Introduction to radiology
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Radiological anatomy is where your human anatomy knowledge meets clinical practice. It gathers several non-invasive methods for visualizing the inner body structures. The most frequently used imaging modalities are radiography (X-ray), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). X-ray and CT require the use of ionizing radiation while MRI uses a magnetic field to detect body protons. MRI is the safest among the three, although each technique has its benefits. The preferred method depends on the structures we wish to examine.
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The document discusses various modern medical imaging modalities used for anatomical, physiological, and combined imaging. It covers modalities such as CT, MRI, ultrasound, nuclear medicine studies including PET, and emerging techniques like molecular imaging. Specific clinical applications are also mentioned, including myocardial perfusion imaging and the advantages and disadvantages of techniques like echocardiography, SPECT, PET, and CT angiography for assessing cardiac function and perfusion.
Neuroradiology for pathologists
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Mri
This document provides an overview of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It explains that MRI uses powerful magnets to produce detailed 3D anatomical images without radiation by detecting the energy released as protons in the body realign with the magnetic field. The document discusses the history of MRI's development, how MRI works, examples of its use in examining various parts of the human body like the brain and soft tissues, and some risks like exposure to strong magnetic fields.
Radiothera py basic
Radiology uses various imaging technologies to diagnose and treat diseases. The document outlines different types of radiology equipment and procedures including X-ray, CT, MRI, ultrasound, mammography, PET, SPECT, nuclear medicine, radiotherapy, fluoroscopy, DEXA, and interventional radiology. Key equipment includes X-ray machines, CT and MRI scanners, ultrasound machines, gamma cameras, linear accelerators, C-arms, and cyberknives. Radiologists use these tools to examine organ structure and function, guide procedures, and deliver radiation therapy for cancer treatment.
bone scan by Dr.Madeeha.pptx
Skeletal scintigraphy, also known as a bone scan, is a nuclear medicine imaging technique used to detect abnormalities in bones. It involves injecting radioactive tracers that accumulate in bones and are then detected by a gamma camera. Bone scans can identify cancer metastases, fractures, infections and other bone diseases. The procedure involves injecting tracers intravenously, imaging after 2-4 hours, and producing whole body images to evaluate the entire skeletal system. Bone scans provide functional information about bone that can detect issues not seen on x-rays.
IMAGING TECHNIQUES
This document provides an overview of various imaging techniques used in orthopaedics, including their history, uses, and classifications. It discusses techniques such as x-rays, CT, MRI, ultrasound, bone scans, and DEXA scans. For each technique, it covers the basic principles, advantages, disadvantages, and applications in orthopaedics such as diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring treatment.
Forensic radiography
Forensic radiography uses medical imaging techniques like x-rays, CT scans, MRI, and fluoroscopy to assist with legal investigations and identification of remains. It has applications in determining cause of death, identifying fractures and foreign objects, and aiding in personal identification through analysis of bones and teeth. Radiographers play an important role in forensic radiology by properly recording diagnostic quality images and following ethical standards and safety protocols when working with human remains. Key techniques described include using dental x-rays and analysis of unique bone structures to assist in personal identification of remains.
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The extraocular muscles are attached to the white part of the eye called the sclera. This is a strong layer of tissue that covers nearly the entire surface of the eyeball.
Anatomy and Histology of Skin(Dermis & Epidermis).pptx
Deep to the epidermis lies the dermis. It is a thick layer of connective tissue consisting of collagen and elastin which allows for skin's strength and flexibility, respectively. The dermis also contains nerve endings, blood vessels, and adnexal structures such as hair shafts, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.
Anatomy of Female Reproductive System.pptx
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Histology/Micro Anatomy of Small Intestine.pptx
The small intestine is an organ located in the gastrointestinal tract, between the stomach and the large intestine. It is, on average, 23ft long and is comprised of three structural parts; the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
Functionally, the small intestine is chiefly involved in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. It receives pancreatic secretions and bile through the hepatopancreatic duct which aid with its functions.
Gross Anatomy & Histology of Muscle Tissue.pptx
Muscle is a soft tissue, one of the four basic types of animal tissue. Muscle tissue gives skeletal muscles the ability to contract. Muscle is formed during embryonic development, in a process known as myogenesis. Muscle tissue contains special contractile proteins called actin and myosin which interact to cause movement. Among many other muscle proteins present are two regulatory proteins, troponin and tropomyosin.
Muscle tissue varies with function and location in the body. In vertebrates the three types are: skeletal or striated; smooth muscle (non-striated) muscle; and cardiac muscle.[1] Skeletal muscle tissue consists of elongated, multinucleate muscle cells called muscle fibers, and is responsible for movements of the body. Other tissues in skeletal muscle include tendons and perimysium.[citation needed] Smooth and cardiac muscle contract involuntarily, without conscious intervention. These muscle types may be activated both through the interaction of the central nervous system as well as by receiving innervation from peripheral plexus or endocrine (hormonal) activation. Striated or skeletal muscle only contracts voluntarily, upon the influence of the central nervous system. Reflexes are a form of non-conscious activation of skeletal muscles, but nonetheless arise through activation of the central nervous system, albeit not engaging cortical structures until after the contraction has occurred.
Arterial Supply and Venous Drainage of Pelvis.pptx
The rich vascular supply of the pelvis not only supports the structures contained within it, including the bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs, but also extends to the lower extremities. For a complete understanding of vascular anatomy as it pertains into the endovascular procedures of interventional radiology, it is useful to discuss the vascular structures in sections, from the bifurcation of the aorta and the inferior vena cava to the level of the common femoral arteries and veins. We will also review the anatomy of the iliac vessels, including their branches, common variants, and various collateral pathways
Cell - Fundemental Unit of Life - MBBS.pptx
The document discusses the cell and its organelles. It describes how the nucleus contains DNA and controls the cell's activities. The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus work together to manufacture, modify, and transport proteins and lipids within the cell. Lysosomes help digest food particles and break down damaged cell components.
Small Intestine.pptx
The small intestine or small bowel is an organ in the gastrointestinal tract where most of the absorption of nutrients from food takes place. It lies between the stomach and large intestine, and receives bile and pancreatic juice through the pancreatic duct to aid in digestion. The small intestine is about 5.5 metres (18 feet) long and folds many times to fit in the abdomen. Although it is longer than the large intestine, it is called the small intestine because it is narrower in diameter.
The small intestine has three distinct regions – the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum, the shortest, is where preparation for absorption through small finger-like protrusions called villi begins.[2] The jejunum is specialized for the absorption through its lining by enterocytes: small nutrient particles which have been previously digested by enzymes in the duodenum. The main function of the ileum is to absorb vitamin B12, bile salts, and whatever products of digestion that were not absorbed by the jejunum.
Sciatic Nerve Anatomy
The sciatic nerves branches from your lower back through your hips and buttocks and down each leg. Sciatica refers to pain that travels along the path of the sciatic nerve
Nerve roots: L4-S3.
Motor functions:
Innervates the muscles of the posterior thigh (biceps femoris, semimembranosus and semitendinosus) and the hamstring portion of the adductor magnus (remaining portion of which is supplied by the obturator nerve).
Indirectly innervates (via its terminal branches) all the muscles of the leg and foot.
Sensory functions: No direct sensory functions. Indirectly innervates (via its terminal branches) the skin of the lateral leg, heel, and both the dorsal and plantar surfaces of the foot.
Genetic Series Chromosomal Aberrations.pptx
This document provides information on chromosomal aberrations:
1. It classifies chromosomal aberrations into structural aberrations, which alter chromosomal structure, and numerical aberrations, which involve missing, extra, or irregular chromosomes.
2. Structural aberrations include deletions, translocations, inversions, and duplications. Numerical aberrations result from errors in chromosome separation during cell division called nondisjunction.
3. Common chromosomal disorders that result from aberrations include Down syndrome from trisomy 21, Turner syndrome from X chromosome monosomy, and Klinefelter syndrome from XXY. Each syndrome has distinct physical and developmental features.
Genetics Series Prenatal Diagnosis.pptx
This document provides information on various methods of prenatal diagnosis, including noninvasive, minimally invasive, and invasive methods. It focuses on amniocentesis and chorionic villus biopsy, describing their indications, processes, and disadvantages. Amniocentesis involves extracting amniotic fluid through the abdomen at 14-20 weeks gestation to test for genetic abnormalities. Chorionic villus sampling extracts placental tissue through the cervix or abdomen at 10-12 weeks for early genetic testing, but carries a higher miscarriage risk than amniocentesis. Both aim to detect conditions like Down syndrome but cannot find all structural defects.
Genetics Series Genetic Counselling.pptx
This document describes the principles and process of genetic counseling. Genetic counseling involves assessing a person's risk of inherited conditions based on family history and diagnostic testing. The counselor provides information on genetic disorders, diagnoses conditions, assesses inheritance patterns, and offers medical, psychological and reproductive support. The process of genetic counseling involves taking a clinical history, constructing a pedigree chart, making diagnoses using various tests, explaining the risk assessment, providing advice and support, and following up as needed. The goal is to educate patients and help prevent transmission of genetic diseases.
Genetic Series Cytogenetics.pptx
Karyotyping involves growing cells in culture, arresting them in metaphase using colchicine, staining the chromosomes, and arranging them into a standardized pattern for analysis. The main steps are sample collection, cell culture, harvesting metaphase cells, staining (typically using Giemsa banding), and arranging the chromosomes into a karyotype based on length, centromere position, and banding pattern. Karyotyping is used for clinical diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities, prenatal testing, and research applications like identifying cancer-related translocations.
Genetics Series Chromosomes.pptx
Chromosomes are visible structures that contain DNA. They exist in two forms - as chromatin during interphase and as condensed structures during cell division. Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes so they can be seen under a microscope during mitosis and meiosis. Chromosomes contain DNA, are found in cell nuclei, and their number and structure is consistent within each species. During cell division, chromosomes condense further and separate into sister chromatids attached at the centromere.
Blood vessels of Upper Limb.pptx
The document summarizes the major blood vessels of the upper limb, including both arteries and veins. It describes the five main arterial vessels that supply blood from proximal to distal as the subclavian, axillary, brachial, radial, and ulnar arteries. It then provides details on each of these vessels, including branches, parts, and clinical relevance such as sites for measuring blood pressure and potential complications from occlusion. It also outlines the superficial and deep venous systems that drain the upper limb, noting key veins like the basilic and cephalic as well as the median cubital vein which is a common site for blood draws.
Surface Markings of Thorax.pptx
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Anatomy of Urethra.pptx
The urethra is a passageway located in your body's pelvic region. The walls of the tube are thin and made up of epithelial tissue, smooth muscle cells and connective tissue. The urethra has two different types of sphincters, or muscles that act as valves that open or close
Karyotyping.pptx
Karyotyping is the process by which photographs of chromosomes are taken in order to determine the chromosome complement of an individual, including the number of chromosomes and any abnormalities.
The term is also used for the complete set of chromosomes in a species or in an individual organism and for a test that detects this complement or measures the number.
Blood Vessels of Lower Limb.pptx
The main artery of the lower limb is the femoral artery. It is a continuation of the external iliac artery (terminal branch of the abdominal aorta). The external iliac becomes the femoral artery when it crosses under the inguinal ligament and enters the femoral triangle.
In the femoral triangle, the profunda femoris artery arises from the posterolateral aspect of the femoral artery. It travels posteriorly and distally, giving off three main branches:
Perforating branches – Consists of three or four arteries that perforate the adductor magnus, contributing to the supply of the muscles in the medial and posterior thigh.
Lateral femoral circumflex artery – Wraps round the anterior, lateral side of the femur, supplying some of the muscles on the lateral aspect of the thigh.
Medial femoral circumflex artery – Wraps round the posterior side of the femur, supplying its neck and head. In a fracture of the femoral neck this artery can easily be damaged, and avascular necrosis of the femur head can occur.
Lungs.pptx
The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax). The trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs through its tubular branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches (bronchioles), finally becoming microscopic.
The bronchioles eventually end in clusters of microscopic air sacs called alveoli. In the alveoli, oxygen from the air is absorbed into the blood. Carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, travels from the blood to the alveoli, where it can be exhaled. Between the alveoli is a thin layer of cells called the interstitium, which contains blood vessels and cells that help support the alveoli.
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Introduction to radiology
- 1. Introduction to Radiology Dr Mathew Joseph MBBS, MD(AIIMS), BCC(Palliative Medicine) Assistant Professor Department of Anatomy Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Medical College - Kolenchery
- 2. Stages of Investigations: • History • Clinical Examinations • Special Investigations - Lab,Imaging,ECG, EEG,NCT ....
- 3. Imaging Studies Ionizing • Conventional Radiography • Fluroscopy • Tomography • Computed Tomography • Radioisotopes Nonionizing • Ultrasonography • Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Digital SubstractionAngiography • Positron Emission Tomography • Picture Achieving and Communication Systems
- 4. Radiology Principle • Branch of medical science that deals with the use of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
- 5. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen - 1895
- 7. Properties of X-Rays • Penetration • Photographic property • Fluorescence property • Biological property
- 8. Radiographic Views • Anteroposterior view • Posteroanterior view • Lateral view • Oblique view
- 9. Radiographic Views of Chest AP PA
- 10. Radiographic Appearances of Various Body Tissues
- 11. Contrast Radiography • Barium Studies • Sialography • Cholecystography • Bronchography • Pyelography • Hysterosalpingography • Myelography • Ventriculography • Angiography Contrast Medium • Air • Barium Sulphate • Sodium Iodide
- 12. Barium Studies Barium Enema Barium Meal
- 16. MRI vs CT
- 17. Try it plz...
- 18. 1 Vs 2
- 19. Make a try..
- 20. Thank You This is just an introductory class, region wise radiology classes will be following.