Thermodynamics is the study of energy, heat, work, and their transformation between states. It originated with studies of steam engines in the 17th-18th centuries. Key developments included the formulation of the first and second laws of thermodynamics in the 19th century. Thermodynamics considers macroscopic properties of systems and describes what is possible and impossible during energy conversions based on empirical observations and the laws of thermodynamics.
In this PPT have have covered
1. Basic thermodynamics definition
2. Thermodynamics law
3. Properties , cycle, Process
4. Derivation of the Process
5.Formula for the numericals.
This topic is use full for those students who want to study basic thermodynamics as a part of their University syllabus.
Most of the university having basic Mechanical engineering as a subject and in this subject Thermodynamics is a topic so by this PPT our aim is to give presentable knowledge of the subject
In this PPT have have covered
1. Basic thermodynamics definition
2. Thermodynamics law
3. Properties , cycle, Process
4. Derivation of the Process
5.Formula for the numericals.
This topic is use full for those students who want to study basic thermodynamics as a part of their University syllabus.
Most of the university having basic Mechanical engineering as a subject and in this subject Thermodynamics is a topic so by this PPT our aim is to give presentable knowledge of the subject
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this is my presentation about 2nd law of thermodynamic. this is part of engineering thermodynamic in mechanical engineering. here discussed about heat transfer, heat engines, thermal efficiency of heat pumps and refrigerator and its equation for perfect work done with best figure and table wise discription, entropy and change in entropy, isentropic process for turbines and compressor and many more.
Subject: ME8391 Engineering Thermodynamics
Topic: Basic Concepts & First law of Thermodynamics
B.E. Mechanical Engineering
Second year, III Semester.
[Anna University R-2017]
To download this lecture notes kindly visit website or contact me
Topics include: visit my website (www.mech-4u.weebly.com)
1) introduction to thermodynamics
2) basics concepts of thermodynamics
3) types of system
4) properties of system
5) zeroth law of thermodynamics
6) concept of heat and work
7) properties of steam
8) properties of ideal gas
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
this is my presentation about 2nd law of thermodynamic. this is part of engineering thermodynamic in mechanical engineering. here discussed about heat transfer, heat engines, thermal efficiency of heat pumps and refrigerator and its equation for perfect work done with best figure and table wise discription, entropy and change in entropy, isentropic process for turbines and compressor and many more.
Subject: ME8391 Engineering Thermodynamics
Topic: Basic Concepts & First law of Thermodynamics
B.E. Mechanical Engineering
Second year, III Semester.
[Anna University R-2017]
To download this lecture notes kindly visit website or contact me
Topics include: visit my website (www.mech-4u.weebly.com)
1) introduction to thermodynamics
2) basics concepts of thermodynamics
3) types of system
4) properties of system
5) zeroth law of thermodynamics
6) concept of heat and work
7) properties of steam
8) properties of ideal gas
notes on thermodynamics system and properties ,which is the on of the basics of thermodynamics useful for mechanical ,chemical engineering,physics students also can read this. for practice objective questions on thermodynamic visit www.testindia24x7.com free online web portal
The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation of energy, adapted for thermodynamic systems. The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system is constant; energy can be transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed.
Thermodynamics: Thermodynamics system (open, close, and isolated), Thermodynamic Properties:
Definition and Units of -Temperature, Pressure (atmospheric, absolute and gauge). Volume. Internal
energy, Enthalpy, Concept of Mechanical work, Thermodynamics Laws with example- Zeroth Law, First
Law, Limitations of first law. Concept of heat Sink. Source, heat engine, heat pump,
refrigeration engine. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics statements (Kelvin Plank, Claussius), Numerical
on 2" law only.
Measurement: Measurement of Temperature (Thermocouple - Type according to temperature range
and application), Measurement of Pressure (Barometer, Bourdon pressure gauge, Simple U tube
Manometer with numerical).
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
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Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
1. Introduction to Engineering Thermodynamics
Dr. Rohit Singh Lather, Associate Professor
Science blasts many doubts, foresees what is not obvious
It is the eye of everyone, one who hasn't got it, is like blind ||
2. Thermodynamics – A Philosophy
• Thermodynamics is the science that primarily deals with energy
• In its origins, thermodynamics was the study of engines
• First century AD - Heron of Alexandria, first recognized thermal engineer
• 1593 - Galileo develops a water thermoscope
AeolipileHero of Alexandria
Reaction engine
First recorded steam engine
thermoscope
Source: www.wikipedia.com
3. Aristotle
“Nature abhors a vacuum”
Empty or unfilled spaces are unnatural as they go against
the laws of nature and physics
Otto von Guericke
Designed and built the world's first vacuum pump
• 1650 - Otto von Guericke designed and built the world's first vacuum pump and created the
world's first ever vacuum known as the Magdeburg hemispheres, a precursor of the engine
Magdeburg hemispheres : Large copper hemispheres, with mating rims, were used to
demonstrate the power of atmospheric pressure. The rims were sealed with grease and the air
was pumped out
Source: www.wikipedia.com
5. • 1656 - English scientist Robert Hooke, built an air pump
- Using this pump, Boyle and Hooke noticed a correlation between pressure, temperature,
and volume
(Boyles’s Law - pressure and volume are inversely proportional)
• 1679 – Denis Papin conceived of the idea of a piston and a cylinder engine after watching steam
release valve of steam digester rhythmically move up and kept the machine from
exploding, which was a closed vessel with a tightly
Steam DigesterAir Pump
Source: www.wikipedia.com; www.google.com
6. • 1697 – Thomas Savery an engineer built the first engine (based on Papin's designs)
• 1700’s – Industrial Revolution
• 1712 - Thomas Newcomen built another engine
- Early engines were crude and inefficient, but attracted the attention of the leading scientists of the time
• 1760s - Joseph Black Professor at the University of Glasgow develops calorimetry
- Developed the fundamental concepts of heat capacity and latent heat
- Joseph Black with James Watt (employed as an instrument maker), performed
experiments together, but it was Watt who conceived the idea of the external
condenser which resulted in a large increase in steam engine efficiency
• 1780s - James Watt improves the steam engine
• 1824 – Sadi Carnot, the "father of thermodynamics", published ”Reflections on the motive power
of fire”, a discourse on heat, power, energy and engine efficiency
- The paper outlined the basic energetic relations between the Carnot engine, the Carnot
cycle and motive power. Discusses idealized heat engines
- Marked the start of thermodynamics as a modern science
Source: www.wikipedia.com; www.google.com
7. • 1849 -Lord Kelvin coined the word “thermodynamics”
• 1850 - Rudolf Clausius came up with the term “entropy”
• 1850s - The first and second laws of thermodynamics emerged simultaneously in the, primarily out
of the works of William Rankine, Rudolf Clausius, and William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)
• 1859 – William Rankine - first thermodynamic textbook
• 1871 - James Maxwell formulated the Statistical Mechanical branch of thermodynamics
• 1875 - Ludwig Boltzmann precisely connected entropy and molecular motion
Source: www.wikipedia.com; www.google.com
8. Thermodynamics and its branches
• Description of the states of thermodynamical systems at near-equilibrium, using macroscopic, empirical
properties directly measurable in the laboratory
• Deals with exchanges of energy, work and heat based on the laws of thermodynamics
• Emerged with the development of atomic and molecular theories
• Relates the microscopic properties of individual atoms and molecules to the macroscopic, bulk properties of
materials that can be observed on the human scale, thereby explaining thermodynamics at the microscopic
level
• Equilibrium thermodynamics is the systematic study of transformations of matter and energy in systems as
they approach equilibrium
• Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with systems that are not
in thermodynamic equilibrium
• Study of the interrelation of energy with chemical reactions or with a physical change of state within the
confines of the laws of thermodynamics
Classical Thermodynamics
Statistical Mechanics (Statistical Thermodynamics)
Chemical Thermodynamics
Treatment of equilibrium
Source: www.wikipedia.com; www.google.com
9. Applications of Thermodynamics
Power plants
The human body
Air-conditioning
systems
Airplanes
Car radiators
Refrigeration systems
Source: Yunus A. Cengel and Michael A. Boles Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, McGraw Hill, 8th Edition
10. Introduction
We introduce here classical thermodynamics
• “Thermodynamics” is of Greek origin, and is translated as the combination of therme: heat and
dynamis: power
• Thermodynamics is based on empirical observation
• The word “thermo-dynamic,” used first by Lord Kelvin
• Study of the relationship between heat, work, and other forms of
energy
• Describes what is possible and what is impossible during energy
conversion processes
• Describes the "direction" of a process
• Studies the effects of temperature on physical systems at the
macroscopic scale
• All of these things accurately describe thermodynamics
• Thermodynamics is the study of energy conversion, most typically
through terms of heat and work
Sir William Thomson a.k.a
Lord Kelvin (1824 – 1907)Source: www.britannica.com/biography/William-Thomson-Baron-Kelvin
11. Forms of Energy
Energy
Macroscopic Microscopic
Kinetic Potential
Sensible
(translational + rotational + vibrational)
Latent
(inter molecular phase change)
Chemical
(Atomic Bonds)
Atomic
(bonds within nucleolus of atoms)
Summation of all the microscopic energies is called Internal Energy
E= U+KE+PE (kJ)
Low Grade High GradeHeat Work
12. Macroscopic vs. Microscopic
• The behavior of a system may be investigated from either a microscopic or macroscopic point of
view
Statistical Approach
Macroscopic Approach
• On the basis of statistical considerations and probability
theory
• we deal with average values for all particles under
consideration
- Reducing the number of variables to a few that can be
handled
• Concerned with the gross or average effects of many
molecules
• These effects can be perceived by our senses and measured
by instruments
Understanding microscopic point of view
Cube with
1m3Air
2.4 × 1025
Molecules
Due to collision the position velocity and energy
changes for each molecules
The behavior of the gas is described by
summing up the behavior of each molecule
To specify position and velocity,
we need three coordinates x, y and z
1.4 × 1026 equations
13. Container
Gas exerts pressure
on the walls due to
change in momentum of
the molecules as they
collide with the wall
• From a macroscopic point of view, we are concerned not with the action of the individual
molecules but with the time-averaged force on a given area, which can be measured by a
pressure gauge
• Macroscopic observations are completely independent of our assumptions regarding the nature
of matter
• We are always concerned with volumes that are very large compared to molecular dimensions
and, therefore, with systems that contain many molecules
• Because we are not concerned with the behavior of individual molecules, we can treat the
substance as being continuous, disregarding the action of individual molecules
14. Continuum
• The limit in which discrete changes from molecule to molecule can be
ignored and distances and times over which we are concerned are
much larger than those of the molecular scale
• This will enable the use of calculus in our continuum thermodynamics
15. Thermodynamic
System
A quantity of fixed
mass under
investigation
Universe
Combination of system and surroundings
Surroundings
Everything external to the system
System Boundary
Interface separating system and surroundings (fixed or moving)
Heat In
Work Out
Definitions
16. Open System
a system in which mass
crosses boundary, energy
transfer in and out
Closed System
a system with fixed
mass, no mass transfer,
energy may transfer in
and out
Isolated System
A system in which there
are no interactions
between system and
surroundings, no mass
and energy transfer
17. system → fixed mass
constant mass, but possible variable volume
Source: Yunus A. Cengel and Michael A. Boles Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, McGraw Hill, 8th Edition
18. Control Volume
Control Volume
• Control Volume: fixed volume over which mass can pass in and out of its boundary
• The mass within a control volume may or may not be constant
- If there is fluid flow in and out there may or may not be accumulation of mass within the
control volume
control volume → potentially variable mass, open
Source: Yunus A. Cengel and Michael A. Boles Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, McGraw Hill, 8th Edition
19. A control volume can involve fixed, moving, real and imaginary boundaries
Source: Yunus A. Cengel and Michael A. Boles Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, McGraw Hill, 8th Edition
20. Thermodynamic Properties
If you can’t measure it, you can’t improve it – Lord Kelvin
Thermodynamic properties can be divided into two
general classes, intensive and extensive properties
When all the properties of a system have definite values,
the system is said to exist at a definite state
Property - A property of a system is any observable (macroscopic) characteristics of the
system. The properties we shall deal with are measurable in terms of numbers and units of
measurements (eg. Pressure, density, temperature etc.)
Extensive Property
The value of an extensive property
varies directly with the mass, examples
are: Mass and total volume
Intensive Property
Intensive property is independent
of the amount of mass, examples
are: Temperature, pressure,
specific volume, and density
Thus, if a quantity of matter in a given state is divided into two equal parts, each part will have the
same value of intensive property as the original and half the value of the extensive property
21. • An Extensive variable depends on the size
of the system.
• Examples of extensive variables are internal
energy, enthalpy, heat capacity at constant
pressure, heat capacity at constant volume,
entropy, Helmholtz energy, Gibbs energy,
volume
• For a system consisting of several parts, an
extensive property of the ensemble of the
parts is the sum of the corresponding
extensive property of each of the parts
• Extensive properties of a system containing
a pure species are proportional to the
number of moles of the species present
• An Intensive variable has a uniform value in
different subdivisions of a system
• Examples of intensive variables are pressure,
temperature, identical in all points of the
system, Molar variables or partial molar
variables, specific mass, mole fractions, molar
heat capacity at constant pressure, have the
same values in all points of one phase of the
system.
• They may differ from one phase† to another.
22. State
• State is the condition of the system at an instance of time as described or measured by the
properties
OR
Each unique condition of a system is called a state
• At a particular state, all properties have fixed values
State 1 State 2
P1T1V1 P2T2V2
23. State functions the endpoints of your definite integral are all that matter:
you could parameterize any path you want between the endpoints and the
resulting integral is the same
Property and Non Property
An infinitesimal change in a state function is represented by an exact differential
24. Change of a State Variable as the Result of a
Thermodynamic Process
General Process
For a state variable, X , (XF – XI) is
independent of the path used for the
process. The intermediate states of the
system are irrelevant
Cyclic Process
Consider a thermodynamic change of a
system to some intermediate state via
path 1. Then along path 2, bring the
system back to its initial state. This
process is a cyclic process
I F I Int.
(XF – XI)path 1 = (XF – XI)path 2
Path 1
Path 2
Path 1
Path 2
The change of X is zero for a cyclic process
Intermediate StateInitial StateFinal StateInitial State
Source: Introductory Thermodynamics,Pierre Infelta Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne,
Switzerland
25. • Example of a cyclic process: the initial state and final
state is identical
• There is no volume change
• The change of any state variable is zero for any
cyclic process
• A variable X is a state variable (or state function) if its
change for a cyclic process is zero
• X is also a state variable if its change for a general
process depends only on the initial and final states of
the system and not on the way the change is achieved.
• The differential form dX is then called an exact
differential
• The line integral of an exact differential is
independent of the path of integration
1
2
3
x
Y
Source: Introductory Thermodynamics,Pierre Infelta Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Switzerland
26. Processes and Cycles
• Change of State: implies one or more properties of the system has changed
- the changes are slow relative to the underlying molecular time scales
• Process: a succession of changes of state
- We assume our processes are all sufficiently slow such that each stage of the
process is near equilibrium
- isothermal: constant temperature
- isobaric: constant pressure
- isochoric: constant volume
• Path: The succession of states passed through during a change of state is called path of the
change of state
• Cycle: series of processes which returns to the original state. (A thermodynamic cycle is
defined as a series of state changes such that the final state is identical with the initial state)
- The cycle is a thermodynamic “round trip.”
27. Volume
Pressure
a
b
1
2
Cycle
1-2-1
Process
a - b
Cycle
a series of state changes such that the
final state is identical with the initial state
Reversible Process
When a system undergoes changes in such a manner
it is able to retain its original condition by following
the same thermodynamic path in the reverse
direction, it is then said to have undergone a
reversible process
Irreversible process
When the system is unable to reach the original
condition by retracing its path or attain the
original conditions along other thermodynamic
paths, then the process is said to be an
irreversible process
A process becomes irreversible due to the friction
Process
Change of state, when the path is
completely specified
A process is completely specified by the end states,
the path, and the interactions that take place at
the boundary
28. Quasi-Static Process
• Arbitrarily slow process such that system always stays stays arbitrarily close to thermodynamic
equilibrium
• Infinite slowness is the characteristics of a quasi-static process
• It is a succession of equilibrium states
• A quasi-static process is also reversible process
Dots indicate
equilibrium states
Pressure
1
2
Volume
Every state passed through by the
system will be an equilibrium state
Such a process is locus of all the
equilibrium points passed through by
the system
System Boundary
Piston
Weight
Final State
Initial State
Multiple
Weights
Final State
Initial State
Piston
dv
dp
29. Thermodynamic Equilibrium
• Thermodynamic Equilibrium: state in which no spontaneous changes (macroscopic properties) are
observed with respect to time
- We actually never totally achieve equilibrium, we only approximate it
- It takes infinite time to achieve final equilibrium
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics: branch of thermodynamics which considers systems
often far from equilibrium and the time-dynamics of their path to equilibrium
Chemical Equilibrium
Characterized by equal
chemical potentials
Thermal Equilibrium
Characterized by
equal temperature
Mechanical Equilibrium
Characterized by equal
forces (pressure)