Sludge treatment processes aim to reduce water content, volume, and pathogens while improving stability. Key processes include thickening to increase solids content before downstream treatment, alkaline stabilization using lime to raise pH and eliminate pathogens, and anaerobic digestion to biologically reduce organic matter through hydrolysis, acidogenesis, and methanogenesis. Thickening methods include gravity settling, flotation, centrifugation, belt filters, and drums. Stabilization prevents odor and further degradation, while aerobic or anaerobic digestion further reduces solids before final disposal or reuse.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Lecture Notes of Environmental Engg-II as per solapur university syllabus of TE Civil,
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Sludge dewatering is a prior process to manage the sludge. The dewatering requires to decrease the volume of sludge for easy handling. It has two methods: Conventional and advance.
this presentation gives you a quick glimpse of Sludge Dewatering process and method.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Lecture Notes of Environmental Engg-II as per solapur university syllabus of TE Civil,
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Sludge dewatering is a prior process to manage the sludge. The dewatering requires to decrease the volume of sludge for easy handling. It has two methods: Conventional and advance.
this presentation gives you a quick glimpse of Sludge Dewatering process and method.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
This presentation includes the basic introduction to sewage/ wastewater, quantity estimation, the basic terms commonly used in the sewerage system, Types of sewer, sewage, and sewerage system.
Deals with primary sedimentation tanks for the primary treatment of sewage. settling column test, settling profile graph construction and use of the settling profile graph for the design of primary sedimentation tank. both circular and rectangular settling tanks are described here.
This is a power point presentation on design of a 30 MLD sewage treatment plant. It includes the different characteristics of waste water,various treatment units, design results and a layout of sewage treatment plant.
Visit my slide share channel for downloading report of this project.
Here you will get all information about sewer design, its type & various tests carried out on it for any leakage or any obstruction present and of improper joints.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
This presentation includes the basic introduction to sewage/ wastewater, quantity estimation, the basic terms commonly used in the sewerage system, Types of sewer, sewage, and sewerage system.
Deals with primary sedimentation tanks for the primary treatment of sewage. settling column test, settling profile graph construction and use of the settling profile graph for the design of primary sedimentation tank. both circular and rectangular settling tanks are described here.
This is a power point presentation on design of a 30 MLD sewage treatment plant. It includes the different characteristics of waste water,various treatment units, design results and a layout of sewage treatment plant.
Visit my slide share channel for downloading report of this project.
Here you will get all information about sewer design, its type & various tests carried out on it for any leakage or any obstruction present and of improper joints.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
With rising crude prices and depleting quality of crude, however, the level of wastewater pollutants in petroleum wastewater is at new high. Such conditions are forcing refineries to use a more advanced water treatment, water recovery methods, and robust processes that work well under a variety of conditions and can handle the changing refinery effluent flow rates. Finally a process that is economical in overall life time cost is needed to make all of this feasible. Aquatech has experience working with these refinery effluent pollutants in the refinery market and offers the advanced petroleum wastewater treatment and recovery technology necessary for the refinery’s needs.
L11 -SECONDARY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE - TRICKLING FILTERS.pptxPRACHI DESSAI
Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater and convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Once returned to the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the environment or is reused for various purposes (called water reclamation).
coastal water resoueces, this issue really great, because of day by in coastal region population increses but main problems are that area s water is almost salty so thats why majors problems are created about water.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
2. Introduction
Sludge is composed of the pollutants that have been
removed by sedimentation and potential pollutants
produced when organic matter degrades.
Sludge treatment is needed -
to reduce the water and organic content of the sludge
To remove odour
To reduce volume and weight
Improves hygiene by removing pathogen organism
and render the solids suitable for reuse or final
disposal.
4. Sludge thickening
Purpose – to increase solid content of sludge by
removing a portion of the liquid fraction
Thickening is generally accomplished by physical
means, including co-settling, gravity settling,
flotation, centrifugation, gravity belt and rotary drum.
Applications- it is beneficial to subsequent treatment
process, such as digestion, dewatering, drying and
combustion from the following stand points
5. Capacity of tanks and equipment required
Quantity of chemical required for sludge conditioning
Amount of heat required by digesters and amount of
auxiliary fuel required for heat drying or incineration,
or both
Volume reduction is very desirable when liquid sludge
is transported by tank trucks for direct application to
land as soil conditioner.
6. DESCRIPTION AND DESIGN OF THICKNERS
In designing thickness facilities, it is important to
Provide adequate capacity to meet peak demands
and Prevent septicity, with its attendant odor
problems, during the thickening process.
The six methods of thickening discussed in this
section are co-settling thickening, gravity, dissolved
air flotation, centrifugal, gravity belt, and rotary drum
9. Successful thickening of solids in primary clarifiers has
been achieved by a combination of the following :
1. Using one clarifiers in a bank of clarifiers for co-
settling thickening; dilute solids underflow from the
other clarifiers is discharged to the thickening
clarifier;
2. Maintaining the solids inventory for about 6 to 12 hr
3. Providing for the addition of coagulating chemicals
such as polymer & ferric chloride to condition the
solids to enhance settling.
4. The need for chemical addition depends upon the
clarifier overflow rates.
12. Tank similar in design to a conventional sedimentation
tank. Normally a circular tank is used .
Gravity thickening is most effective on primary sludge.
Gravity thickeners are designed on the basis of solids
loading and thickener overflow rate. Recommended
maximum hydraulic overflow rates range from 15.5 to 31
m3/ m2d.
14. Flotation thickening is used most efficiently for waste sludges
from suspended growth biological treatment processes such as
the activated sludge process or the suspended growth
nitrification process.
Other sludge such as primary sludge , trickling filter humus,
aerobically digested sludge, and sludges containing metal salts
from chemical treatment have been flotation thickened.
16. Centrifuges are used both to thicken and to dewater
sludges.
Their application in thickening is limited normally to
waste-activated sludge.
Thickening by centrifugation involves the settling of
sludge particles under the influence of centrifugal
forces.
The basic type of centrifuge used for sludge
thickening is the solid-bowl centrifuge.
Under normal conditions, thickening can be
accomplished by centrifugal thickening without
polymer addition.
17. Maintenance & power costs for the centrifugal
thickening process, however can be substantial.
Therefore the process is usually attractive only at
facilities larger than 0.2 m3/s (5 Mgal/d), where space
is limited and skilled operators are available or for
sludges that are difficult to thicken by more
conventional means.
19. The equipment developed for thickening consists of
gravity belt that moves over rollers driven by a
variable- speed drive unit.
The sludge is conditioned with polymer and fed into a
fed/distribution box at one end, where the sludge is
distributed evenly across the width of the moving belt.
The water drains through the belt as the concentrating
sludge is carried towards the discharge end of the
thickener.
20. The gravity belt thickener has been used for
thickening waste-activated sludge, anaerobically and
aerobically digested sludge and some industrial
sludges.
Polymer addition is required.
Testing is recommended to verify that the solids can
be thickened at typical polymer dosages.
21. ROTARY DRUM THICKENING
Rotary-drum thickeners can be used as prethickening
step before belt-press dewatering and are typically
used in small to medium size plants for waste
activated sludge thickening.
A rotary-drum thickening system consists of
conditioning system and rotating cylindrical screens.
Polymer is mixed with dilute sludge in the mixing and
conditioning drum.
22. The conditioned sludge is then passed to rotating
screen drums, which separate the flocculated solids
from the water.
Thickened sludge rolls out the end of the drums, while
separated water decants through the screens.
Some design also allow coupling of the rotary drum
unit to a belt filter press for combination thickening
and dewatering.
23. INTRODUCTION TO STABILIZATION
More specifically, the purpose of sludge stabilization is
1. to reduce pathogens
2. eliminate offensive odours
3. inhibit, reduce or eliminate the potential for
putrefaction (which is done by biological reduction
of the volatile organic fraction or addition of
chemicals).
24. Alkaline stabilization
To eliminate nuisance condition in sludge by using
alkaline material to render the sludge unsuitable for
survival of m/o.
In lime stabilization, lime is added to untreated sludge so
that ph is 12 or more.
high ph retards microbial reactions which are producing
odour and vector attraction.
process inactive virus, bacteria, m/o present.
25. CHEMICAL REACTION IN LIME STABILIZATION:
Calcium : Ca2+ + 2HCO3
- + CaO 2CaCO3 + H2O
Phosphorus :
2PO4
3- + 6H + + 3CaO Ca3 (PO4)2 + 3H2O
Carbon dioxide :- CO2 + CaO CaCO3
Reactions with organic contaminants :
Acids : RCOOH + CaO RCOOCaOH
Fats : Fat + Ca (OH)2 Glycerol + fatty acids
26. HEAT GENERATION
In sludge, Quick lime (CaO)+ water = hydrated lime.
Reaction is exothermic.
Reaction between quick lime and carbon dioxide is
also exothermic.
this rises the temp.
27. APPLICATION OF ALKALINE STABALIZATION
PROCESS:
Three methods of alkaline stabilization are commonly used :
Addition of lime to sludge prior to dewatering, termed “lime
pretreatment”,
The addition of lime to sludge after dewatering or “lime post
treatment”.
28. LIME PRETREATEMENT
Pretreatment of liquid sludge with lime has been used
for either -
1. The direct application of liquid sludge to land or
2. Combining benefits of sludge conditioning and
stabilization prior to dewatering .
When pretreatment is used prior to dewatering,
dewatering has been accomplished by a pressure type
filter press. Lime pretreatment is seldom used with
centrifuges or belt filter presses because of abrasive
wear and scaling problem.
29. Because lime stabilization dose not destroy the
organics necessary for bacterial growth, the sludge
must be treated with an excess of lime or disposed of
before the ph drops significantly.
An excess dosage of lime may range up to 1.5 times
the amount needed to maintain the initial pH of 12.
30. ADVANCED ALKALINE STABALIZATION
TECHNOLOGIES:
Most of the technologies that rely on additives, such as cement
kiln dust, lime kiln dust, or fly ash, are modifications of
conventional dry lime stabilization.
The most common modifications includes, the addition of other
chemicals, a higher chemical dose, and supplemental drying.
These processes alter the characteristics of the feed material and
depending on the process may increase product stability,
decrease odor potential, and provide product enhancement. To
utilize these technologies, dewatered sludge is required.
31.
32. Aerobic digestion
Used to treat-
1. waste activated sludge only
2. Mixture of waste activated sludge or trickling filter
sludge and primary sludge.
3. Waste sludge from extended aeration plants
Used primarily in plants of size < 0.2, m3/s but in
recent years it is employed in larger waste water
treatment plants with capacities up to 2 m3/s.
33. Process description-
Similar to activated sludge process.
As the food supply is depleted, micro-organisms begin
to consume their own protoplasm to obtain energy for
cell maintenance operation.
when energy source is cell tissue then micro-
organisms are in endogenous phase.
Cell tissue oxidised aerobically to CO2, H2O, ammonia
75-80% of cell tissue oxidises, 20-25% is not
biodegradable.
Ammonia oxidises to nitrate as digestion proceeds.
Non biodegradable volatile suspended solids will
remain in final product.
35. Organic matter converted to nitrate increases hydrogen ion
conc. , decreases ph if sufficient buffering capacity is not
available in sludge.
7 kg of (alkalinity) CaCO3 destroys per each kg of
ammonia oxidised.
50% of alkalinity consumed by nitrification can be
recovered by denitrification.
If DO is very low, nitrification will not occur.
When buffering capacity is insufficient, ph is < 5.5,
alkalinity feed equipment is installed.
36. Advantages
1. In aerobic digestion, volatile solid reduction is
approx. equal to anaerobic digestion.
2. lower BOD conc. in supernatant liquor.
3. production of an odourless, biologically stable end
product.
4. recovery of more of the basic fertilizers values in the
sludge.
5. Operation is relatively easy.
6. Lower capital cost
7. Suitability for digesting nutrient rich biosolids.
37. Disadvantages
high power cost for supplying required oxygen.
Digested biosolids produced have poorer mechanical
dewatering characteristics.
The process is affected significantly by temp., location,
tank geometry, conc. of feed solids, type of tank
material.
38. Anaerobic digestion
Decomposition of organic or inorganic matter in absence of
molecular O2.
Dominant process because of energy conservation, recovery of
beneficial waste water solids
Many times it produces digester gas to meet energy requirement of
plant.
3 stage process-
1. hydrolysis
2. Fermentation also called as acidogenesis (the formation of
soluble organic compounds and short chain organic acids)
3. Methenogenesis (the bacterial conversion of organic acids into
methane & carbon dioxide).
39. Factors affecting anaerobic sludge digestion-
1. Solid and hydraulic retention time
2. Temperature
Mesophilic temp. range
Thermophilic temp. range
3. Alkalinity
40. Mesophilic anaerobic digestion process-
In single stage high rate digestion-
Heating, auxiliary mixing, uniform feeding and
thickening of the feed stream characterize the single
stage high rate digestion.
Uniform feeding is important and sludge should be
pumped to digester cont. or on 30 min to 2 hr time
cycle to help maintain constant condition in reactor.
43. Separate sludge digestion-
Reasons-
The excellent dewatering characteristics of digested
primary sludge are maintained.
The digestion process is specially tailored to the sludge
being treated .
Optimum process control conditions can be
maintained.
44. PROCESS DESIGN FOR MESOPHILIC ANAEROBIC
DIGESTION-
The design process depends on-
Solid retention time
The use of volumetric loading factors
Volatile solid destruction
Observed volume reduction
Loading factors based on population.
45. Thermophilic anaerobic digestion process-
Occurs at temperature between 50 and 570 C ,condition suitable
for thermophilic bacteria.
Because biochemical reaction rate increase with temperature,
doubling with every 100C rise in temperature until a limiting
temperature is reached, thermophilic digestion is much faster
than mesophilic digestion.
Advantages include increased solid destruction capability,
improve dewatering, and increase bacterial destruction.
Disadvantages are - higher energy requirement for heating,
poorer quality supernatant containing larger quantities of
dissolve solid, odors, and less process stability .
46. Single stage thermophilic digesters have been used
only in limited application for municipal sludge
treatment; they have been mainly used as the first
stage of a temperature phased anaerobic digestion
process.
Two phase anaerobic digestion
In search for improved anaerobic digestion
performance several option for phasing or staging the
digestion process in multiple rectors have been
investigated. Four basic phasing methods have been
evaluated (1) staged mesophilic digestion (2)
temperature phased digestion (3) acid/gas (A/G)
phased digestion and, (4) staged thermophilic
digestion.
47. CONCLUSION
In thickening process, due to reduction in fraction of
water content, volume of reduced sludge helps in
subsequent treatment process of sludge.
Due to stabilization, we can remove the pathogens
present in the sludge, make it in such a way that
putrefication is not possible.