Introduction to spectroscopy
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This document provides an introduction to spectroscopy presented by Dr. M H Ghante and Mr. A. B. Roge. It defines spectroscopy as the measurement of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and matter. EMR is characterized by its wavelength, wave number, and frequency. When EMR interacts with matter, various phenomena can occur such as absorption, emission, reflection, and refraction. Different spectroscopy techniques are classified based on the type of radiation and interaction observed, including UV-visible, infrared, NMR, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The principle behind spectroscopy is that EMR of a specific wavelength can be absorbed by a molecule, exciting it to a higher energy state. Spectra are obtained by measuring absorption or emission as
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Principle and instrumentation
Flame photometry is a technique that uses the characteristic emissions of light from elements introduced into a flame to determine the concentration of certain metal ions like sodium, potassium, calcium, and lithium. It works based on the principle that elements emit light at specific wavelengths when excited in a flame. The flame photometer instrument consists of a burner to generate the flame, a nebulizer to introduce the sample, an optical system to transmit and focus the light, filters to isolate wavelengths, and a photodetector to measure light intensity and relate it to concentration. Flame photometry can be used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of metals in samples like soils, foods, beverages, and bodily fluids.
Spectroscopic Techniques
The document provides an overview of various spectroscopic techniques used to study the interaction of matter with electromagnetic radiation. It discusses techniques such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, which analyzes electronic transitions that occur when molecules absorb photons. Infrared spectroscopy analyzes vibrational transitions that occur based on a molecule's functional groups. Other techniques covered include nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and mass spectrometry. For each technique, the document discusses the basic principles, instrumentation, applications, and limitations.
Sachin new ftir
The document discusses Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It begins by explaining the basic principles of FTIR including how a Fourier transform is used to convert infrared absorption data into a spectrum. It then describes key components of an FTIR instrument and how it works. The document outlines advantages such as high resolution and speed of analysis. Applications including structure determination and identification of organic compounds are also mentioned.
Introduction to NMR
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency pulses to analyze atomic nuclei and determine molecular structures. NMR works by aligning atomic nuclei in an external magnetic field and measuring their signals as they relax back to equilibrium. The signals provide information on chemical shifts, spin-spin couplings, and molecular relaxation times that can be used to elucidate molecular structures. Modern NMR techniques including Fourier transforms, multidimensional experiments, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have significantly advanced structural analysis and medical applications of NMR spectroscopy.
UV Visible Spectroscopy
This document discusses spectroscopy and UV-visible instrumentation. It begins with an overview of the electromagnetic spectrum and spectroscopy, which involves interpreting absorption and emission spectra to understand atomic and molecular structure. It then describes the basic components of a UV-visible spectrometer, including light sources, sample containers, and the Beer-Lambert law relating absorbance to concentration. Applications of UV-visible spectroscopy are identifying inorganic and organic species by measuring their absorption in the 160-780nm range.
radioisotopetechnique-161107054511.pdf
This document summarizes a seminar report on radioisotopes presented by Abhishek A. Giri. It defines radioisotopes as unstable isotopes that emit radiation during radioactive decay. It discusses several applications of radioisotopes including medical tracers, sterilization, and food sterilization. It also describes methods of detecting and measuring radioactivity including gas ionization, scintillation counting, and autoradiography.
Radioisotope technique and methods
An isotope is one of two or more atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
Unstable isotopes are called Radioisotopes.
uses of radioisotopes are many which are discussed in this slide.
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Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
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Introduction to spectroscopy
- 1. Presentation on INTRODUCTION TO SPECTROSCOPY by Dr. M H Ghante & Mr. A. B. Roge Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry NANDED PHARMACY COLLEGE, NANDED-431605 7/27/2019 1
- 2. Contents Introduction EMR & Properties EMR spectrum Interaction of EMR & Matter Classification Principle Instrumentation Applications 7/27/2019 2
- 3. Introduction Optical analytical techniques are based on measurement of optical properties of analyte. e.g. Refractometry, Polarimetry, Spectroscopy Optical properties are the responses shown by matter on interaction with matter. e.g. Reflection, refraction, rotation of light, absorption and emission The type and magnitude of interaction is dependant on nature, particle size of matter and wavelength of EMR 7/27/2019 3
- 4. EMR & Properties EMR consists of discrete energy particles (Photons) which travels with very high velocity They are originated due to oscillation of electric charge and magnetic field residing over atoms of elements Electric vector and magnetic vector are mutually perpendicular to direction of propagation. EMRs are characterized by their wavelength (λ) , wave number and frequency (ν). Energy associated with EMR is directly proportional to its frequency. 7/27/2019 4
- 5. EMR spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum in order of decreasing frequency & increasing wavelength7/27/2019 5
- 6. Interaction between EMR & Matter Interaction between EMR and matter-(atoms/ molecules) usually results in ◦ Reflection ◦ Scattering ◦ Refraction ◦ Absorption (energy state changes from ground to excited state) When & Why it absorbs energy ? How much energy absorbs ? ◦ Transmission ◦ Emission 7/27/2019 6
- 7. Classification of spectroscopy SPECTROSCOPY Atomic Absorption spectroscopy Emission spectroscopy / Flame Photometry Molecular Absorption Electronic UV & IR Magnetic NMR & ESR Emission Fluorimetry & Phosporimetry 7/27/2019 7
- 8. Principle • When EMRs are passed through matter, atoms / molecules of the matter comes in resonance for a moment UV –Visible spectroscopy , ΔELUMO-HOMO = Energy of Radiation IR spectroscopy , Vibrational frequency = Radiation frequency NMR spectroscopy, Precessional frequency = Radiation frequency • Resonance results in absorption of radiant energy. • Absorbed radiations bring atoms/molecules to excited state from ground state . • These absorbed radiations are recorded as function of their wavelength, wave number or frequency to obtain spectrum. • Complete spectrum is unique/ characteristics to matter under the investigation. 7/27/2019 8
- 9. General & Comparative instrumentation Sr. no. Techniques Radiation Source Collimator (Lens, Mirror, Slit) Wavelength Selector Sample container Detector 1 UV-Visible D2 Lamp, Hydrogen Lamp, Tungsten Lamp Glass, Quartz Filter, prism & Grating monochromator Glass &Quartz Cylindrical, Rectangular (0.5, 1, & 2cm ) Fixed pathlength Barrier layer cell, Phototube &Photomultipli er tube 2 IR Incandescent lamp, Nernst glower & Globar Rock salt e.g. NaCl, KCl Filter, prism & Grating monochromator Rock salt Rectangular (0.1-1 mm) Fixed & variable path length Thermocouple & Photoelectric 3 NMR** RF Oscillator ===== ===== Cylindrical glass tube RF Detector **Large magnate, small magnate and sweep generator7/27/2019 9
- 10. Applications Structure elucidation: • The combined data obtained from different techniques is useful for elucidation. UV-Visible Spectrum: Skeleton of the structure e.g. Aromatic/aliphatic, extent of conjugation, Chromophore IR Spectrum: Functional groups and their adjacent group NMR Spectrum: Nature of magnetic nuclei and their position Qualitative Analysis: • Each compound and/or atom of an element has a unique spectrum. The spectrum can be used to make identification of a given compound and/or element. Quantitative analysis: • Concentration of solutions can be determined by measuring the absorbance Differentiation of isomers: • Isomers can be distinguished with spectroscopic study. • They produce different spectrum because of difference in their chemical properties even same molecular formula. • e.g.: 1-Propanol and 2-Propanol 7/27/2019 10