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![DISEASES DUE TO VITAMIN B6
• THE CLASSIC CLINICAL SYNDROME FOR VITAMIN B6 DEFICIENCY IS A SEBORRHOEIC DERMATITIS-
LIKE ERUPTION, ATROPHIC GLOSSITIS WITH
• ULCERATION,
• ANGULAR CHEILITIS,
• CONJUNCTIVITIS,
• INTERTRIGO, AND
• NEUROLOGIC SYMPTOMS OF SOMNOLENCE,
• CONFUSION, AND
• NEUROPATHY[11] (DUE TO IMPAIRED SPHINGOSIN SYNTHESIS)
• SIDEROBLASTIC ANEMIA (DUE TO IMPAIRED HEME](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introductiontovitamins-190705121700/85/Introduction-to-vitamins-42-320.jpg)
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Introduction to vitamins
- 1. INTRODUCTION TO VITAMINS STRUCTURE SOURCE DISEASES DUE TO DEFICENCY AND EXCESS
- 2. VITAMINS DEFINITION DEFINITION: VITAMINIS AN ORGANIC COMPOUND/MOLECULE REQUIRED AS A NUTRIENT N SMALL AMOUNT, BY AN ORGANISM THE DISTINGUISHING FEATURE OF THE VITAMINS IS THAT THEY GENERALLY CANNOT BE SYNTHESIZED BY MAMMALIAN CELLS AND, THEREFORE, MUST BE SUPPLIED IN THE DIET.
- 3.
- 4. FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS •VITAMIN A IS A GROUP OF UNSATURATED NUTRITIONAL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS THAT INCLUDES RETINOL, RETINAL, RETINOIC ACID, AND SEVERAL PRO VITAMIN A CAROTENOIDS. • ACCORDING TO SOME RESEARCH, HAVING MORE THAN AN AVERAGE OF 1.5MG THEM MORE LIKELY TO FRACTURE WHEN YOU ARE OLDER.
- 5. VITAMIN A SOURCES • 1.BEEF LIVER • 2. EGG YOLK • 3. CHEDDAR CHEESE • 4. FORTIFIED MILK • 5. TOP SOURCES OF BETACAROTENE • INCLUDE: • 6. SWEET POTATO • 7. CARROTS • 8. PUMPKIN • 9. CANTALOUPE • 10. BROCCOLI • 11. APRICOTS • 12. SPINACH AND COLLARD • GREENS TYPES OF VITAMIN A 1. Preformed vitamin A 2. pro-vitamin A
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- 8. DISEASES DUE TOVITAMIN A • KERATINIZED SKIN • DRY MUCOUS MEMBRANES • NIGHT BLINDNESS • SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DISEASE • IMPAIRS IMMUNITY • HEMATOPOIESIS • FAT MALABSORPTION • LIVER DISORDERS
- 9. VITAMIN D ERGOCALCIFEROL (VITAMIND2) AND CHOLECALCIFEROL (VITAMIN D3) • VITAMIN D IS A GROUP OF FAT-SOLUBLE SECOSTEROIDS RESPONSIBLE FOR INCREASING INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, AND PHOSPHATE, AND MULTIPLE OTHER BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS. IN HUMANS, THE MOST IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS IN THIS GROUP ARE VITAMIN D₃ AND VITAMIN D₂ • ERGOCALCIFEROL (VITAMIN D2) AND CHOLECALCIFEROL (VITAMIN D3)
- 10. SOURCES OF VITAMIND SOURCES •fatty fish, like tuna, mackerel, and salmon. •Foods fortified with vitamin D, like some dairy products, orange juice, soy milk, and cereals. •Beef liver. •Cheese. •Egg yolks.
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- 12. DISEASES DUE TOVITAMIN D • VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY, PUTTING AT RISK OF BONE PROBLEMS, INCLUDING RICKETS IN CHILDREN AND OSTEO MALACIA IN ADULTS, SEVERE ASTHMA IN CHILDREN, INCREASED RISK OF DEATH FROM CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, CANCER RICKETS: RICKETS IS A SKELETAL DISORDER THAT'S CAUSED BY A LACK OF VITAMIN D, CALCIUM, OR PHOSPHATE. THESE NUTRIENTS ARE IMPORTANT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRONG, HEALTHY BONES. PEOPLE WITH RICKETS MAY HAVE WEAK AND SOFT BONES, STUNTED GROWTH, AND, IN SEVERE CASES, SKELETAL DEFORMITIES. OSTEO MALACIA: SOFTENING OF THE BONES, TYPICALLY THROUGH A DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN D OR CALCIUM.
- 13. VITAMIN E GAMMA-TOCOPHEROL (GAMA-TOCOPHEROL) •VITAMIN E IS A GROUP OF EIGHT FAT SOLUBLE COMPOUNDS THAT INCLUDE FOUR TOCOPHEROLS AND FOUR TOCOTRIENOLS. VITAMIN E DEFICIENCY, WHICH IS RARE AND USUALLY DUE TO AN UNDERLYING PROBLEM WITH DIGESTING DIETARY FAT RATHER THAN FROM A DIET LOW IN VITAMIN E, CAN CAUSE NERVE PROBLEMS. SOURCES • WHEAT GERM OIL — 135% DV PER SERVING. ... • SUNFLOWER SEEDS — 66% DV PER SERVING. ... • ALMONDS — 48% DV PER SERVING. ... • HAZELNUT OIL — 43% DV PER SERVING. ... • MAMEY SAPOTE — 39% DV PER SERVING. ... • SUNFLOWER OIL — 37% DV PER SERVING.
- 14. STRUCTURE OF VITAMINE • VITAMIN E EXISTS IN 8 CHEMICAL FORMS; ALPHA, BETA, AND DELTA- TOCOPHEROL AND ALPHA-, BETA-, GAMMA-, AND DELTA- TOCOTRIENOLS. ... THE MOST COMMON FORMS OF VITAMIN E IN A NATURAL DIET IS Γ- TOCOPHEROL FOLLOWED BY Α- TOCOPHEROL.
- 15. DISEASES DUE TOVITAMIN E • ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA IT IS A RARE INHERITED DISORDER OF FAT METABOLISM THAT RESULTS IN POOR ABSORPTION OF DIETARY FAT AND VITAMIN E. THE VITAMIN E DEFICIENCY ASSOCIATED WITH THIS DISEASE CAUSES PROBLEMS SUCH AS POOR TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSES AND MUSCLE WEAKNESS. • CYSTIC FIBROSIS VITAMIN E IS AN ANTIOXIDANT AND MAY HAVE A ROLE IN THE PROTECTION OF LUNG TISSUE AGAINST OXIDATIVE DAMAGE IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS. ... CURRENT GUIDELINES ON VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS INCLUDE VITAMIN E. IT IS NOT PRESENTLY CLEAR WHICH LEVEL OF SUPPLEMENTATION IS MOST APPROPRIATE.
- 16. • chronic cholestaticliver disease low levels of vitamin E occurred most frequently in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and other forms of chronic cholestatic liver disease • Short bowl syndrome Reversible neurological symptoms caused by vitamin E deficiency in a patient with short bowel syndrome. ... In children with fat malabsorption from various causes neuropathological and neurological changes have been ascribed to vitamin E deficiency
- 17. VITAMIN K VITAMIN K1(PHYTONADIONE) AND VITAMIN K2 (MENAQUINONE) • VITAMIN K IS A GROUP OF STRUCTURALLY SIMILAR, FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS THAT THE HUMAN BODY REQUIRES FOR COMPLETE SYNTHESIS OF CERTAIN PROTEINS THAT ARE PREREQUISITES FOR BLOOD COAGULATION AND WHICH THE BODY ALSO NEEDS FOR CONTROLLING BINDING OF CALCIUM IN BONES AND OTHER TISSUES. • SOURCES VITAMIN K IS FOUND IN THE FOLLOWING FOODS: GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES, SUCH AS KALE, SPINACH, TURNIP GREENS, COLLARDS, SWISS CHARD, MUSTARD GREENS, PARSLEY, ROMAINE, AND GREEN LEAF LETTUCE. VEGETABLES SUCH AS BRUSSELS SPROUTS, BROCCOLI, CAULIFLOWER, AND CABBAGE. FISH, LIVER, MEAT, EGGS, AND CEREALS (CONTAIN SMALLER AMOUNTS .
- 18. STRUCTURE OF VITAMINK General structure of vitamin kDerivatives of
- 19. DISEASES DUE TOVITAMIN K • VITAMIN K DEFICIENCIES IN NEWBORNS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY BLEEDING OR VKDB (ALSO KNOWN AS HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN). THIS CAN CAUSE EXCESSIVE BLEEDING AND BRUISING AND, IN SEVERE CASES, CAN LEAD TO FATAL BLEEDING INTO THE BRAIN • DAILY REQUIREMENT OF VITAMIN K VITAMIN K DEPENDS ON AGE AND GENDER. WOMEN AGED 19 YEARS AND OVER SHOULD CONSUME 90 MICROGRAMS (MCG) A DAY, AND MEN SHOULD HAVE 120 MCG
- 20. WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS •A VITAMIN THAT CAN DISSOLVE IN WATER. WATER- SOLUBLE VITAMINS ARE CARRIED TO THE BODY'S TISSUES BUT ARE NOT STORED IN THE BODY. THEY ARE FOUND IN PLANT AND ANIMAL FOODS OR DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS AND MUST BE TAKEN IN DAILY. VITAMIN C AND MEMBERS OF THE VITAMIN B COMPLEX ARE WATER-SOLUBLE.
- 21. VITAMINN B 1 THIAMINE •WHOLE GRAINS (BROWN RICE, BARLEY, MILLET) • MEAT (RED MEAT, POULTRY, FISH) • EGGS AND DAIRY PRODUCTS (MILK, CHEESE) • LEGUMES (BEANS, LENTILS) • SEEDS AND NUTS (SUNFLOWER SEEDS, ALMONDS) • DARK, LEAFY VEGETABLES (BROCCOLI, SPINACH, KAI LAN)
- 22.
- 23. DISEASES OF VITAMINB1 THIAMINE • DEFICIENCY CAUSES BERIBERI AND WERNICKE-KORSAKOFF SYNDROME • BERIBERI BERIBERI IS A DISEASE CAUSED BY A VITAMIN B-1 DEFICIENCY, ALSO KNOWN AS THIAMINE DEFICIENCY. THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF THE DISEASE: WET BERIBERI AND DRY BERIBERI. WET BERIBERI AFFECTS THE HEART AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. IN EXTREME CASES, WET BERIBERI CAN CAUSE HEART FAILURE. • WERNICLE KORSAGOFF SYNDROME WERNICKE-KORSAKOFF SYNDROME (WKS) IS A TYPE OF BRAIN DISORDER CAUSED BY A LACK OF VITAMIN B-1, OR THIAMINE. THE SYNDROME IS ACTUALLY TWO SEPARATE CONDITIONS THAT CAN OCCUR AT THE SAME TIME, WERNICKE'S DISEASE (WD) AND KORSAKOFF SYNDROME. ... ALCOHOLISM, OR CHRONIC ALCOHOL MISUSE, IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF WKS.
- 24. • INFANTILE BERIBERI Diseasein infants due to deficiency of thiamine. This disease is well-known in undeveloped countries among malnourished infants but it is very rare in developed countries. It can occur if a breastfeeding mother has an inadequate intake of thiamine. EARLY SYMPTOMS These symptoms may be described in infantile beriberi: • Hoarseness, where the child makes moves to moan but emits no sound or just faint moans caused by nerve paralysis. • Weight loss, becoming thinner and then marasmic as the disease progresses. • Vomiting. • Diarrhea. • Pale skin. • Edema.
- 25. THERAPUTIC USES • DIGESTIVEPROBLEMS LIKE ULCERATIVE COLITIS, • AIDS, • DIABETIC PAIN • HEART DISEASES • AGING • VISION PROBLEM • PREVENT CERVICAL CANCER
- 26. VITAMIN B2 RIBOFLAVIN • SOURCES •EGGS, ORGAN MEATS (SUCH AS KIDNEYS AND LIVER), LEAN MEATS, AND LOW-FAT MILK. • GREEN VEGETABLES (SUCH AS ASPARAGUS, BROCCOLI, AND SPINACH) • FORTIFIED CEREALS, BREAD, AND GRAIN PRODUCTS.
- 27.
- 28. DISEASES DUE TOVITAMIN B2 • RIBOFLAVIN DECOMPOSES WHEN EXPOSED TO VISIBLE LIGHT. THIS CHARACTERISTIC CAN LEAD TO RIBOFLAVIN DEFICIENCIES IN NEWBORNS TREATED FOR HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA BY PHOTOTHERAPY. THE SEVERE DEFICIENCY OF RIBOFLAVIN IS KNOWN AS ARIBO FLAVINOSIS ( A DEFICIENCY DISEASE DUE TO INADEQUATE INTAKE OF RIBOFLAVIN AND CHARACTERIZED BY SORES ON THE MOUTH.)
- 29. THERAPEUTIC USES • MIGRAINEHEADACHES IN USE OF HIGH DOSES OF RIBOFLAVIN • IMPROVE MEMORY • HEALTHY DEVELOPMENT OF THE FETUS • BOOST THE BODY'S LEVEL OF GLUTATHIONE WHICH IS AN ANTI-OXIDANT.
- 30. VITAMIN B3 NIACIN (ALSO CALLEDVITAMIN P) SOURCES • LIVER. LIVER IS ONE OF THE BEST NATURAL SOURCES OF NIACIN. ... • CHICKEN BREAST. CHICKEN, ESPECIALLY THE BREAST MEAT, IS A GOOD SOURCE OF BOTH NIACIN AND LEAN PROTEIN. ... • TUNA. TUNA IS A GOOD SOURCE OF NIACIN AND A GREAT OPTION FOR PEOPLE WHO EAT FISH BUT NOT MEAT. ... • TURKEY. ... • SALMON. ... • ANCHOVIES. ... • PORK. ... • GROUND BEEF.
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- 32.
- 33. DISEASES DUE TOVITAMIN B3 • NIACIN CHRONIC DEFICIENCY RESULTS IN PELLAGRA. • PELLAGRA: PELLAGRA IS A DISEASE CAUSED BY LOW LEVELS OF NIACIN, ALSO KNOWN AS VITAMIN B-3. IT'S MARKED BY DEMENTIA, DIARRHEA, AND DERMATITIS, ALSO KNOWN AS “THE THREE DS”. IF LEFT UN TREATED, PELLAGRA CAN BE FATAL.
- 34. THERAPEUTIC USES • DECREASEBLOOD CHOLESTEROL LEVELS AND REDUCE THE RISK OF HEART ATTACK. • NIACIN AMIDE USED ON A LONG-TERM BASIS TO PREVENT THE ONSET OF JUVENILE DIABETES (CHILDREN). • INVOLVED IN PRODUCTION OF SEX AND STRESS HORMONES. • IMPROVE BLOOD CIRCULATION. • REGULATE BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL.
- 35. VITAMIN B5 PANTOTHENIC ACID SOURCES •MEAT: PORK, CHICKEN, TURKEY DUCK, BEEF, AND ESPECIALLY ANIMAL ORGANS SUCH AS LIVER AND KIDNEY. • FISH: SALMON, LOBSTER, AND SHELLFISH. • GRAINS: WHOLE GRAIN BREADS AND CEREALS. ... • DAIRY PRODUCTS: EGG YOLK, MILK, YOGURT, AND MILK PRODUCTS. • LEGUMES: LENTILS, SPLIT PEAS, AND SOYBEANS.
- 36. STRUCTURE OF VITAMINB5 pantothenol
- 37. DISEASES DUE TOVITAMIN B5 • BECAUSE PANTOTHENIC ACID IS COMMON IN THE DIET, CASES OF DEFICIENCY ARE RARE. WHEN OCCUR IT LEADS TO PARESTHESIAS (AN ABNORMAL SENSATION, TYPICALLY TINGLING OR PRICKING (‘PINS AND NEEDLES’), CAUSED CHIEFLY BY PRESSURE ON OR DAMAGE TO PERIPHERAL NERVES)
- 38. THERAPEUTIC USES • MAINTAINGROWTH OF NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE BODY • BUILDING CELLS OF THE BODY • HELPS IN FUNCTION OF ADRENAL GLAND • INCREASE IMMUNITY OF THE BODY. • D-PANTHENOL IS AN ANALOGUE OF PANTOTHENIC ACID. IT IS A BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE • ENANTIOMER OF PANTHENOL. USE TO RELIVE GAS RETENTION AND TOPICALLY FOR: A) BURNING B) ITCHING C) IRRITATION
- 39. VITAMIN B6 (PYRIDOXINE, PYRIDOXAL,PYRIDOXAMINE) • SOURCES •pork. •poultry such as chicken or turkey. •fish. •bread. •wholegrain cereals such as oatmeal, wheat germ and brown rice. •eggs. •vegetables. •soya beans.
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- 42. DISEASES DUE TOVITAMIN B6 • THE CLASSIC CLINICAL SYNDROME FOR VITAMIN B6 DEFICIENCY IS A SEBORRHOEIC DERMATITIS- LIKE ERUPTION, ATROPHIC GLOSSITIS WITH • ULCERATION, • ANGULAR CHEILITIS, • CONJUNCTIVITIS, • INTERTRIGO, AND • NEUROLOGIC SYMPTOMS OF SOMNOLENCE, • CONFUSION, AND • NEUROPATHY[11] (DUE TO IMPAIRED SPHINGOSIN SYNTHESIS) • SIDEROBLASTIC ANEMIA (DUE TO IMPAIRED HEME
- 43. VITAMIN B7 (VITAMIN H,BIOTIN, GROWTH FACTOR, CO- ENZYME R) SOURCES • LIVER AND OTHER MEATS. AS MOST BIOTIN IS STORED IN THE LIVER, EATING ANIMAL LIVER IS ONE OF THE SIMPLEST WAYS TO INCREASE BIOTIN IN A DIET. ... • EGG YOLK. EGG YOLKS ARE ANOTHER BIOTIN-RICH FOOD WITH 1 WHOLE, COOKED EGG PROVIDING UP TO 10 MCG. ... • YEAST. ... • NUTS AND SEEDS. ... • SALMON. ... • DAIRY. ... • AVOCADOS. ... • SWEET POTATO.
- 44. STRUCTURE OF VITAMINB7 Daily amount required: 100- 200 mg/day.
- 45. DISEASES DUE TOVITAMIN B7 •ONLY INDUCED IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS NOT OBSERVED IN HUMAN: • SKIN LESIONS • RETARDED GROWTH • HAIR LOSS
- 46. VITAMIN B9 (VITAMIN M,VITAMIN B-C, FOLIC ACID ) SOURCES • LEGUMES. SHARE ON PINTEREST. ... • ASPARAGUS. ASPARAGUS CONTAINS A CONCENTRATED AMOUNT OF MANY VITAMINS AND MINERALS, INCLUDING FOLATE. ... • EGGS. ... • LEAFY GREENS. ... • BEETS. ... • CITRUS FRUITS. ... • BRUSSELS SPROUTS. ... • BROCCOLI. Daily amount required: 0.1- 0.8 mg/day
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- 48. DISEASES DUE TOVITAMIN B9 • VERY RARE DUE TO: • MALABSORPTION (DUE TO ALCOHOLISM). • IMPAIRED HEPATIC FUNCTIONS (DUE TO ALCOHOLISM) LEADS TO: • GLOSSITIS (IS INFLAMMATION OR INFECTION OF THE TONGUE ). • MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA • LEUCOPENIA
- 49. VITAMIN B12 (CYANOCOBALAMIN, ANTIPERNICIOUS ANEMIA FACTOR) SOURCES • VITAMIN B12 IS NATURALLY FOUND IN ANIMAL PRODUCTS, INCLUDING FISH, MEAT, POULTRY, EGGS, MILK, AND MILK PRODUCTS. VITAMIN B12 IS GENERALLY NOT PRESENT IN PLANT FOODS, BUT FORTIFIED BREAKFAST CEREALS ARE A READILY AVAILABLE SOURCE OF VITAMIN B12 WITH HIGH BIOAVAILABILITY FOR VEGETARIANS
- 50.
- 51. DISEASES DUE TOVITAMIN B12
- 52. VITAMIN C ASCORBIC ACID •SOURCES CITRUS FRUITS SUCH AS ORANGE, KIWI, LEMON, GUAVA, GRAPEFRUIT, AND VEGETABLES SUCH AS BROCCOLI, CAULIFLOWER, BRUSSEL SPROUTS AND CAPSICUMS ARE RICH, NATURAL SOURCES OFVITAMIN C. OTHER VITAMIN C- RICH FRUITS INCLUDE PAPAYA, CANTALOUPE AND STRAWBERRIES.
- 53.
- 54. DISEASES DUE TOVITAMIN C • SCURVY HAPPENS WHEN THERE IS A LACK OF VITAMIN C, OR ASCORBIC ACID. THE DEFICIENCY LEADS TO SYMPTOMS OF WEAKNESS, ANEMIA, GUM DISEASE, AND SKIN PROBLEMS. THIS IS BECAUSE VITAMIN C IS NEEDED FOR MAKING COLLAGEN, AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE SCURVY: • IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY CAN OCCUR AS PART OF GENERAL UNDERNUTRITION, BUT SEVERE DEFICIENCY (CAUSING SCURVY) IS UNCOMMON. SYMPTOMS INCLUDE FATIGUE, DEPRESSION, AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE DEFECTS (E.G, GINGIVITIS, PETECHIAE, RASH, INTERNAL BLEEDING, IMPAIRED WOUND HEALING). IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN, BONE GROWTH MAY BE IMPAIRED. DIAGNOSIS IS USUALLY CLINICAL. TREATMENT CONSISTS OF ORAL VITAMIN C.
- 55. ETIOLOGY ETIOLOGY • IN ADULTS,PRIMARY VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY IS USUALLY DUE TO INADEQUATE DIE • ETIOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF CAUSATION, OR ORIGINATION • THE CAUSE, SET OF CAUSES, OR MANNER OF CAUSATION OF A DISEASE OR CONDITION.
- 56. THERAPEUTIC USES BONE ANDCALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS INFECTIONS PSORIASIS MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS RESPIRATORY HEALTH DIABETES & OTHER CONDITIONS