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Intrad mid term module 1 the science of radiology and radiologic technology
- 1. Introduction to Radiologic Technology The Science of Radiology and Radiologic Technology Prepared By: Lalaine Joy Ridad-Jabay, RRT
- 2. Introduction to Radiologic Technology The Science of Radiology and Radiologic Technology Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson, the learner is expected to: ⮚ Explain the use of Radiation in medicine ⮚ Provide overview of the history of medicine ⮚ Identify Various Specialty of within Radiology department ⮚ Discuss the discovery of X-ray ⮚ Discuss the discovery of X-ray
- 3. Introduction to Radiologic Technology The Science of Radiology and Radiologic Technology ⮚ Medical Science ⮚ Radiology Historical Perspective ⮚ Overview of the Application of the radiation in medical diagnosis and therapy Topic 1
- 6. DO YOU BELIEVE THAT PREHISTORIC PEOPLE WERE RELATIVELY HEALTHY?
- 7. Prehistoric / Primitive Medicine • did not care about hygiene in their homes and bodies. • Bad handling of food, the primitive, • stiffness caused abrasion • damage to the teeth and jaws • diseases of the digestive system.
- 8. Prehistoric / Primitive Medicine • Spirits: believed that any disease is caused by the occurrence of another soul in the human body • Primitive doctor and in combination and the priest
- 9. Prehistoric / Primitive Medicine Treatment • Herbs • Clay for treating wounds • Geophagy • Trepanation
- 10. Ancient Egypt • Knowledge and manuscripts of the ancient Egyptian physicians served as the basis for many more modern medical methods and doctrines • gave great importance to hygiene • Mummification.
- 11. Ancient Egypt • The Egyptians first learned of the existence of the pulse. • Perform the circumcision both male and female.
- 12. Ancient Egypt • Believed that disease is cause by evil spirits. • Doctors were also a priest • Believe in system of channel
- 13. Classical Medicine Aesculapius - he came to be worshiped as a god. - In his temple the sick were treated by priest with combination of rest, exercise, diet and magic Hippocrates - The “Father of Medicine” . - His ideas revolutionized medicine from the ancient past and began turning it into an objective science. His teachings were: • Study the patient rather than the disease • Evaluate honestly
- 14. Classical Medicine • The most influential physician of roman era. • learn much about Trauma Care • Wrote over 500 books on medicine • Stressed that the best way to learn about health and disease was through dissection of animals and the study of anatomy. • learn much about Trauma Care
- 15. Arabic Medicine • Greek medical text were translated into Arabic and augmented with sophisticated pharmaceutical information • Herbs and spices were not valued as cooking ingredients but as MEDICINE • Arabic Medical Term –Drug, Alkali, Syrup, Alcohol in remain in western language. • Improved Greek and Roman Medicine esp. Ocular technique • Develop first class civilian hospital used to care for the blind , crippled and chronically ill also train medical personnel.
- 16. The Renaissance Paracelsus: the “father of pharmacology” Andreas Versallus: the “father of anatomy” • Lots of medical discoveries were made during this time period.
- 17. The Eighteenth Century Giovanni Battista Morgagni: the “father of physiology” . Jenner formulated the smallpox vaccine through experimental surgery John Hunter developed a way to close of aneurysms
- 18. The Nineteenth Century • Autopsies were a major focus of medicine during the nineteenth century • Advances in surgery • Joseph Lister discovered that bacteria were often the origin of disease
- 19. The Nineteenth Century • Pasteur discovered that the decay of food could be forestalled by heating and destroying the bacteria • Gregor Mendel was the founding father of genetics in 1886 • November 8, 1895 Wilhelm Roentgen founded x-rays while working in his lab
- 20. 20th Century Ehrlich: “father of chemotherapy 1930- invention of electron microscope Einthoven: first EKG Surgical techniques refined
- 22. DISCOVERY OF X-RAYS X-rays were not developed; they were discovered, and quite by accident. During the 1870s and 1880s, many university physics laboratories were investigating the conduction of cathode rays, or electrons, through a large, partially evacuated glass tube known as a Crookes tube.
- 23. DISCOVERY OF X-RAY • On November 8, 1895, Roentgen was working with a cathode ray tube • Roentgen shielded the tube with heavy black paper, • found that a green colored fluorescent light had produced a previously unknown "invisible light," that was being emitted from the tube
- 24. DISCOVERY OF X-RAYS . The “X” was for unknown! He feverishly continued these investigations for several weeks. Roentgen's immediate approach to investigating this “X-light,” as he called it, was to interpose various materials— wood, aluminum, his hand!—between the Crookes tube and the fluorescing plate
- 25. DISCOVERY OF X-RAYS • recognized the value of his discovery to medicine. • produced and published the first medical x-ray in early 1896. • image in early 1896. “Wife's Hand” ANNA BERTHA LUDWIG
- 26. II. Historical Perspective (Terms in the Discovery of X-Ray)
- 27. • Crookes Tube –a vacuum-sealed glass container capable of carrying electricity. Discovered by William Crooke • Phospor – material that converts x-ray energy into light photon • Barium Platinocyanide – Phosphor material that lead to discovery of x-ray Clarence Dally (1865–1904) is thought to be the first to die as result of X-ray exposure. He died of metastatic carcinoma at only 39 years old. Is he a VICTIM or a MARTYR?
- 29. •It is the art and science of using radiation to provide images of tissues, organs, bones and vessels that comprise the human body for diagnosis of injuries or diseases Radiologic Technology
- 30. X-ray images, that are recorded on Xray Film Video Monitor
- 32. Radiology Medical specialty in which x-rays, radium, and radioactive substances are applied in the diagnosis and treatment of the patient Radiologist Physician who applies any form of radiation in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Radiograph a photographic record produced by x-rays through an object. •The health professional responsible for performing radiographic examinations Radiologic Technologist •A two-year or 4-year degree are required
- 33. •Strong academic background in math and science •Good communication skills •Like working with people of all ages (especially the sick or infirm) •Like working with equipment and technology •Able to work under stress •Responsible/Reliable/Ethical •Able to tolerate “blood & guts” What kind of person makes a good Radiographer?
- 34. Overview of the application of radiation in Medical Diagnosis and Therapy
- 35. Application Of Radiation In Medical Diagnosis And Therapy Radiologic Technology Modalities / Specialty Diagnostic Radiography - deals with an examination of internal organ, bones , cavities and foreign objects includes cardiovascular imaging and interventional radiography.
- 36. Sonography uses high frequency sound waves used in obstetrics, gynecology, abdominal, pediatrics, cardiac, vascular and musculo-skeletal region imaging Radiologic Technology Modalities / Specialty
- 37. Radiologic Technology Modalities / Specialty Fluoroscopy Live motion radiography usually used to visualize the digestive system, monitor administration of contrast agents to highlight vessel and organs or to help position devices within the body (such as pacemaker, guidewire, stents. etc.)
- 38. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) builds 2D or 3D map of the different tissue types within the body Radiologic Technology Modalities / Specialty
- 39. CT (Computed Tomography) provides cross sectional view (Slices)of the body, can also reconstruct additional images from those taken to provide more information in either 2D or 3D images Radiologic Technology Modalities / Specialty Sometimes called CAT SCAN
- 40. MRI CT SCAN What are their Differences and Similarities
- 41. Nuclear Imaging uses radioactive tracer which can be administer to examine how the body organ's function. Certain radioisotopes can also be administered to treat certain cancer such as thyroid cancer Radiologic Technology Modalities / Specialty
- 42. Radiotherapy uses radiation to shrink and sometimes eradicate, cancerous cell/ growth in and on the body. Radiologic Technology Modalities / Specialty
- 43. Mammography uses low dose x-ray system to produce images of human breast Radiologic Technology Modalities / Specialty
- 44. Introduction to Radiologic Technology The Science of Radiology and Radiologic Technology References ⮚ Introduction to Radiologic Technology 8th Edition by William J. Callaway MA RT(R) ⮚ Introduction to Radiologic Technology with Health Care Roberto D. Yumul
Editor's Notes
- We can only speculate about human practice of pre-historic medicine. All of the ancient cultures had various beliefs about healing and medicine. The embalming of the ancient Egyptians have provided us with much of our knowledge of ancient medicine The ancient cultures shared a common bond in medicine- religion was always linked to the medicinal practices THE
- YES , LOTS OF EXERCISE , FRESH FOOD . LIVING IN SMALL GROUPS , LIMITED SPREAD OF INFECTION
- Primitive people did not care about hygiene in their homes and bodies. This way of life is the best environment for the growth and development of different infections and diseases and ancient medicine was unable to deal with them. Bad handling of food, the primitive, and stiffness caused abrasion and damage to the teeth and jaws, diseases of the digestive system. During battles and hunting primitive people received dangerous injuries, no treatment which often led to death. there is evidence that many people suffered from osteoarthritis, probably caused by the lifting of heavy objects which would have been a daily and necessary task in their societies
- Medicine men (also witch-doctors, shamans) maintained the health of their tribe by gathering and distributing herbs, performing minor surgical procedures,[26] providing medical advice, and supernatural treatments such as charms, spells, and amulets to ward off evil spirits Primitive doctor and in combination and the priest was engaged in the exile by means of spells and various rituals. clay is used both internally and externally, such as for treating wounds, and after surgery. Geophagy, and the external use of clay are both still quite widespread among aboriginal peoples around the world, as well as among pre-industrial populations. Geophagy is the practice of eating earth or soil-like substances such as clay, chalk, or termite mounds Trepanation - holes were drilled into a person who was behaving in what was considered an abnormal way to let out what people believed were evil spirits . To kept the bad spirits away. is the practice of eating earth or soil-like substances such as clay, chalk, or termite mounds
- clay is used both internally and externally, such as for treating wounds, and after surgery. Geophagy, and the external use of clay are both still quite widespread among aboriginal peoples around the world, as well as among pre-industrial populations. Geophagy is the practice of eating earth or soil-like substances such as clay, chalk, or termite mounds. That’s why they are proe to GI disease Trepanation - holes were drilled into a person who was behaving in what was considered an abnormal way to let out what people believed were evil spirits . To kept the bad spirits away.
- Were first people to settle Develop written langunge and counting system Egyptians had some knowledge of human anatomy. For example, in the classic mummification process, mummifiers knew how to insert a long hooked implement through a nostril, breaking the thin bone of the braincase and removing the brain. They also had a general idea that inner organs are in the body cavity. They removed the organs through a small incision in the left groin. Whether this knowledge was passed down to the practitioners is unknown; yet it did not seem to have had any impact on their medical theories.
- They had no precise knowledge of the vessels, various nerves, tendons and how they differ. The priests showed themselves as surgeons, they could carry out an amputation of a limb, surgically remove skin growths, perform the circumcision – both male and female. Egyptian physicians were aware of the existence of the pulse and its connection to the heart. They developed their theory of "channels" that carried air, water, and blood to the body by analogies with the River Nile; if it became blocked, crops became unhealthy. They applied this principle to the body: If a person was unwell, they would use laxatives to unblock the "channels“ Rivir of nile is the longest river in the work uganda africa
- If that channel is clooged bloodletting or leeches were use to open them They had no precise knowledge of the vessels, various nerves, tendons and how they differ. The priests showed themselves as surgeons, they could carry out an amputation of a limb, surgically remove skin growths, perform the circumcision – both male and female. Egyptian physicians were aware of the existence of the pulse and its connection to the heart. They developed their theory of "channels" that carried air, water, and blood to the body by analogies with the River Nile; if it became blocked, crops became unhealthy. They applied this principle to the body: If a person was unwell, they would use laxatives to unblock the "channels“ Rivir of nile is the longest river in the work uganda africa
- Aesculapius - is a hero and god of medicine in ancient Greek religion and mythology. hose physicians and attendants who served this god were known as the Therapeutae of Asclepius. Those physicians and attendants who served this god were known as the Therapeutae of Asclepius. who is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. He is often referred to as the "Father of Medicine“ Swear px info is confidential Never to poison px
- Galen influenced the development of various scientific disciplines, including anatomy,[5] physiology, pathology,[6] pharmacology,[7] and neurology, as well as philosophy[8] and logic. Galen's understanding of anatomy and medicine was principally influenced by the then-current theory of humorism (also known as the theory of the four humors: black bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm) The reason for using animals to discover the human body was due to the fact that dissections and vivisections on humans were strictly prohibited at the time. Galen would encourage his students to go look at dead gladiators or bodies that washed up in order to get better acquainted with the human body. Galen’s most famous experiment that he recreated in public was the squealing pig. The squealing pig experiment was when Galen would cut open a pig, and while it was squealing he would cut the nerve, or vocal cords, showing they controlled the making of sound
- Devoplment of Pharmacy
- Paracelsus, the man who brought chemistry to medicine. is the man who pioneered the use of minerals and other chemicals in medicine. Mercury, lead, arsenic and antimony—poisons to most—were cures in his view. "In all things there is a poison, and there is nothing without a poison Andreas Vesalius, (Latin), Flemish Andries van Wesel, Renaissance physician who revolutionized the study of biology and the practice of medicine by his careful description of the anatomy of the human body. Basing his observations on dissections he made himself, he wrote and illustrated the first comprehensive textbook of anatomy.
- Crookes tube was the frist xray tube Sir William Crookes was an Englishman from a rather humble background who was a self-taught genius. The tube that bears his name was the forerunner of modern fluorescent lamps and x-ray tubes. There were many different types of Crookes tubes; most of them were capable of producing x-rays. Wilhelm Roentgen was experimenting with a type of Crookes tube when he discovered x-rays
- He was working with tubes similar to our fluorescent light bulbs. On November 8, 1895, Roentgen was working in his physics laboratory at Würzburg University in Germany. In late 1895, a Roentgen was working with a cathode ray tube in his laboratory. He was working with tubes similar to our fluorescent light bulbs.
- found out that the new ray would pass through most substances casting shadows of solid objects on pieces of film He named the new ray X-ray, because in mathematics "X“. X" is used to indicated the unknown quantity
- WIFE OF ROENTGEN NO CHILDREN JOSEPHINE BERTHA ADOPTED DAUGHTER
- Scientists were quick to realize the benefits of X-rays, but slower to comprehend the harmful effects of radiation. Initially, it was believed X-rays passed through flesh as harmlessly as light. However, within several years, researchers began to report cases of burns and skin damage after exposure to X-rays, and in 1904, Thomas Edison’s assistant, Clarence Dally, who had worked extensively with X-rays, died of skin cancer. Dally’s death caused some scientists to begin taking the risks of radiation more seriously, but they still weren’t fully understood. It referred to his "hand of death that was covered in lesions, looked burned and was falling apart after countless hours of intense x-ray radiation." However, the story is interesting enough without the need to dramatize. Clarence was a victim since his sufferings were unexpected, and yet he was a martyr too because even when aware of the danger, he continued in his work.
- Scientists were quick to realize the benefits of X-rays, but slower to comprehend the harmful effects of radiation. Initially, it was believed X-rays passed through flesh as harmlessly as light. However, within several years, researchers began to report cases of burns and skin damage after exposure to X-rays, and in 1904, Thomas Edison’s assistant, Clarence Dally, who had worked extensively with X-rays, died of skin cancer. Dally’s death caused some scientists to begin taking the risks of radiation more seriously, but they still weren’t fully understood. It referred to his "hand of death that was covered in lesions, looked burned and was falling apart after countless hours of intense x-ray radiation." However, the story is interesting enough without the need to dramatize. Clarence was a victim since his sufferings were unexpected, and yet he was a martyr too because even when aware of the danger, he continued in his work.
- X-ray images, that are recorded on x-ray film or displayed on a video monitor, are then used as a tool to diagnose disease, injury or congenital deformity
- Radiologic Technologists are essential members of the health-care team, who work closely with physicians, nurses and other members of allied health. An essential member of the healthcare team who uses ionizing radiation to produce quality images which help in the diagnosis of injury and disease. A two-year or 4-year degree are required
- Radiologic Technologists are essential members of the health-care team, who work closely with physicians, nurses and other members of allied health. An essential member of the healthcare team who uses ionizing radiation to produce quality images which help in the diagnosis of injury and disease. A two-year or 4-year degree are required
- Radiologic Technologist use their expertise and knowledge patient of handling Physics, Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, and Radiology to assess patients, develop optimal radiologic Technology techniques or plans and evaluate resulting radiographic images
- Non ionizing radiation -
- MRI scan uses strong magnetic.. fields and radio waves MRI scans produce more detailed images.
- A CT scan is a form of X-raying that involves a large X-ray machine. CT scans are sometimes called CAT scans.
- CT scans and MRIs are both used to capture images within your body. The biggest difference is that MRIs (magnetic resonance imaging) use radio waves and CT (computed tomography) scans use X-rays. While both are relatively low risk, there are differences that may make each one a better option depending on the circumstances. MRI hey’re frequently used to diagnose issues with your: If you need a more detailed image of your soft tissue, ligaments, or organs, your doctor will commonly suggest an MRI. Joints brain wrists ankles breasts heart blood vessels herniated disks torn ligaments soft tissue issues A constant magnetic field and radio frequencies bounce off of the fat and water molecules in your body. Radio waves are transmitted to a receiver in the machine which is translated into an image of the body that can be used to diagnose issues. An MRI is a loud machine. Typically, you’ll be offered earplugs or headphones to make the noise more bearable. You’ll also be asked to lie still while the MRI is taking place. A CT scan is typically used for: bone fractures tumors cancer monitoring finding internal bleeding If you need a general image of an area like your internal organs, or due to a fracture or head trauma, a CT scan will commonly be recommended. During a CT scan, you’ll be asked to lie down on a table. The table then moves through the CT scan to take cross-sectional pictures inside your body. Risks Both CT scans and MRIs pose some risks when used. The risks are based on the type of imaging as well as how the imaging is performed. CT scan risks include: harm to unborn babies a very small dose of radiation a potential reaction to the use of dyes MRI risks include: possible reactions to metals due to magnets Loud noises from the machine causing hearing issues increase in body temperature during long MRIs claustrophobia You should consult a doctor prior to an MRI if you have implants including: artificial joints eye implants an IUD a pacemaker
- Nuclear medicine is a specialized area of radiology that uses very small amounts of radioactive materials, or radiopharmaceuticals, to examine organ function and structure. Nuclear medicine imaging is a combination of many different disciplines. adioactive materials called radiotracers that are typically injected into the bloodstream, inhaled or swallowed. The radiotracer travels through the area being examined and gives off energy in the form of gamma rays which are detected by a special camera and a computer to create images of the inside of your body. Nuclear medicine imaging provides unique information that often cannot be obtained using other imaging procedures and offers the potential to identify disease in its earliest stages. Nuclear medicine uses a special gamma camera and single-photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT) imaging techniques. Nuclear medicine uses a special gamma camera and single-photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT) imaging techniques.
- adiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) is a cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. At low doses, radiation is used in x-rays to see inside your body, as with x-rays of your teeth or broken bones. At high doses, radiation therapy kills cancer cells or slows their growth by damaging their DNA. Cancer cells whose DNA is damaged beyond repair stop dividing or die. When the damaged cells die, they are broken down and removed by the body. Radiation therapy does not kill cancer cells right away. It takes days or weeks of treatment before DNA is damaged enough for cancer cells to die. Then, cancer cells keep dying for weeks or months after radiation therapy ends. Fractionation – killing cancer cell but not totally killing healthy cell. Kasi in rad thera kapag tinrget natin ung area of interest cancer cell may tenedency na maddamay ung nearby healthy cell .. Para d totally mamayat ung healthy cell… tintarget natin ung area of interest by fractionation or patchi patchi … for ex 100% na radiation dose dmo xa bibigay ng isang bagakan hahatiin nio ex. iton g week 25%another week 25… by that ung cancer cell is unti unit liliit. In this way kasi binibigyan natin ng chance na bualik sa dati or makarecover c noral healthy cell.