This document provides an introduction and overview of programming concepts. It discusses that a computer program allows a computer to solve problems by following precise steps. An algorithm is defined as the sequence of steps to solve a problem, and a flowchart provides a graphical representation of an algorithm. The document then outlines the problem solving process, including understanding the problem, deciding how to solve it, solving it, and checking the solution. It also discusses program design phases like problem solving and implementation. [END SUMMARY]
A typical programming task can be divided into two phases:
Problem-solving phase: produce an ordered sequence of steps that describe the solution of the problem this sequence of steps is called an algorithm.
Implementation phase: implement the program in some programming language.
Every algorithm must satisfy the following criteria:
Input. Zero or more quantities are externally supplied.
Output. At least one quantity is produced.
Definiteness. Each instruction must be clear and unambiguous(Unique meaning).
Finiteness. An algorithm terminates in a finite number of steps.
Effectiveness. Every instruction must be basic enough to be carried out than, means not so complex.
An algorithm is a finite set of steps defining the solution of a particular problem.
What is the difference between an algorithm and a program?
a program is an implementation of an algorithm to be run on a specific computer and operating system.
an algorithm is more abstract – it does not deal with machine-specific details – think of it as a method to solve a problem.
What is a good algorithm?
Efficient algorithms are good, we generally measure the efficiency of an algorithm based on:
Time: the algorithm should take minimum time to execute.
Space: the algorithm should use less memory.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ALGORITHM AND PSEUDOCODE?
An algorithm is a well-defined sequence of steps that provides a solution for a given problem, while pseudocode is one of the methods that can be used to represent an algorithm.
While algorithms can be written in natural language, pseudocode is written in a format that is closely related to high-level programming language structures.
But pseudocode does not use specific programming language syntax and therefore could be understood by programmers who are familiar with different programming languages. Additionally, transforming an algorithm presented in pseudocode to programming code could be much easier than converting an algorithm written in natural language.
But pseudocode does not use specific programming language syntax and therefore could be understood by programmers who are familiar with different programming languages.
Additionally, transforming an algorithm presented in pseudocode to programming code could be much easier than converting an algorithm written in natural language.
A typical programming task can be divided into two phases:
Problem-solving phase: produce an ordered sequence of steps that describe the solution of the problem this sequence of steps is called an algorithm.
Implementation phase: implement the program in some programming language.
Every algorithm must satisfy the following criteria:
Input. Zero or more quantities are externally supplied.
Output. At least one quantity is produced.
Definiteness. Each instruction must be clear and unambiguous(Unique meaning).
Finiteness. An algorithm terminates in a finite number of steps.
Effectiveness. Every instruction must be basic enough to be carried out than, means not so complex.
An algorithm is a finite set of steps defining the solution of a particular problem.
What is the difference between an algorithm and a program?
a program is an implementation of an algorithm to be run on a specific computer and operating system.
an algorithm is more abstract – it does not deal with machine-specific details – think of it as a method to solve a problem.
What is a good algorithm?
Efficient algorithms are good, we generally measure the efficiency of an algorithm based on:
Time: the algorithm should take minimum time to execute.
Space: the algorithm should use less memory.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ALGORITHM AND PSEUDOCODE?
An algorithm is a well-defined sequence of steps that provides a solution for a given problem, while pseudocode is one of the methods that can be used to represent an algorithm.
While algorithms can be written in natural language, pseudocode is written in a format that is closely related to high-level programming language structures.
But pseudocode does not use specific programming language syntax and therefore could be understood by programmers who are familiar with different programming languages. Additionally, transforming an algorithm presented in pseudocode to programming code could be much easier than converting an algorithm written in natural language.
But pseudocode does not use specific programming language syntax and therefore could be understood by programmers who are familiar with different programming languages.
Additionally, transforming an algorithm presented in pseudocode to programming code could be much easier than converting an algorithm written in natural language.
To understand algorithm and flowchart, it is better to refer this Slideshare that I have created. I have thoroughly presented the key points that make easy in remembering what algorithm and flowchart is. The slide is really simple and wonderful to use it for a quick reference.
To understand algorithm and flowchart, it is better to refer this Slideshare that I have created. I have thoroughly presented the key points that make easy in remembering what algorithm and flowchart is. The slide is really simple and wonderful to use it for a quick reference.
This power point contains:
The Problem Solving Aspect, Problem definition phase, Getting started on a problem, The use of specific examples Similarities among problems,
Working backwards from the solution, General Problem solving strategies
Introduction to programming in C, First Program in C
Variables and Identifiers, Data types, Basic Input Output in C - Characters, Basic Input Output in C - Formatted IO
Arithmetic Operators, Relational and Logical Operators, More Operators, Precedence and Associativity of operators
If statement, if-else statement, if statement mistakes, nested if statements.Decision control sturctures.
Conditional Operator, Switch statement
Decision control sturctures (contd.).
While loop, Looping - For loop, Control with break and continue, Variants of for loop. Iterative control structures.
Nested for loops , Printing patterns with loops, do-while loop. Iterative control structures (Contd.).
Functions in c, Definition and declaration of a function, Scope of a function
auto storage class, extern storage class, static storage class, register storage class
Introduction to Pointers in C, Parameter passing techniques, Pointer Arithmetic in C, Pointer Arithmetic with Pointers
Arrays, Searching an Element, Arrays and Memory in C
Pointers with Arrays, Functions and Arrays
2D Arrays. Implementation, basic transformations on 2D arrays like transpose, addition, subtraction and multiplication.
Introduction to recursion, Recursion basic programs like: factorial, Fibonacci, sum of digits
Introduction
The term problem solving is used in many disciplines, sometimes with different perspectives and
often with different terminologies. The problem-solving process starts with the problem
specification and end with a correct program.
The steps to follow in the problem-solving process are:
Problem definition
Problem Analysis
Algorithm development
Coding
Testing & Debugging
Documentation & Maintenance
The stages of analysis, design, programming, implementation and maintenance form the life cycle
of the system.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2. Outline
A computer is a useful tool for solving a great
variety of problems.
To make a computer do anything (i.e. solve a
problem), we have to write a computer program.
In a computer program we tell a computer, step
by step, exactly what want to do.
3. What is program
“A precise sequence of steps to
solve a particular problem”
4. Following each step mechanically, to accomplish
the end goal.
The sequence of steps to be performed in order
to solve a problem by the computer is known as
an algorithm.
Flowchart is a graphical or symbolic
representation of an algorithm. It is the
diagrammatic representation of the step-by-step
solution to a given problem.
6. Program Design Process
Program Design consists of the steps a
programmer should do before they start coding
the program in a specific language. Proper
program design helps other programmers to
maintain the program in the future.
8. Problem Solving is easy if you follow
these steps
Understan
d
the
problem
9. Step 1 – Understand the problem
Read the problem carefully.
Find the important information.
Write down the numbers.
Identify what the problem wants
you to solve.
Ask if your answer is going to
be a larger or smaller number
compared to what you already
10. Step 1 - Understand the Problem
Read the problem carefully.
Luis earned 14 Accelerated
Reading points the first week
of November. At the end of
the following week he had a
total of 31 points. How many
points did he earn the
second week?
11. Step 1 - Understand the Problem
Find the important information.
Luis earned 14 Accelerated
Reading points the first week
of November. At the end of
the following week he had a
total of 31 points. How many
points did he earn the
second week?
12. Step 1 - Understand the Problem
Write down the numbers.
Luis earned 14 Accelerated
Reading points the first week
of November. At the end of
the following week he had a
total of 31 points. How many
points did he earn the
second week?
Total = 31 1st week =14
13. Step 1 - Understand the Problem
Identify what the problem wants
you to solve.
Luis earned 14 Accelerated
Reading points the first week
of November. At the end of
the following week he had a
total of 31 points. How many
points did he earn the
second week?Total = 31 1st week =14
2nd week =
14. Step 1 - Understand the Problem
Ask if your answer is going to be a
larger or smaller number compared to
what you already know.
Total = 31 1st week =14
2nd week =
?It will be smaller than the total but
may or may not be smaller than
the first week.
15. Problem Solving is easy if you follow
these steps
Decide
how
you’re
going to
solve the
problem
16. Step 2 - Decide how you’re going to
solve the problem
Choose a method
Use a graph Use
formulas
Write an equation Make a list
Find a pattern Work
backwards
Use reasoning Draw a picture
Make a table Act it out
17. Step 2 - Decide how you’re going to
solve the problem
Write your equation
Since I know both weeks total 31 I
write
14 + s = 31
Total = 31 1st week =14
2nd week =
?
18. Step 2 - Decide how you’re going to
solve the problem
Write your equation
I can use the inverse operation to
solve for s
14 + s = 31 31 – 14 = s
Total = 31 1st week =14
2nd week =
?
22. Step 4 - Look Back & Check
Reread the problem
Luis earned 14 Accelerated
Reading points the first week
of November. At the end of
the following week he had a
total of 31 points. How many
points did he earn the
second week?
Total = 31 1st week =14
23. Step 4 - Look Back & Check
Substitute your new number
Luis earned 14 Accelerated
Reading points the first week
of November. At the end of
the following week he had a
total of 31 points. How many
points did he earn the
second week?Total = 31 1st week =14
2nd week = 17
24. Step 4 - Look Back & Check
Substitute your new number
Luis earned 14 Accelerated
Reading points the first week
of November. At the end of
the following week he had a
total of 31 points. How many
points did he earn the
second week?
14 + 17 = 31
25. Step 4 - Look Back & Check
Did your new number work?
Luis earned 14 Accelerated
Reading points the first week
of November. At the end of
the following week he had a
total of 31 points. How many
points did he earn the
second week?
14 + 17 = 31 Yes!
26. Write an equation to solve this
problem.
Jaylynn had $84.75 in her
savings account. She made a
deposit. Her new balance was
$107.03. How much was her
deposit?
27. Write an equation to solve this
problem.
Anthony has twice as many
pokemon cards as Joshua. If
Anthony has 124 cards, how
many does Joshua have?
28. Write an equation to solve this
problem.
Vicki baked 90 cookies . If there
are 15 cookies in each batch.
How many batches did she
bake?
29. Write an equation to solve this
problem.
Navneet has 3 times as many
CD’s as Arlene. If Navneet has
36 CD’s, how many does Arlene
have?
30. Write an equation to solve this
problem.
A square has a perimeter of 48
inches. What is the length of
each side of the square.
31. Write an equation to solve this
problem.
One year the city ambulance
responded to emergencies on
293 days. How many days were
there no emergencies?
32. Credits
Clipart from Broderbund ClickArt 125,000
Deluxe Image Pak
Clipart from Corel Gallery by Corel Corp.
33. Program Design Phases
Program Design Process Include:
Problem Solving Phase
Implementation Phase
34. Problem Solving Phase
Problem solving is a skill which can be developed
by following a well organized approach.
Programming is also a problem solving activity.
Programmer use software development method
to solve problems.
35. Software development activities
The following steps can be followed to solve any
kind of problem:
1. Problem Identification
2. Specify Requirements
3. Analyze Problem
4. Design algorithm and draw flowchart
5. Write the program (Coding)
6. Testing and Debug the program
7. Implement the program
8. Maintain and Update the program
9. Document the program
36. Problem Identification
At this stage the problem being solved is
observed carefully.
Major area of concern are identified.
Irrelevant information is filter out.
37. Specify Requirements
This stage demands to make clear the user’s
requirements so that a proper solution could be
suggested.
Requirements are documented here.
38. Analyze the problem
Problem is decomposed into sub-problems.
This lead to simple solution
The technique is known is top down design (also
called divide and conquer rule).
To approach the right solution we may ask certain
questions:-
i. How many solutions are there to the given problem?
ii. Which one is the best solution?
iii. What are the input and output?
iv. How can the bigger problem be divided into sub
problems?
39. Design Algorithm and draw Flowchart
Designing the algorithm requires to develop a
finite list of steps to solve a problem.
Once algorithm has been designed it should be
verified through desk checking.
Desk Checking is the process of carefully observing the
working of an algorithm, on the paper, for some test data.
After designing the algorithm, the next step is to
draw a flowchart.
Flowchart in fact, maps the algorithm to a pictorial
presentation which helps in understanding the
flow of control and data in algorithm.
40. Write the Program (Coding)
Coding involves the conversion of an
algorithm to a program, written in any
programming language.
The programmer must know the syntax of the
programming language chosen.
The grammatical rules of a programming
language to write programs are referred to as
syntax of that programming language.
41. Test and Debug the program
Testing requires evaluating the program to verify
that it works as desired.
Debugging is the process of finding and removing
errors in the program.
42. Test and Debug the program
There can be three types of errors:-
Syntax Errors:-
Occur when program violates one or more
grammatical rules of the programming language.
Usually detected at compile time by the compiler.
There can be many reasons such as typing wrong
commands or program statements.
43. Test and Debug the program
Logical Errors:-
Logical errors occur when program follow a wrong
logic.
The translator (compiler or interpreter) does not
report any error message for a logical errors.
Can be identified by just looking at the wrong output
of the program.
44. Test and Debug the program
Runtime Errors:-
A runtime error occurs when the program directs the
computer to perform an illegal operation such as
dividing a number by zero.
When runtime error occur, the computer will stop
executing the program and may display a diagnostic
message that helps in locating the error.
45. Implement the Program (deployment)
Once the program has been tested thoroughly, it
must be installed or put into operation at the site
where it will be used.
46. Maintain & Update the Program
Program maintenance is ongoing process of
upgrading the program to accommodate new
hardware and software.
Regular maintenance is essential to the
continued usefulness of a program.
47. Document the program
Documentation is a detailed description of a
program’s algorithm, design, coding method,
testing and proper usage.
A comprehensive documentation consists of the
following:
A description of what the program is supposed to do.
A description of the problem solution (the algorithm).
A description of the program design including any aids used
(flowcharts, algorithms etc.).
A description of the program’s testing process, including test
data used and result obtained.
A description of all correctness modification and updates
made to the program.
A user manual (user guide).