INTRODUCTION TO POWER PLANTS & DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION

INTRODUCTION TO POWER PLANTS &
DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION
POWERPLANT ENGINEERING
Dr. S. VIJAYA BHASKAR
M.Tech (Mech)., Ph.D (Mgmt),
Ph.D (Mech)
SNIST (JNTUH)

UNIT-I: Syllabus
Introduction:
 Sources of energy
 Type of Power plants
 Direct energy conversion system
 Energy sources in India
 Recent developments in power generation
 Combustion of coal
 Volumetric analysis
 Gravimetric analysis
 Fuel gas analysis.
2

Objectives
After studying this unit, you should be able to
understand the concept of power plant
understand the types of power plants
know the types of fuels and
describes the main components of power plants
3

Introduction
4
First Law of Thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics is the law of
conservation of energy, which states that energy can
neither be created nor destroyed, and can be converted
from one location to other location and one form to
another. Energy exists in various forms.
Eg.: Mechanical energy, Thermal energy, Nuclear
energy, Electrical energy.

Laws of thermodynamics
Zeroth law of thermodynamics
 If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third
system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. This
law helps define the concept of temperature.
Second law of thermodynamics
 In a natural thermodynamic process, the sum of the entropies
of the interacting thermodynamic systems increases.
Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the second kind
(machines that spontaneously convert thermal energy into
mechanical work) are impossible.
5

Power
6
Energy is the
measure of
the ability of a body
or system to do
work or
produce a change
Physical quantity of energy
per unit time  POWER

Power
7
• Power 
rate of flow of energy
• Power is primarily associated with
mechanical work electrical energy

Power + Plant = Power Plant
8
POWER PLANT : Power
plant, is a unit built for
production and delivery of
a flow of mechanical
and/or electrical energy.
OR
Power plant is a machine
that produces and delivers a
flow of mechanical and/or
electrical energy.
Eg : IC Engine

9
The various sources of energy are
1. Fuels
2. Nuclear energy
3. Energy stored in water (Hydro
Power)
4. Wind power
5. Solar energy
6. Tidal power
7. Geo thermal energy
8. Thermo electric power
Sources of Energy

Sources of Energy
Conventional /
Non-Renewable
Unconventional
(Non-conventional)/
Renewable

FUELS
11
A fuel is a substance which gives heat energy on combustion. The
main combustible elements of a fuel are carbon and hydrogen. The
presence of sulphur is undesirable though it is also a combustible.
Primary fuels occur directly in the nature.
Prepared fuels are also called as derived
fuels and are prepared artificially.
Primary Fuel Prepared Fuel

Classification of Fuels
13
Peat: First stage of
formation of coal from
wood
Coal is formed from vegetation
And Contains C, H, O, N, S,
moisture and ash
Coke: It is solid residue left
After the destructive
distillation of certain kinds of
coal
Charcoal: produced by slow
heating of wood in the
absence of oxygen
Briquettes: Prepared from fine
coal or coke by compressing the
material under high pressure

Types of Coal
 Peat: Peat is not actually coal, but rather the
precursor to coal. Peat is a soft organic material
consisting of partly decayed plant and, in some
cases, deposited mineral matter. When peat is placed
under high pressure and heat, it becomes coal.
16
First Stage of Formation Coal

Types of Coal
 Lignite: Lignite coal is the lowest
grade coal with the least
concentration of carbon.
 Sub-bituminous: Sub-bituminous
coal is black in colour and dull (not
shiny), and has a higher heating
value than lignite. Break into pieces
during storage
 Bituminous : High volatile
material long yellow Smokey
flames.
18

Types of Coal
 Anthracite: The highest rank of coal. It is a hard,
brittle, and black lustrous coal, often referred to as
hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed
carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter.
19

Liquid Fuels
21
The main source of liquid fuels is PETROLEUM
Petroleum = Crude Oil != Petrol
 from Wells under earth crust
 formed with fish and plant life in presence
with bacterial action under pressure and heat
India  Assam and Gujarat
 Less space with Calorific Value
 Cleanliness with No ash problem
 Non-deterioration of oil in storage
 Easy to handle, transport and
control of consumption

Gaseous Fuels
23
Natural Gas
 Natural gas is obtained from deposits in sedimentary
rock formations which are also sources of oil
 Methane (CH4) and Ethane (C2H6)
 CV  21,000 KJ/m3
 Generally is used in Automotives
Coal Gas
 The process consisted of burning a suitable grade of coal in
a bed with a carefully controlled air supply (and steam
injection) to produce gas and also coke
Coke-oven Gas
 It is obtained during the production of coke by heating the
bituminous coal

Composition of Gaseous Fuels
25
The calorific value is the total energy released as heat
when a substance undergoes complete combustion
with oxygen under standard conditions.
This will be prepared during the smelting process of Iron

Combustion of Coal/Coal Combustion Theory
 Combustion is a rapid chemical reaction between
fuel and oxygen. When combustible elements of fuel
combine with O2, heat energy comes out.
 During combustion combustible elements like
Carbon, Sulfur, Hydrogen etc combine with oxygen
and produce respective oxides.
 The source of oxygen in fuel combustion is air.
 By volume there is 21% of Oxygen presents in air
and by weight it is 23.2%.
 Although there is 79% (by volume) nitrogen in air
but it plays no role in combustion.
26

Combustion of Coal
 Actually Nitrogen carries heat produced during
combustion to steam boiler stack.
 As per combustion theory the quantity of air
required for combustion is that which provides
sufficient O2 to completely oxidize combustible
elements of fuel.
 This quantity of air is normally known as
STOICHIOMETRIC AIR requirement.
27

Combustion of Coal
 Carbon Reaction – With Sufficient Air
 Insufficient Air
29

Combustion of Coal
 Combustion of Sulfur
 Combustion of Hydrogen
30

Combustion of Fuels
31
Equation (1.3) indicates that one
molecule
of carbon combines with one
molecule of
oxygen to give one molecule of
CO2.
Equation (1.4) indicates that 1 kg
of

 Equation (1.5) indicates that 1 molecule of carbon
combines with ½ molecule of oxygen to produce 1
molecule of carbon monoxide.
 Equation (1.6) represents that 1 kg of carbon requires
4/3 kg of oxygen to produce 7/3 kg of carbon
monoxide.
32
Combustion of Fuels

 Equation (1.7) shows that one volume of carbon monoxide
combines with half volume of oxygen and produce one
volume of carbon monoxide gas.
 Equation (1.8) indicates that 1 kg of carbon monoxide
reacts with 4/7 kg of oxygen to give 11/7 kg of carbon
dioxide.
33
Combustion of Fuels
Carbon Monoxide to CO2

34
Combustion of Fuels
Sulphur

Volumetric Analysis: It gives the volumetric or molar fractions of the
components in the mixture
Gravimetric Analysis: Gravimetric Analysis gives the mass fractions of
the components in the mixture.
Volumetric and Gravitational
Analysis
36

Volumetric and Gravitational Analysis
37
How to Convert Volumetric Analysis to Weight Analysis ?
The conversion of volumetric analysis to weight analysis
involves the following steps :
1. Multiply the volume of each constituent by its molecular
weight.
2. Add all these weights and then divide each weight by the
total of all and express it as percentage
How to Convert Weight Analysis to Volumetric Analysis ?
1. Divide the weight of each constituent by its molecular
weight.
2. Add up these volumes and divide each volume by the total
of all and express it as a percentage.

Weight of Air Required for Complete
Combustion of Fuel
The exact amount of oxygen required, theoretically, for
complete combustion of one kg of fuel can be determined
from the analysis of the fuel as follows :
 Firstly, the amount of oxygen required for each of the
constituents of the fuel is calculated separately with the
help of chemical equations.
 Then these requirements are added and the total amount of
oxygen required is obtained.
 If some oxygen is already present in the fuel then it must be
deducted from the calculated amount of oxygen required
for the combustion of the constituents
38

Weight of Air Required for Complete
Combustion of Fuel
 The oxygen for the combustion of fuel has to be obtained
from atmospheric air, which consists of oxygen, nitrogen, a
small amount of carbon dioxide and small traces of rare
gases like neon, argon etc.
 But for all engineering calculations,
composition of air is taken as follows :
 Thus the amount of oxygen required for the combustion of
certain fuel is known, the amount of air necessary for the
combustion of 1 kg of fuel can be determined.
 The theoretical or stoichiometric quantity of air is that
quantity which is required for complete combustion of 1
kg of fuel without any oxygen appearing in the products
of combustion
39

Weight of Carbon in Flue Gases
 The weight of carbon contained in one kg of flue or exhaust
gas can be calculated from the amounts of CO2 and CO
contained in it.
 In eqn. (1.4) it was shown that 1 kg of carbon produces 11/3
kg of CO2 when completely burnt.
 Hence 1 kg of CO2 will contain 3/11 kg of carbon.
40

Weight of Carbon in Flue Gases
 The weight of carbon contained in 1 kg of flue/exhaust gas can be
calculated from the amounts of CO2 and CO contained in it.
 In eqn. (1.6) it can be seen that 1 kg of carbon produces 7/3 kg of CO,
hence 1 kg CO contains 3/7 kg of carbon.
 Therefore, weight of carbon per kg of fuel =
3/11 CO2 + 7/11 CO
where CO2 and CO are the quantities of carbon dioxide and carbon
monoxide present in 1 kg of flue or exhaust gas.
41

Weight of Flue Gas per kg of Fuel Burnt
 Due to supply of air, the weight of flue gas or exhaust gas is
always more than that of fuel burnt.
 The actual weight of dry flue gases can be obtained by
comparing the weight of carbon present in the flue gases
with the weight of carbon in the fuel, since there is no loss
of carbon during the combustion process.
 As the analysis of the exhaust gases is volumetric, so this
must first be reduced to weight analysis. Also, total weight
of carbon in one kg of flue gas is
42

Type of Power Plants
43
Based on the form of energy converted into
electrical energy, the power plants are
classified as
1) Steam Power Plants
2) IC Engine Power Plants
3) Gas Turbine Power Plants
4) Hydro-electric Power Plants
5) Nuclear Power Plants

 A steam power plant converts the chemical energy of the
fossil fuel (Coal) into mechanical energy/electrical energy.
 This is done by raising the steam in the boilers, expanding
it through the turbines and coupling the turbines to the
generators which converts mechanical energy to electrical
energy.
 Purposes of Steam Power Plant
1. to produce electric power
2. to produce steam for industrial processes like textile,
food manufacturers, paper mills etc.
Steam Power Plant

Steam Power Station – Flow sheet

IC Engine Plants
48
Diesel power plants are installed in the following situations.
 Supply of coal and water is not available in sufficient
quantity
 Power is to be generated in small quantity.
 Stand by sets are required for emergency purposes in hospitals,
telephone exchanges, radio stations and cinemas.
 Diesel power plants in the range of 2 to 50 MW capacities are
used.
 Short time and temporary power production

Diesel Plant Layout with Auxiliaries
50

Gas Turbine Power Plant
 Gas turbines have been used for electricity generation in the
periods of peak electricity demand
 Gas turbines can be started and stopped quickly enabling
them to be brought into service as required to meet energy
demand peaks.
 Small unit sizes and their low thermal efficiency restricted the
opportunities for their wider use for electricity generation.

Working Principle of Gas Turbine
 Air is compressed(squeezed) to high pressure by a compressor.
 Then fuel and compressed air are mixed in a combustion
chamber and ignited.
 Hot gases are given off, which spin the turbine wheels.
 Gas turbines burn fuels such as oil, natural gas and
pulverized(powdered) coal.
 Gas turbines have three main parts:
i) Air compressor
ii) Combustion chamber
iii) Turbine

Hydro-Electric Power Plant
(ENERGY STORED IN WATER)
57
 The hydro power uses the
gravitational potential energy
of elevated retained water
which is transformed into
kinetic energy by flowing
through pipes at high speed.
 This kinetic energy is
converted into useful
electrical power using water
turbines.

ENERGY STORED IN WATER
58
 When water is stored at a particular place it
attains potential energy by virtue of the head
created with respect to datum level. Similarly
moving stream of water possesses kinetic
energy.
PE and KE
 The water energy is converted into mechanical
energy with the help of water turbines and this
mechanical energy is used to drive an alternator
which converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy.

ENERGY STORED IN WATER
Hydraulic power plants
 If water source is in abundance then the water
power is very cheap. Though initial investment is
high the operating costs are quite low when
compared to other power plants.
59

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM -HYDRAULIC POWER PLANT
60

Potential and Kinetic Energy
61
 Potential Energy is the stored energy in an object or
system because of its position or configuration.
 Kinetic energy of an object is relative to other moving
and stationary objects in its immediate environment.

Biggest Hydro Plants
 The Koyna Hydroelectric Project is the largest
completed hydro power plant in India
 Project site is in near Patan, Satara dt,
Maharastra, build on Koyna River
 In 2012, the Three Gorges Dam in China took over the
#1 spot of the largest hydroelectric dam (in electricity
production), replacing the Itaipú
hydroelectric power plant in Brazil and
Paraguay.
 First in India -> Darjeeling
62

NUCLEAR ENERGY
63
 One of the out standing facts about nuclear power is the large
amount of energy that can be released from a small mass of active
material.
 Complete fission of one kg of uranium contains the energy
equivalent of 4500 tonnes of coal or 2000 tonnes of oil.
 The nuclear power is not only available in abundance but it is
cheaper than the power generated by conventional sources.

Fission and Fusion
 Fission is the splitting of a heavy, unstable
nucleus into two lighter nuclei.
 Fusion is the process where two light nuclei
combine together
 In both process releases vast amounts of
energy
• Uranium-235
64

WIND ENERGY
67
Wind energy is the cheapest source of power
because
It is Free
No operator is needed
 Very low maintenance and almost no
repairs
The limitations of this wind energy are
 variable output
 uncertainty in direction and speed of
wind
 power generated is very low
The main application of wind energy is in
pumping water from deep wells.
The equipment altogether used to produce
power from wind energy is called Wind Mill

SOLAR ENERGY
68
The sun is the primary source
of energy. The sun radiations
can be focused over a small
area by means of reflectors.
The geographical locations in
the world where strong solar
radiations received are suitable
to trap this energy.
Eg: India

Solar -> Electrical Energy
 In this form of energy, the
photovoltaic cells convert the
solar heat energy directly into
electrical energy
 Solar panels are another type
of cells, where water is heated
up directly with sun rays using
mirrors and boilers and this
heated water is further used to
produce power.
69

SOLAR ENERGY
70
The major disadvantages are
1) It cannot be used on cloudy days or at nights
2) It is uneconomical
3) It requires large area even for production of
small power.
Application of solar energy
1) solar water pumps
2) solar water heater
3) solar power plants.

TIDAL ENERGY
 Tides contain large amount of energy. Rise and fall of tides create water
head which helps in driving the turbine. Water is stored during tide rise
and water is discharged during fall. The available head is low. So to
increase the power generation the catchment area should be increased.
 The head developed is just about few meters. During high tide the water
level on sea tide (high tide) side is above the tidal basin and exactly
opposite in low tide case. During low tide the height of the tide is lower
than tidal basin. During the period water tends to flow out driving the
turbine unit. The turbine unit does not operate if the tide seal level is equal
to basin level.
 ADVANTAGES:
 1) power generation is rain independent.
 2) no uncertainty in power development.
 3) power generation is free from pollution.
 4) undesirable wastes (like ash, gases) are not produced. 71

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
73
 This form of energy uses the natural hot
temperature conditions of earth’s crest at few
kilometres (kM) below the earth surface to
generate the electrical power.
 Generally, the geothermal production wells are
more than 2 km deep, but occasionally much
more than 3 km.
 The cold water is pumped into deep wells,
which uses heat energy of molten magma and
returns to earth surface as hot water and steam.
This is further used to convert the heat energy
into electricity with the help of turbines and
electrical generators.

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
74
Earth is a molten core.
The steam that comes out of the natural steam
well is used for power generation. This energy is
termed as geothermal energy.
There are two ways in power production from
geothermal energy
 1) direct method
 2) indirect method.

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
75
 In Direct system the hot geothermal water/steam is
used to operate the turbine directly. In this method
a separator is used to remove the moisture and
foreign particles.
 The Indirect method is used when temperature of
geothermal source is not sufficient to drive the
turbine. In this method the hot steam/water is used
to heat the secondary fluid with help of heat
exchanger. The secondary fluid like Freon, iso-
butane circulated in the closed cycle. The main
advantage of this method is low temperature
water/steam can be used effectively.

77
Direct System
Indirect System

 This is based on “SeeBeck effect”. According to see beck
effect when the two ends of a loop of two dissimilar
materials are maintained at different temperatures, an
electro motive force is developed and the current flows .
 The effectiveness of this power generation is increased by selecting
suitable materials. The main advantage of this method is very low
initial cost and negligible maintenance cost.
 The magnitude of emf (E) produced by this process is proportional to
the temperature difference between two junctions.
 E = α (Tb- Tc)
 Tb = Temperature of hot junction
 Tc = Temperature of cold junction
 α = Seebeck Coefficient
78

Direct Energy Conversion System
 Transformation of one type of energy (such as sunlight) to another
(such as electricity) without passing through an intermediate stage
(such as steam to spin generator turbines).
 Different Types of DEC:
 Thermo electric power generation
 Thermo ionic power generation
 Magneto hydro dynamic systems
 Photovoltaic power systems
 Fuel cells
 Thermo nuclear fusion power generation
80

Direct Energy Conversion System
 Transformation of one type of energy (such as sunlight) to another
(such as electricity) without passing through an intermediate stage
(such as steam to spin generator turbines).
 Different Types of DEC:
 Thermo electric power generation
 Thermo ionic power generation
 Magneto hydro dynamic systems
 Photovoltaic power systems
 Fuel cells
 Thermo nuclear fusion power generation
81

Thermo electric power generation
 Thermoelectric power generator is a device that converts the heat
energy into electrical energy based on the principle of Seebeck
effect
 Seebeck effect refers to a class of phenomena in which a
temperature difference creates an electric potential and
 Whenever current passes through circuit of two dissimilar
conductors depending on the current direction either heat is
absorbed or released at the junction of the two conductors. This
is known as Peltier effect.

PRINCIPLE….
 In the purer metallic conductors outer electrons, less
connected to others, can move freely around all the
material, as if they do not belong to any atom. These
electrons transmit energy one to another through
temperature variation, and this energy intensity varies
depending on the nature of the material.
 If two distinct materials are placed in contact, free electrons
will be transferred from the more “loaded” material to the
other, so they equate themselves, such transference creates
a potential difference, called contact potential, since the
result will be a pole negatively charged by the received
electrons and another positively charged by the loss of
electrons.

SEEBECK EFFECT…
When the junctions of two different metals are
maintained at different temperature, the emf is produced
in the circuit. This is known as Seebeck effect.
The materialAis maintained at
T+∆T temperature
The material B is maintained at
temperature ‘T’.
Since the junctions are maintained at
different temperature, the emf ‘V’
flows across the circuit.

THERMOELECTRIC POWER GENERATION

Thermionic power generator
 Thomas Edison invented that the electrons are emitted
from a metal surface when it was heated. This effect is
called Edison effect.
 Thermionic power generator (TPG) is a static device
that converts heat energy into electrical energy by
boiling electrons from a hot emitter surface (= 1800K)
across a small inter electrode gap (< 0.5 mm) to a cooler
collector surface (= 1000K)
 Thermionic power generator consisting of two electrodes
placed near one another, Sealed into an evacuated vessel.
The space is filled with gas like cesium vapours.
87

TPG - Principle
 A thermionic generator (converter) converts heat energy
directly to electrical energy by utilizing thermionic emission
effect.
 All metals and some oxides have free electrons which are
released on heating. In a thermionic converter, electrons
act as the working fluid in place of a vapour or gas.
 In this device electrons are emitted from the surface of
heated metal. The energy required to extract an electron
from the metal is known as work function and expressed in
electron volts (eV).
 The work function depends upon the nature of metal and
its surface condition.
88

TPG - Working
 In a thermionic converter two
electrodes (Cathode and Anode)
are placed in a container containing
an ionised gas or cesium vapour to
reduce the space charge.
 The cathode is heated by concen-
trating the rays on it. On heating of
cathode the electrons are emitted
from it and travel to anode.
 The cathode and anode are
connected externally through the
load circuit.
90

TPG - Working
 The electrons return back to cathode through the external
circuit and the current flows through the external circuit as
shown in the figure.
 The heat energy is converted directly into electrical energy
through a process similar to that in a steam plant where
water is evaporated in a boiler and the steam is condensed
after doing the useful work in an engine.
91

MAGNETO-HYDRO DYNAMIC (MHD) GENERATOR
 Magneto Hydro Dynamic (MHD) generator is a device that
works on principle of Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction
 Faraday’s law states that when the conductor (solid/liquid/gas)
moves through a magnetic field, it generates an electric field
perpendicular to the magnetic field & direction of conductor
92
In MHD, the conductor is an
ionized gas which is passed at
high velocity through a powerful
magnetic field; a current is
generated and can be extracted
by placing electrodes in a
suitable position in the stream.

MHD Generator - Principle
 MHD power generation process is governed by Faradays law
of Electromagnetic Induction (i.e. when the conductor
(solid/liquid/gas) passes through a magnetic field, it induces
emf perpendicular to the magnetic field & direction of
conductor).
94
 In MHD, the flow of the
conducting plasma through a
magnetic field at high velocity
causes a voltage to be
generated across the
electrodes, perpendicular to
both the plasma flow and the
magnetic field according to
Flemings Right Hand Rule .

MHD Generator - Construction
 MHD Generator MHD generator resembles the
rocket engine surrounded by huge magnetic field.
 It has no moving parts & the actual conductors are
replaced by ionized gas (plasma)
 The magnets used can be electromagnets or
superconducting magnets
95
 Superconducting
magnets are used in
the larger MHD
generators to eliminate
one of the large
parasitic losses.

 As shown in below figure, MHD consists of Fuel
supply system, combustion chamber, expansion
system and MHD Generator
 The electrodes are placed parallel and opposite to
each other as shown in previous figure
 It is made to operate at very high temperature,
without moving parts
 Because of the high temperatures, the non-
conducting walls of the channel must be constructed
from an exceedingly heat-resistant substance
96

 Generally in generators, the conductor consists of
copper windings or strips while in an MHD generator
the hot ionized gas or conducting fluid replaces the
solid conductor.
97

MHD Generator - Working
 It is the generation of electric power utilizing the
high temperature conducting plasma (stream of high
 temp working fluid) passing through an intense
magnetic field.
 It converts the thermal energy extracted from fuel
directly into electrical energy
 The fuel is burnt in the presence of compressed air in
combustion chamber.
 During combustion seeding materials are added to
increase the ionization & this ionized gas (plasma) is
made to expand through a nozzle into the generator.
98

MHD Generator - Working
 Various methods for ionizing the gas are available, all of
which depend on imparting sufficient energy to the gas.
 The ionization can be produced by thermal or nuclear
means.
 Materials such as Potassium carbonate or Cesium are
often added in small amounts, typically about 1% of the
total mass flow to increase the ionization and improve
the conductivity, particularly combustion of gas plasma.
 Magnetic field, a current is generated & it can be
extracted by placing electrodes in a suitable stream. This
generated EMF is Direct Current (DC)
99

Resources and development of power in India
102
 The first hydro station was started in 1897 at
Darjeeling with 200 kw capacity.
Sidrapong near Darjeeling town

Power Generation in India
 India is one of the world’s largest consumer of
energy
 Conventional sources: Thermal, Hydro and Nuclear.
 Non- conventional: Wind, solar, Geothermal, tidal.
 Installed capacity – 1,61,352MW
 Thermal = 95151.74MW
 Hydro = 36877.76MW
 Nuclear = 4,120MW
 RES = 13242.41MW
 Annual power production – 680 billion KWH

Resources and development of power in
India104
 In early days most of the electric supply facilities
were privately owned and catered to the needs. The
major of the earlier power stations comprised diesel
generating sets
 The first steam station was started in 1899 at
Calcutta with 1000 kW capacity
 Efforts for organizing the power supply industry in a
rational manner began only after independence.

Break up of Power
 Thermal Power Plants – 75%
 Hydro Electric Power Plants - 21%
 Nuclear Power Plants - 4%
 Installed wind power Generation – 9655MW
 30% to 40% of electrical power is lost in
transmission and distribution

STRUCTURE OF POWER SYSTEM
 Power system owned by state electricity
boards.
 Private sector utilities operate in Mumbai,
Kolkata, Ahmedabad
 Regional electricity boards – Northern,
Southern, Eastern, Western, North-eastern.
 Power Grid corporation- Central.

Thermal Power Plants
 Installed Capacity – 93,392.64MW
1. Coal based – 77,458.88MW
2. Gas Based – 14,734.01MW
3. Oil Based – 1199.75MW

India109
 Planned power development in a systematic manner
began in 1951 with launching of the first five year plan
(1951–1956). During this first plan the generating
capacity is increased by 1100 MW which brings total
capacity to 3400 MW, by the end of the first plan.
 In the same way by the end of second plan the total
capacity increased to 5700 MW.
 The third five year plan was characterized by two
significant developments, firstly the recognition of the
important of rural electrification as a key factor in
economic development and secondly the importance of
interconnecting the power station so that different
capacities could be pooled and used to the best
advantage.

India contd……110
 This network divides the country into five regions, and regional electricity
boards are also established.
 1) Northern Region - U.P, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, and
J & K.
 2) Western Region - M.P, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Diu, Daman.
 3) Southern Region - A.P , Karnataka, T.N, Pondichery, Kerala.
 4) Eastern Region - Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal.
 5) North Eastern Region - Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura, Nagaland,
Arunachal Pradesh, and Mizoram.

Cumulative Installed Capacity In India (MW)
Plan Year Hydro Thermal Nuclear Total
Preplan 1947 499 852 - 1,351
I- Plan 1953 734 1,571 - 2,305
II-Plan 1961 1920 2,733 - 4,653
III-Plan 1966 4127 4,900 - 9,027
IV-Plan 1971 6386 7,903 420 12,957
111

Cumulative Installed Capacity In India (MW)
(contd.)
Plan Year Hydro Thermal Nuclear Total
V-Plan 1979 10,832 15,219 640 26,991
Annual
Plan
1980 11,381 16,469 640 28,490
VI-Plan 1985 11,788 17,698 840 30,346
112
Ref: A Course on Power Plant Engg. S.C.Arora and S. Domkundwar

Energy Sources in
India-2016 and 2017
118

Source: Company websites, News Articles, Industry Sources, Aranca Research
Company Business description
• NTPC is India’s largest power producer and the sixth-largest thermal power producer in the world, with
installed capacity of 41,184 MW (including 5,364 MW through JVs). By 2032, NTPC plans to reach 128,000
MW power capacity. Coal-based power accounts for more than 90 per cent of the total capacity
• It has also diversified into hydro power, coal mining, power equipment manufacturing, oil and gas exploration,
power trading and distribution
• Tata Power is India’s largest integrated power company, with significant presence in solar, hydro, wind and
geothermal energy space. The company accounts for 52 per cent of total generation capacity in the private
sector, with an installed capacity of 8,521 MW
• The company has over 35,000 MW of power generation capacity, both operational and under development.
Reliance Power has an operational power generation capacity of 2,500 MW. FY13 saw the development of
the 3,960 MW Sasan UMPP in Madhya Pradesh
• CESC Limited is a vertically integrated player engaged in coal mining, and generation and distribution of
power
• NHPC is the largest hydro power utility in India, with an installed capacity of 5,295MW; it has drawn up a
massive capacity expansion plan of adding 6,697 MW by 2017
• NHPC is constructing nine projects aggregating to a total installed capacity of 4271 MW. NHPC added 1,970
MW and 1,150 MW during the 10th and 11th Plan periods, respectively
POWER
SOME MAJOR PLAYERS IN POWER MARKET

Recent developments in power
generation
• The first is to do with performance of the coal sector
and allocation of coal blocks.
• The second is about the focus on renewable energy
and the benefits that can accrue to India
• Another major development recently was in the
renewable energy space when the NITI Aayog came
up with its first report titled "India's Renewable
Electricity Roadmap 2030 - Toward Accelerated
Renewable Electricity Deployment".
• For both wind and solar energy, targets have been
increased from 20 GW of solar power (by 2022) to
100 GW (by 2019) and from an additional 15 GW of
wind power (during 2012-17) to an additional 40 GW 120

INTRODUCTION TO POWER PLANTS & DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION

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INTRODUCTION TO POWER PLANTS & DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION