled leaves • Associated with presence of non-native nematode • We still don’t know a lot about this one!
- 41. Resources for invasive pests… • Reporting & fact sheets: Massachusetts Department ofAgricultural Resources • https://massnrc.org/pests/pestreports.htm • jennifer.forman-orth@state.ma.us –very responsive! • Treatment and identification: UMass Landscape Extension • https://ag.umass.edu/landscape/fact-sheets • US Department ofAgriculture • https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/us/massachusetts
- 42. QUESTIONS?