The document provides an introduction to sewage treatment. It discusses the need for sewage treatment to remove pollutants and toxicants from wastewater before discharge or reuse. A typical sewage treatment plant uses a combination of unit operations and unit processes. Unit operations involve physical separation methods, while unit processes use chemical or biological reactions. The treatment process involves preliminary, primary, secondary and sometimes tertiary stages. Preliminary treatment screens and removes large solids. Primary treatment uses sedimentation to remove settleable solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge to break down organic matter.

1. by
Prof V. V. Sasane (Assistant Professor)
Department of Civil Engineering
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon, 423603
Subject: Environmental Engineering-II
B.E. Civil
Unit-II: Sewage Treatment
2.1 Introduction to Sewage Treatment
Sanjivani Rural Education Society’s
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon, 423603
An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune

2. Content
1. Need of sewage treatment
2. Introduction to sewage treatment
3. Unit operation and process flow diagram of sewage

3. Need of Sewage Treatment
1. Wastewater collected from various communities must be ultimately returned to the
receiving waters or applied to land or reused after making it safe for the purpose,
ensuring no danger to human health or damage to the environment.
2. The objective of wastewater treatment is to extract and remove various pollutants and
toxicants including suspended and dissolved materials as well as pathogens present in the
wastewater so that its quality is improved to reach the permissible level of water to be
discharged/reused.
3. The degree of treatment required depends on the characteristics of the raw wastewater
and the desired quality of treated water for disposal or reuse, which is eventually
governed by state regulated wastewater discharged standards or water quality standard
for recycling/reuse.

4. Introduction to Sewage Treatment
• A typical wastewater treatment plant consists of several treatment steps encompassing unit
operations and unit processes.
• Treatment units (methods) in which the application of physical forces predominate are
called Unit Operations. Here primarily physical separation of the pollutant occurs (e.g.
screening, grit chamber, sedimentation etc.).
• Treatment units (methods) in which chemical or biological reactions predominate are called
Unit Processes. In such units, the pollutant is chemically or biologically transformed to
usually smaller compounds (e.g. biodegradation or chemical degradation steps).
• Since, the municipal as well as industrial wastewaters contain physical as well as chemical
pollutants, often a combination of several unit operations and unit processes are needed for
the complete treatment of wastewater.

5. Classification of Treatment Processes
• Preliminary treatment:
i) Screens- for screening of large floating material.
ii) Grit chamber – for removal of sand and grits.
iii) Skimming tank – for removal of oil and grease.
• Primary treatment:
• i) primary sedimentation ‐ the physical settling of insoluble suspended solids from a wastewater stream,
usually called primary settling.
ii) Chemical coagulation: for floc formation.
• Secondary or biological treatment ‐ the biological treatment system followed by secondary clarification for the
separation of biological solids from the main wastewater stream. The various biological treatments are-
Activated sludge process, freckling filter, oxidation pond, anaerobic lagoons, UASB etc
• Tertiary (or Advanced) treatment ‐ Any treatment following secondary treatment, usually for the removal of
nutrients, high TDS, microbial pollutions etc.

6. Unit Operation and Process Flow Digram of
Sewage Treatment
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s8IVjQg7yno

7. Unit Operation and Process Flow Diagram of
Sewage Treatment

8. Thank You