Cogeneration systems produce both electricity and useful thermal energy in a single integrated system to improve efficiency. This document discusses cogeneration systems that use steam turbines, gas turbines, or reciprocating engines as the prime mover. Steam turbine cogeneration systems can be backpressure or extraction condensing configurations. Gas turbine cogeneration systems operate on the Brayton cycle of compressing, heating, and expanding air. Cogeneration provides benefits like increased efficiency, lower emissions, and cost savings compared to separate thermal and electrical systems.
This document discusses cogeneration and combined heat and power (CHP). It defines cogeneration as the simultaneous generation of thermal energy and electricity from one process. There are two types of cogeneration - topping cycle, where fuel is primarily used to generate electricity and excess heat is recovered, and bottoming cycle, where waste heat from a process is used to generate electricity. The document provides examples of topping cycle systems like combined cycle, steam turbine, and gas turbine configurations. Cogeneration improves efficiency by capturing heat that would otherwise be wasted during conventional power generation.
Cogeneration involves the sequential conversion of fuel into multiple usable energy forms. It can produce both electrical and thermal energy, unlike conventional systems. There are two types of cogeneration systems - inplant power generation and reject heat utilization. Inplant power generation produces steam at a higher temperature than needed for manufacturing to also generate electricity using a turbine generator. Reject heat utilization uses excess steam from a power plant for manufacturing. Topping cycles produce electricity first while bottoming cycles produce heat first. Cogeneration provides benefits like fuel economy, lower capital costs, and protection from power outages. Common technologies are steam turbine, gas turbine, combined cycle, and diesel engine systems.
Magneto Hydro Dynamic Power Generation uses the principle that an electrical current is induced when a conductive fluid passes through a magnetic field at high velocity. There are two main types of MHD systems - open cycle systems which use combustion gases and closed cycle systems which reuse gases or use liquid metals. MHD has advantages like high efficiency around 50% and smaller plant size but also limitations like materials challenges from high temperatures and corrosion. Overall MHD is still in development for power generation applications.
This document provides an overview of various energy storage technologies. It discusses mechanical storage technologies like pumped hydro and compressed air. It also covers electrical storage technologies like batteries, flywheels, capacitors and superconducting magnetic storage. Thermal, chemical and electrochemical storage technologies are also described. The document provides details on the working principles, applications and classifications of different energy storage systems.
Combined heat and power (CHP) refers to the use of a production unit's exhaust heat for another process requirement, improving energy utilization. By capturing waste heat, overall thermal efficiency can increase from 40-50% to 70-90%. CHP installations can be large or small, using fuels like natural gas or biomass, and are used for industrial steam production, agriculture heating, district heating, and small-scale building heating. CHP provides benefits like high efficiency, reduced emissions, cost savings, and power reliability.
This document provides information about geothermal energy sources and technologies. It begins by defining geothermal energy as heat present within the Earth's crust. It then describes the main types of geothermal resources: hydrothermal systems (vapor-dominated, liquid-dominated, hot water), geopressured resources, hot dry rocks, magma resources, and volcanoes. Details are given about extraction methods like flashed steam and binary cycle systems. Applications discussed include power generation, industrial process heat, space heating, desalination, and using geothermal fluids in chemical industries. Advantages of geothermal include being renewable and less polluting, while disadvantages are lower efficiency and potential for subsidence from fluid withdrawal
Cogeneration, or combined heat and power (CHP), involves generating electricity and useful thermal energy from a single fuel source. This is more efficient than separate generation of power and heat, with overall efficiencies potentially over 75%. Cogeneration can reduce fuel costs by 40-50% and lower carbon dioxide emissions. It provides reliable, lower cost power for industrial processes and other applications like district heating. Widespread adoption of cogeneration could cut India's fuel use and greenhouse gas emissions significantly.
Cogeneration systems produce both electricity and useful thermal energy in a single integrated system to improve efficiency. This document discusses cogeneration systems that use steam turbines, gas turbines, or reciprocating engines as the prime mover. Steam turbine cogeneration systems can be backpressure or extraction condensing configurations. Gas turbine cogeneration systems operate on the Brayton cycle of compressing, heating, and expanding air. Cogeneration provides benefits like increased efficiency, lower emissions, and cost savings compared to separate thermal and electrical systems.
This document discusses cogeneration and combined heat and power (CHP). It defines cogeneration as the simultaneous generation of thermal energy and electricity from one process. There are two types of cogeneration - topping cycle, where fuel is primarily used to generate electricity and excess heat is recovered, and bottoming cycle, where waste heat from a process is used to generate electricity. The document provides examples of topping cycle systems like combined cycle, steam turbine, and gas turbine configurations. Cogeneration improves efficiency by capturing heat that would otherwise be wasted during conventional power generation.
Cogeneration involves the sequential conversion of fuel into multiple usable energy forms. It can produce both electrical and thermal energy, unlike conventional systems. There are two types of cogeneration systems - inplant power generation and reject heat utilization. Inplant power generation produces steam at a higher temperature than needed for manufacturing to also generate electricity using a turbine generator. Reject heat utilization uses excess steam from a power plant for manufacturing. Topping cycles produce electricity first while bottoming cycles produce heat first. Cogeneration provides benefits like fuel economy, lower capital costs, and protection from power outages. Common technologies are steam turbine, gas turbine, combined cycle, and diesel engine systems.
Magneto Hydro Dynamic Power Generation uses the principle that an electrical current is induced when a conductive fluid passes through a magnetic field at high velocity. There are two main types of MHD systems - open cycle systems which use combustion gases and closed cycle systems which reuse gases or use liquid metals. MHD has advantages like high efficiency around 50% and smaller plant size but also limitations like materials challenges from high temperatures and corrosion. Overall MHD is still in development for power generation applications.
This document provides an overview of various energy storage technologies. It discusses mechanical storage technologies like pumped hydro and compressed air. It also covers electrical storage technologies like batteries, flywheels, capacitors and superconducting magnetic storage. Thermal, chemical and electrochemical storage technologies are also described. The document provides details on the working principles, applications and classifications of different energy storage systems.
Combined heat and power (CHP) refers to the use of a production unit's exhaust heat for another process requirement, improving energy utilization. By capturing waste heat, overall thermal efficiency can increase from 40-50% to 70-90%. CHP installations can be large or small, using fuels like natural gas or biomass, and are used for industrial steam production, agriculture heating, district heating, and small-scale building heating. CHP provides benefits like high efficiency, reduced emissions, cost savings, and power reliability.
This document provides information about geothermal energy sources and technologies. It begins by defining geothermal energy as heat present within the Earth's crust. It then describes the main types of geothermal resources: hydrothermal systems (vapor-dominated, liquid-dominated, hot water), geopressured resources, hot dry rocks, magma resources, and volcanoes. Details are given about extraction methods like flashed steam and binary cycle systems. Applications discussed include power generation, industrial process heat, space heating, desalination, and using geothermal fluids in chemical industries. Advantages of geothermal include being renewable and less polluting, while disadvantages are lower efficiency and potential for subsidence from fluid withdrawal
Cogeneration, or combined heat and power (CHP), involves generating electricity and useful thermal energy from a single fuel source. This is more efficient than separate generation of power and heat, with overall efficiencies potentially over 75%. Cogeneration can reduce fuel costs by 40-50% and lower carbon dioxide emissions. It provides reliable, lower cost power for industrial processes and other applications like district heating. Widespread adoption of cogeneration could cut India's fuel use and greenhouse gas emissions significantly.
Energy generated by using wind, tides, solar, geothermal heat, and biomass including farm and animal waste is known as non-conventional energy. All these sources are renewable or inexhaustible and do not cause environmental pollution. More over they do not require heavy expenditure.
Natural resources that can be replaced and reused by nature are termed renewable. Natural resources that cannot be replaced are termed nonrenewable.
Renewable resources are replaced through natural processes at a rate that is equal to or greater than the rate at which they are used, and depletion is usually not a worry.
Nonrenewable resources are exhaustible and are extracted faster than the rate at which they formed. E.g. Fossil Fuels (coal, oil, natural gas).
Waste heat recovery, co geration and tri-generationAmol Kokare
Diploma in Mechanical Engg.
Babasaheb Phadtare Polytechnic, kalamb-walchandnagar
Sub- Power plant engineering
Unit-Waste heat recovery, co geration and tri-generation.
By- Prof. Kokare Amol Yashwant
Direct energy conversion involves transforming one form of energy directly into another without intermediate steps. This includes solar cells, fuel cells, and thermoelectric generators. Thermoelectric generators directly convert heat into electricity via the Seebeck effect. Magnetohydrodynamic generators directly convert heat into electricity using electrically conducting fluids like plasma in a magnetic field to generate current via electromagnetic induction. Materials with high Seebeck coefficients, electrical conductivity, and low thermal conductivity are best for thermoelectric generators.
This document provides an overview of a thermal power station. It begins with defining a thermal power station as a generating station that converts the heat energy from coal combustion into electrical energy. It then outlines the main components of a thermal power station in a block diagram and lists the main equipment, including the coal handling plant, pulverizing plant, boiler, turbine, alternator, condenser, and cooling towers. Each of the major equipment is then explained in more detail. Finally, the document discusses the advantages of thermal power stations in being able to use cheap fuel and their disadvantages in polluting the atmosphere.
POWER GENERATION OF THERMAL POWER PLANTsathish sak
. The kinetic energy of the molecules in a solid, liquid or gas
2. The more kinetic energy, the more thermal energy the object possesses
3. Physicists also call this the internal energy of an object
The document describes the key components and processes involved in a typical coal-fired thermal power plant, including the boiler, turbine, condenser, coal handling equipment, and other auxiliary systems. It also provides diagrams to illustrate the general layout and flow of energy conversion from coal to steam to mechanical power to electricity. Additionally, it briefly mentions some major thermal power plants located in the state of Rajasthan, India.
The document summarizes information about a student project on wind power plants. It discusses the basics of how wind energy is created from uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun. It describes the main components of horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines, including blades, shafts, gearboxes, generators, controllers, and towers. It covers advantages and disadvantages of both horizontal and vertical axis turbine designs. The document also discusses site selection considerations for wind power projects.
Thermal energy storage systems store thermal energy and make it available at a later time for uses such as balancing energy supply and demand or shifting energy use from peak to off-peak hours. The document discusses several types of thermal energy storage including latent heat storage using phase change materials, sensible heat storage using temperature changes in materials, and thermo-chemical storage using chemical reactions. Case studies of thermal energy storage applications in solar plants, buildings, and cold chain transportation are also presented.
This document discusses load curves and economics of power generation. It provides definitions for key terms like connected load, demand, maximum demand, load factor, diversity factor, and plant capacity factor. Load curves show the variation of load on a power station over time and can be daily, monthly, or yearly. The combined daily load curve shows higher loads during the day and lower loads at night. Tariffs for electricity aim to recover the fixed and operating costs of power generation through rates that consider maximum demand and energy consumed. Different tariff structures include flat demand rate, straight line meter rate, block meter rate, and two-part or three-part tariffs.
This document discusses cogeneration and improving energy efficiency in sugar mills. It provides information on:
1) Cogeneration involves the combined production of electrical power and useful thermal energy from a common fuel source. This allows for better utilization of resources and independence in power and steam.
2) Major advantages of cogeneration include lower production costs, quick return on investment, and ability to use biomass fuels. It also provides a solution to power problems when hydropower availability is low.
3) Case studies show potential energy savings through retrofitting with high-pressure boilers, improving control systems, reducing downtime, and acquiring best available technologies for new projects.
This document discusses coal-based thermal power plants. It describes the basic cycles used in thermal power generation like the Rankine cycle. It then discusses the major components of a typical coal fired thermal power station like the coal handling plant, ash handling system, boiler, turbine and condenser. The coal handling plant prepares and feeds coal to the boiler. In the boiler, coal is burnt and water is converted to high pressure steam. This steam powers the turbine, which drives the generator to produce electricity. The exhaust steam from the turbine is condensed back to water in the condenser to complete the cycle.
This document provides an overview of energy resources and utilization topics taught in a course. It includes sections on fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas formed from ancient organic materials. It also discusses renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydro and biomass. The document defines energy conversion and storage technologies. It provides brief histories of fossil fuels and discusses renewable versus sustainable energy.
Boiler draught refers to the pressure difference between the air inside a boiler furnace and the outside air, which causes the flow of air and flue gases through the boiler. This pressure difference is necessary for proper combustion of fuel and removal of flue gases. Draught can be produced naturally through the use of a chimney, or artificially through mechanical fans or steam jets. Forced draught uses a fan before the furnace to push air and gases through, while induced draught uses a fan at the chimney to pull gases through. Balanced draught combines the two. Mechanical draught allows better control of the pressure but has higher costs than natural or steam jet draught.
The document discusses fluidized bed combustion boilers. It describes the introduction and history of FBC boilers, their mechanism and characteristics, types including atmospheric fluidized bed combustion, circulating fluidized bed combustion, and pressurized fluidized bed combustion. It provides details on the components of FBC boilers like fuel and air distribution systems, heat transfer surfaces, and ash handling. It compares the advantages of FBC boilers to conventional boilers such as higher efficiency, fuel flexibility, lower emissions, and easier ash removal. The only disadvantage mentioned is the higher power requirement for the forced draft fan.
In any thermal power generation plant, heat energy converts into mechanical work. Then it is converted to electrical energy by rotating a generator which produces electrical energy.
Solar thermal power plants use mirrors to concentrate sunlight and generate heat, which produces steam to drive turbines for electricity generation. There are two main types of solar thermal systems: passive systems that rely on design for heat capture, and active systems that require equipment to absorb, collect, and store solar energy. Common active solar thermal power plant designs include parabolic trough systems, solar power towers, solar dishes/engines, and compact linear Fresnel reflectors. While solar thermal has advantages like no fuel costs and renewable energy, challenges include high installation costs and developing efficient energy storage solutions.
Power plant technology involves the engineering and processes used to generate electricity. There are three main types of power plants: thermal, hydroelectric, and nuclear. Thermal power plants burn fossil fuels to heat water and create steam that spins turbines connected to generators. Hydroelectric plants use the kinetic energy of moving water from dams to drive turbines. Nuclear plants use controlled nuclear fission to heat water and create steam to power generators.
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Syllabus:
Introduction
Need of Cogeneration
Principle and Advantages of Cogeneration
Technical Options for Cogeneration
Gas turbine Cogeneration Systems
Reciprocating Engine Cogeneration Systems
Classification of Cogeneration Systems
Topping Cycle
Bottoming Cycle
Factors Influencing Cogeneration Choice
Important Technical Parameters for Cogeneration
Typical Cogeneration Performance Parameters
Relative Merits of Cogeneration Systems
Case Study
This document provides a summary of steam turbine technology. Steam turbines are versatile prime movers that have been used for over 100 years to generate electricity. They are well-suited for industrial applications where inexpensive fuels are available. Steam turbines work by using steam generated in a boiler to drive a turbine connected to a generator. The steam is then exhausted for power generation or extracted for industrial processes. Common applications include paper mills, chemical plants, power plants, and district heating systems.
Cogeneration CHP Combined Heat & Power Power PlantKESHAV
Cogeneration
Generation Of Electricity
Cogeneration
Need For Cogeneration
Conventional Generation Vs
Cogeneration Cycle
Types Of Co generation Systems
Classification Of Cogeneration Systems
Important Technical Parameters For Cogeneration
Prime Movers For Cogeneration
How Cogeneration Saves Energy?
Benefits Of Cogeneration
Typical Cogeneration Applications
Efficiencies Of Generation Cycles
Energy generated by using wind, tides, solar, geothermal heat, and biomass including farm and animal waste is known as non-conventional energy. All these sources are renewable or inexhaustible and do not cause environmental pollution. More over they do not require heavy expenditure.
Natural resources that can be replaced and reused by nature are termed renewable. Natural resources that cannot be replaced are termed nonrenewable.
Renewable resources are replaced through natural processes at a rate that is equal to or greater than the rate at which they are used, and depletion is usually not a worry.
Nonrenewable resources are exhaustible and are extracted faster than the rate at which they formed. E.g. Fossil Fuels (coal, oil, natural gas).
Waste heat recovery, co geration and tri-generationAmol Kokare
Diploma in Mechanical Engg.
Babasaheb Phadtare Polytechnic, kalamb-walchandnagar
Sub- Power plant engineering
Unit-Waste heat recovery, co geration and tri-generation.
By- Prof. Kokare Amol Yashwant
Direct energy conversion involves transforming one form of energy directly into another without intermediate steps. This includes solar cells, fuel cells, and thermoelectric generators. Thermoelectric generators directly convert heat into electricity via the Seebeck effect. Magnetohydrodynamic generators directly convert heat into electricity using electrically conducting fluids like plasma in a magnetic field to generate current via electromagnetic induction. Materials with high Seebeck coefficients, electrical conductivity, and low thermal conductivity are best for thermoelectric generators.
This document provides an overview of a thermal power station. It begins with defining a thermal power station as a generating station that converts the heat energy from coal combustion into electrical energy. It then outlines the main components of a thermal power station in a block diagram and lists the main equipment, including the coal handling plant, pulverizing plant, boiler, turbine, alternator, condenser, and cooling towers. Each of the major equipment is then explained in more detail. Finally, the document discusses the advantages of thermal power stations in being able to use cheap fuel and their disadvantages in polluting the atmosphere.
POWER GENERATION OF THERMAL POWER PLANTsathish sak
. The kinetic energy of the molecules in a solid, liquid or gas
2. The more kinetic energy, the more thermal energy the object possesses
3. Physicists also call this the internal energy of an object
The document describes the key components and processes involved in a typical coal-fired thermal power plant, including the boiler, turbine, condenser, coal handling equipment, and other auxiliary systems. It also provides diagrams to illustrate the general layout and flow of energy conversion from coal to steam to mechanical power to electricity. Additionally, it briefly mentions some major thermal power plants located in the state of Rajasthan, India.
The document summarizes information about a student project on wind power plants. It discusses the basics of how wind energy is created from uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun. It describes the main components of horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines, including blades, shafts, gearboxes, generators, controllers, and towers. It covers advantages and disadvantages of both horizontal and vertical axis turbine designs. The document also discusses site selection considerations for wind power projects.
Thermal energy storage systems store thermal energy and make it available at a later time for uses such as balancing energy supply and demand or shifting energy use from peak to off-peak hours. The document discusses several types of thermal energy storage including latent heat storage using phase change materials, sensible heat storage using temperature changes in materials, and thermo-chemical storage using chemical reactions. Case studies of thermal energy storage applications in solar plants, buildings, and cold chain transportation are also presented.
This document discusses load curves and economics of power generation. It provides definitions for key terms like connected load, demand, maximum demand, load factor, diversity factor, and plant capacity factor. Load curves show the variation of load on a power station over time and can be daily, monthly, or yearly. The combined daily load curve shows higher loads during the day and lower loads at night. Tariffs for electricity aim to recover the fixed and operating costs of power generation through rates that consider maximum demand and energy consumed. Different tariff structures include flat demand rate, straight line meter rate, block meter rate, and two-part or three-part tariffs.
This document discusses cogeneration and improving energy efficiency in sugar mills. It provides information on:
1) Cogeneration involves the combined production of electrical power and useful thermal energy from a common fuel source. This allows for better utilization of resources and independence in power and steam.
2) Major advantages of cogeneration include lower production costs, quick return on investment, and ability to use biomass fuels. It also provides a solution to power problems when hydropower availability is low.
3) Case studies show potential energy savings through retrofitting with high-pressure boilers, improving control systems, reducing downtime, and acquiring best available technologies for new projects.
This document discusses coal-based thermal power plants. It describes the basic cycles used in thermal power generation like the Rankine cycle. It then discusses the major components of a typical coal fired thermal power station like the coal handling plant, ash handling system, boiler, turbine and condenser. The coal handling plant prepares and feeds coal to the boiler. In the boiler, coal is burnt and water is converted to high pressure steam. This steam powers the turbine, which drives the generator to produce electricity. The exhaust steam from the turbine is condensed back to water in the condenser to complete the cycle.
This document provides an overview of energy resources and utilization topics taught in a course. It includes sections on fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas formed from ancient organic materials. It also discusses renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydro and biomass. The document defines energy conversion and storage technologies. It provides brief histories of fossil fuels and discusses renewable versus sustainable energy.
Boiler draught refers to the pressure difference between the air inside a boiler furnace and the outside air, which causes the flow of air and flue gases through the boiler. This pressure difference is necessary for proper combustion of fuel and removal of flue gases. Draught can be produced naturally through the use of a chimney, or artificially through mechanical fans or steam jets. Forced draught uses a fan before the furnace to push air and gases through, while induced draught uses a fan at the chimney to pull gases through. Balanced draught combines the two. Mechanical draught allows better control of the pressure but has higher costs than natural or steam jet draught.
The document discusses fluidized bed combustion boilers. It describes the introduction and history of FBC boilers, their mechanism and characteristics, types including atmospheric fluidized bed combustion, circulating fluidized bed combustion, and pressurized fluidized bed combustion. It provides details on the components of FBC boilers like fuel and air distribution systems, heat transfer surfaces, and ash handling. It compares the advantages of FBC boilers to conventional boilers such as higher efficiency, fuel flexibility, lower emissions, and easier ash removal. The only disadvantage mentioned is the higher power requirement for the forced draft fan.
In any thermal power generation plant, heat energy converts into mechanical work. Then it is converted to electrical energy by rotating a generator which produces electrical energy.
Solar thermal power plants use mirrors to concentrate sunlight and generate heat, which produces steam to drive turbines for electricity generation. There are two main types of solar thermal systems: passive systems that rely on design for heat capture, and active systems that require equipment to absorb, collect, and store solar energy. Common active solar thermal power plant designs include parabolic trough systems, solar power towers, solar dishes/engines, and compact linear Fresnel reflectors. While solar thermal has advantages like no fuel costs and renewable energy, challenges include high installation costs and developing efficient energy storage solutions.
Power plant technology involves the engineering and processes used to generate electricity. There are three main types of power plants: thermal, hydroelectric, and nuclear. Thermal power plants burn fossil fuels to heat water and create steam that spins turbines connected to generators. Hydroelectric plants use the kinetic energy of moving water from dams to drive turbines. Nuclear plants use controlled nuclear fission to heat water and create steam to power generators.
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Syllabus:
Introduction
Need of Cogeneration
Principle and Advantages of Cogeneration
Technical Options for Cogeneration
Gas turbine Cogeneration Systems
Reciprocating Engine Cogeneration Systems
Classification of Cogeneration Systems
Topping Cycle
Bottoming Cycle
Factors Influencing Cogeneration Choice
Important Technical Parameters for Cogeneration
Typical Cogeneration Performance Parameters
Relative Merits of Cogeneration Systems
Case Study
This document provides a summary of steam turbine technology. Steam turbines are versatile prime movers that have been used for over 100 years to generate electricity. They are well-suited for industrial applications where inexpensive fuels are available. Steam turbines work by using steam generated in a boiler to drive a turbine connected to a generator. The steam is then exhausted for power generation or extracted for industrial processes. Common applications include paper mills, chemical plants, power plants, and district heating systems.
Cogeneration CHP Combined Heat & Power Power PlantKESHAV
Cogeneration
Generation Of Electricity
Cogeneration
Need For Cogeneration
Conventional Generation Vs
Cogeneration Cycle
Types Of Co generation Systems
Classification Of Cogeneration Systems
Important Technical Parameters For Cogeneration
Prime Movers For Cogeneration
How Cogeneration Saves Energy?
Benefits Of Cogeneration
Typical Cogeneration Applications
Efficiencies Of Generation Cycles
The document discusses cogeneration (CHP), which is the simultaneous production of heat and power from a single fuel source. It describes various cogeneration technologies that can be used and their applications in industrial settings. Cogeneration improves energy efficiency compared to separate production of heat and electricity and can reduce costs for businesses if the heat is utilized properly. The economics of cogeneration depend on factors like fuel and electricity prices and carbon credits, and it offers benefits like reduced emissions and more reliable energy.
The document discusses cogeneration and waste heat recovery. Cogeneration, or combined heat and power (CHP), simultaneously generates electricity and useful heat. Trigeneration adds cooling to CHP. Cogeneration improves efficiency and reduces emissions and costs. Waste heat recovery units transfer heat from high-temperature processes to improve efficiency. Common applications of waste heat recovery include preheating, steam generation, and power generation. Cogeneration offers economic and environmental benefits over conventional power generation.
The document discusses cogeneration systems which simultaneously generate steam and electricity. Cogeneration is more economical than separate heat and power generation as it makes use of by-product electric power. The key factors that influence cogeneration economics include steam parameters, power demand, and efficiency of the boiler and turbine generator. Cogeneration offers benefits for various industries like sugar mills that require both steam and power.
This document discusses cogeneration/combined heat and power (CHP) systems. It defines CHP as the integrated production of usable heat and power from a single system. The key benefits of CHP systems are outlined as increased efficiency, environmental benefits from reduced emissions, and economic benefits from lower energy costs. The document describes common CHP configurations including combustion turbines/reciprocating engines with heat recovery and steam boilers with steam turbines. It also discusses assessing CHP system performance and provides examples of applications for CHP technology.
This document discusses various topics related to cogeneration and waste heat recovery. It begins with an overview of cogeneration, including its need, applications, advantages, and classifications. It then covers waste heat recovery classifications and applications, as well as potential savings. The document also discusses technical options for cogeneration systems like steam turbines, gas turbines, and reciprocating engines. Key factors that influence cogeneration choice are then summarized such as heat-to-power ratios and matching thermal or electrical loads.
To study coal based thermal power plant including (a). Site selection (b). Classification (c). Merits and demerits (d). Environmental impacts (e). Basic layout (f). Various parts (g).Working.
The document discusses performance assessment of cogeneration systems. It describes:
1. Cogeneration systems can use steam turbines, gas turbines, or diesel generators to simultaneously produce electricity and useful thermal energy.
2. A performance assessment would provide insights into a cogeneration system's performance and identify opportunities for optimization.
3. The document outlines the methodology for conducting a performance test of a cogeneration plant, including instrumentation, test duration, measurements, calculations of turbine efficiency and plant heat rate.
Combined cycle power plants improve efficiency by capturing waste heat from gas turbine exhaust to generate steam and power a steam turbine. They can achieve over 60% efficiency compared to 33-25% for simple gas turbine plants. The steam is generated by a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) that uses heat exchangers to capture energy from gas turbine exhaust to heat water into steam. This steam then drives a steam turbine which generates additional electricity. Combined cycle plants have higher efficiency and lower emissions than simple gas turbine or coal plants.
Flexible operation and heat rate in thermal power plant.pptxAbhishekVerma847053
thermal power plant flexible operation and optimization in heat rate during flexible operation in thermal power plant from national power training institute, NPTI NAGPUR
James R. Connell P.E. - October 13, 2011p21decision
This document discusses various electric generation technologies including conventional steam power plants, combustion turbine power plants, combined cycle power plants, cogeneration/combined heat and power systems, wind power, and solar power. It provides an overview of how each technology works at a high level, typical efficiencies, advantages, and disadvantages. Key points covered include the Rankine cycle for steam plants, Brayton cycle for gas turbines, increased efficiency of combined cycle plants, utilizing otherwise wasted heat for cogeneration, intermittent nature of wind but no emissions, and different solar photovoltaic and concentrated solar technologies.
Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) involves generating electricity and useful heat simultaneously. It is used in prisons, hospitals, data centers, industrial units, and other applications. Cogeneration improves efficiency, reduces costs and emissions, and is more economical than conventional power plants. Waste heat recovery units transfer heat from high-temperature processes to increase efficiency further. Cogeneration can achieve up to 80% efficiency and provides environmental and economic benefits.
A power station or power plant generates electric power by converting other forms of energy into electrical energy. The most common types are thermal power plants, which burn fossil fuels to power steam turbines, and nuclear power plants, which use nuclear reactions to power steam turbines. Power plants are also classified by their prime mover, such as steam turbines, gas turbines, or hydroelectric turbines. When an imbalance occurs between power generation and load, it can cause power outages or failures across an electrical grid. Utilities take measures to protect against outages and restore power through monitoring, analytics of power usage and generation, and preventative maintenance of infrastructure.
This document discusses cogeneration systems. It defines cogeneration as the sequential generation of two forms of useful energy (mechanical and thermal) from a single energy source. The three main types of cogeneration systems are steam turbine, gas turbine, and reciprocating engine systems. Factors influencing cogeneration choice include base electrical/thermal load matching. Cogeneration has applications in the utility, industrial, building, and rural sectors. Impacts on electric utilities and the environment are also examined.
The document discusses co-generation (also known as combined heat and power) as a promising technology to meet future energy demands while reducing dependence on imported oil. Co-generation improves efficiency by capturing waste heat from power generation and using it for industrial processes. This can increase overall efficiency to 80-85% compared to 36-58% for conventional separate power and heat generation. Co-generation also reduces emissions and costs by locating power plants near heat demand. The document outlines applications of co-generation in various sectors and its benefits including fuel savings, lower emissions, and increased efficiency.
To Improve Thermal Efficiency of 27mw Coal Fired Power PlantIJMER
Booming demand for electricity, especially in the developing countries, has raised power generation technologies in the headlines. At the same time the discussion about causes of global warming has focused on emissions originating from power generation and on CO2 reduction technologies such as:
(1) Alternative primary energy sources,
(2) Capture and storage of CO2,
(3) Increasing the efficiency of converting primary energy content into electricity.
In the dissertation, the thermal efficiency of the power plant is improved when Control of furnace draft (nearer to balanced draft). Oxygen level decreases percentage of flue gases. Above this level heat losses are increases & below this carbon mono-oxide is formed. Steam power plant is using fuel to generate electrical power. The used of the fuel must be efficient so the boiler can generate for the maximum electrical power. By the time the steam cycle in the boiler, it also had heat losses through some parts and it effect on the efficiency of the boiler. This project will analyze about the parts of losses and boiler efficiency. to find excess air which effect heat losses in boiler. By using the 27 MW coal fired thermal power plant of Birla Corporation Limited, Satna (M.P.) the data is collect by using types of Combustion & heat flow in boiler. Result of the analysis show that the efficiency of boiler depends on mass of coal burnt & type of combustion .This study is fulfilling the objective of analysis to find the boiler efficiency and heat losses in boiler for 27 MW thermal power plant of Birla Corporation Limited, Satna (M.P.)
IRJET - An Experimental Evaluation of Automobile Waste Heat Recovery System u...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study that evaluated an automobile waste heat recovery system using a thermoelectric generator. The study aimed to recover waste heat from two-wheeler vehicle silencers, which are typically dissipated as heat to the environment. A proof-of-concept model was developed using thermoelectric generators and heat pipes to convert the simulated hot air into electrical power. The results indicate that waste heat from vehicle exhausts, which currently contributes to pollution and energy inefficiency, can be harnessed via thermoelectric generators to improve efficiency and reduce emissions.
OVERVIEW OF COGENERATION OPPORTUNITIES IN NEPALESE SUGAR SECTOR eecfncci
This document provides an overview of cogeneration opportunities in the Nepalese sugar sector. It discusses how cogeneration works by using fuel to generate both steam for industrial processes and electricity. The sugar sector in Nepal is described, including annual sugarcane production and bagasse production. Current practices and configurations in sugar plants are outlined. The document proposes upgrading to higher pressure boilers and turbines to increase power generation potential. Estimates suggest upgrading several plants could generate over 50 MW of surplus power for the grid. Interventions to realize this cogeneration potential are recommended, such as feasibility studies, assessing utility benefits, and developing incentive programs.
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
Mechatronics deals with robotics, control systems, and electro-mechanical systems.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
2. COGENERATION
• Cogeneration is the simultaneous production of power and heat, with a view to the
practical application of both products.
• Cogeneration or Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is defined as the sequential
generation of two different forms of useful energy from a single primary energy
source, typically mechanical energy and thermal energy.
• Mechanical energy may be used either to drive an generator for producing
electricity, or rotating equipment such as motor, compressor, pump or fan for
delivering various services.
• Thermal energy can be used either for direct process applications or for
indirectly producing steam, hot water, hot air for dryer or chilled water for process cooling.
• The overall efficiency of energy use in cogeneration mode can be up to 85 per
cent and above in some cases.
3. NEED FOR COGENERATION
Thermal power plants are a major source of electricity supply in
India.
In conventional power plant, efficiency is only 35% and remaining 65% of
energy is lost.
The major source of loss in the conversion process is the heat
rejected to the surrounding water or air due to the inherent constraints.
Also further losses of around 10-15% are associated with the
transmission and distribution of electricity in the electrical grid.
6. APPLICATIONS
In recent years cogeneration has become an attractive and
practical proposition for a wide range of applications.
These include the process industries
Pharmaceuticals
paper and board industries
Brewing
Ceramics, brick and cement industry
food, textile, minerals etc.
commercial and public sector buildings (hotels, hospitals, leisure centres,
swimming pools, universities, airports, offices, barracks(lodgings/housings/
quarters), etc.) and district heating schemes
7. BENEFITS OF COGENERATION
Increased efficiency of energy conversion and use
Lower emissions to the environment, in particular of CO2,
the main greenhouse gas
In some cases, biomass fuels and some waste materials such as
refinery gases, process or agricultural waste are used. It
increases the cost-effectiveness and reduces the need for
waste disposal.
Large cost savings, providing additional competitiveness
for industrial and commercial users while offering
affordable heat for domestic users also.
8. BENEFITS OF COGENERATION
An opportunity to move towards more decentralized
forms of electricity generation, where plants are designed to
meet the needs of local consumers, providing high efficiency,
avoiding transmission losses and increasing flexibility in system
use.
This will particularly be the case if natural gas is the energy
carrier.
An opportunity to increase the diversity of generation
plant, and provide competition in generation.
Cogeneration promotes liberalization in energy markets.
9. POSSIBLE OPPORTUNITIES FOR
APPLICATION OF COGENERATION
• Industrial
• Pharmaceuticals & fine chemicals
• Paper and board manufacture
• Brewing, distilling & malting
• Ceramics
• Brick
• Cement
• Food processing
• Textile processing
• Minerals processing
• Oil Refineries
• Iron and Steel
• Motor industry
• Horticulture and glasshouses
• Timber processing
10. POSSIBLE OPPORTUNITIES FOR
APPLICATION OF COGENERATION
• Buildings
• District heating
• Hotels
• Hospitals, Leisure centres & swimming pools
• College campuses & schools
• Airports
• Supermarkets and large stores
• Office buildings
• Individual Houses, etc,.
11. POSSIBLE OPPORTUNITIES FOR
APPLICATION OF COGENERATION
• Renewable Energy
• Sewage treatment works
• Poultry and other farm sites
• Short rotation coppice woodland
• Energy crops
• Agro-wastes (ex: bio gas)
• Energy from waste
• Gasified Municipal Solid Waste
• Municipal incinerators
• Landfill sites
• Hospital waste incinerators
12. CLASSIFICATION OF COGENERATION
SYSTEMS
• Cogeneration systems are normally classified according
to the sequence of energy use and the operating
schemes adopted.
• topping cycle
• bottoming cycle
13. TOPPING CYCLE
• In a topping cycle, the fuel supplied is used to first
produce power and then thermal energy, which is the
by-product of the cycle and is used to satisfy process heat
or other thermal requirements.
• Topping cycle cogeneration is widely used and is the
most popular method of cogeneration.
14. BOTTOMING CYCLE
• In bottoming cycle, high temperature heat is first
produced for a process (e.g. in a furnace of a steel
mill or of glass-works, in a cement kiln) and
• after the process hot gases are used either directly
to drive a gas-turbine generator, if their pressure is
adequate or indirectly to produce steam in a heat recovery
boiler, which drives a steam-turbine generator.
17. IMPORTANT TECHNICAL PARAMETERS
FOR COGENERATION
While selecting a cogeneration system, one should consider some
important technical parameters that assist in defining the type and operating
scheme of different alternative cogeneration systems to be selected.
Heat-to-power ratio
Quality of thermal energy needed (Temperature & Pressure)
Load patterns
Fuels available
System reliability
Grid dependent system versus independent system
Retrofit versus new installation
Electricity buy-back
Local environmental regulation
18. IMPORTANT TECHNICAL PARAMETERS FOR
COGENERATION
Heat-to-power ratio
• It is defined as the ratio of thermal energy to electricity required by the
energy consuming facility.
• The heat-to-power ratio of a facility should match with the characteristics of the
cogeneration system to be installed.
• The steam turbine cogeneration system can offer a large range of heat-to- power
ratios.
Heat-to-power ratio of cogeneration system
19. QUALITY OF THERMAL ENERGY NEEDED
The quality of thermal energy required (temperature and
pressure) also determines the type of cogeneration system.
Example:
• a sugar mill needing thermal energy at about 120°C, a topping
cycle cogeneration system can meet the heat demand.
• a cement plant requiring thermal energy at about 1450°C, a
bottoming cycle cogeneration system can meet both high quality
thermal energy and electricity demands of the plant.
20. FUELS AVAILABLE
Depending on the availability of fuels, some potential
cogeneration systems may have to be rejected.
• The availability of cheap fuels or waste products that can be
used as fuels at a site is one of the major factors in the
technical consideration.
• A rice mill needs mechanical power for milling and heat for
paddy drying.
• If a cogeneration system were considered, the steam turbine
system would be the first priority because it can use the rice
husk as the fuel, which is available as waste product from the
mill.
21. LOAD PATTERNS
The heat and power demand patterns of the user affect the selection
(type and size) of the cogeneration system.
For instance, the load patterns of two energy consuming facilities would
lead to two different sizes, possibly types also, of cogeneration systems.
22. SYSTEM RELIABILITY
Some energy consuming facilities require very reliable power
and/or heat.
• for instance, a pulp and paper industry cannot operate with a
prolonged unavailability of process steam.
• In such instances, the cogeneration system to be installed must
consist of more than one unit so that shut down of a specific
unit cannot seriously affect the energy supply.
23. GRID DEPENDENT SYSTEM VERSUS
INDEPENDENT SYSTEM
• A grid-dependent system has access to the grid to buy or sell
electricity.
• The grid-independent system is also known as a “stand-alone
system” that meets all the energy demands of the site.
• It is obvious that for the same energy consuming facility, the
technical configuration of the cogeneration system designed as a
grid dependent system would be different from that of a stand-
alone system.
24. RETROFIT VERSUS NEW INSTALLATION
• If the cogeneration system is installed as a retrofit, the system
must be designed so that the existing energy conversion systems,
such as boilers, can still be used.
• In such a circumstance, the options for cogeneration system
would depend on whether the system is a retrofit or a new
installation.
25. ELECTRICITY BUY-BACK
• The technical consideration of cogeneration system must
take into account whether the local regulations permit
electric utilities to buy electricity from the cogenerators or
not.
• The size and type of cogeneration system could be
significantly different if one were to allow the export of
electricity to the grid.
26. LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION
• The local environmental regulations can limit the choice of fuels
to be used for the proposed cogeneration systems.
• If the local environmental regulations are stringent, some
available fuels cannot be considered because of the high
treatment cost of the polluted exhaust gas and in some cases,
the fuel itself.
27. TYPES OF COGENERATION
SYSTEMS/TECHNOLOGIES
Various types of cogeneration systems:
• Steam turbine cogeneration system
• Gas turbine cogeneration system, and
• Reciprocating engine cogeneration system.
28. STEAM TURBINE COGENERATION SYSTEM
• The most versatile and oldest prime mover technologies.
• They replaced reciprocating steam engines due to their higher
efficiencies and lower costs.
• The capacity of steam turbines can range from 50 kW to several
hundred MWs for large utility power plants.
• Steam turbines are widely used for combined heat and power (CHP)
applications.
• The thermodynamic cycle for the steam turbine is the Rankine cycle.
29. TYPES OF STEAM TURBINES
• The two types of steam turbines most widely used are
• backpressure and
• extraction condensing types.
• The choice depends mainly on the quantities of power and heat,
quality of heat, and economic factors.
• The extraction points of steam from the turbine could be more
than one, depending on the temperature levels of heat required by the
processes.
30. BACK PRESSURE STEAM TURBINE
Simplest configuration.
Steam exits the turbine at a pressure higher or
at least equal to the atmospheric pressure,
which depends on the needs of the thermal
load.
This is why the term back- pressure is used.
After the exit from the turbine, the steam is fed
to the load, where it releases heat and is
condensed.
The condensate returns to the system with a
flow rate which can be lower than the steam
flow rate, if steam mass is used in the process
or if there are losses along the piping.
Make- up water retains the mass balance.
31. ADVANTAGES
• Simple configuration with few components.
• The costs of expensive low-pressure stages of the turbine
are avoided.
• Low capital cost.
• Reduced or even no need of cooling water.
• High total efficiency, because there is no heat rejection to
the environment through condenser.
32. DISADVANTAGES
• The steam turbine is larger for the same power output,
because it operates under a lower enthalpy difference of steam.
• The steam mass flow rate through the turbine depends on the
thermal load. Consequently, the electricity generated by the
steam is controlled by the thermal load, which results in little or
no flexibility in directly matching electrical output to
electrical load.
• Increased electricity production is possible by venting steam
directly to the atmosphere, but this is very inefficient. It results in
a waste of treated boiler water and, most likely, in poor
economical as well as energetic performances.
33. EXTRACTION-CONDENSING TYPE
• Another variation of the steam
turbine topping cycle cogeneration
system is the extraction-condensing
turbine that can be employed
where the end-user needs
thermal energy at two different
temperature levels.
• The full-condensing steam turbines
are usually incorporated at sites
where heat rejected from the
process is used to generate power.
• In backpressure cogeneration plants,
there is no need for large cooling
towers.
34. GAS TURBINE COGENERATION SYSTEMS
• Gas turbine systems operate on the thermodynamic cycle known as
the Brayton cycle.
• In a Brayton cycle, atmospheric air is compressed, heated, and then
expanded, with the excess of power produced by the turbine or
expander over that consumed by the compressor used for power
generation.
• This system can produce all or a part of the energy requirement of
the site, and the energy released at high temperature in the exhaust
stack can be recovered for various heating and cooling applications.
• Though natural gas is most commonly used, other fuels such as light
fuel oil or diesel can also be employed.
• The typical range of gas turbines varies from a fraction of 1 MW to
around 100 MW.
35. GAS TURBINE COGENERATION SYSTEMS
• Gas turbine cogeneration has most rapid development in recent
years because of
• Greater availability of natural gas
• Rapid progress in the technology
• Significant reduction in installation costs
• Better environmental performance.
• Conception period for developing a project is shorter
• Equipments can be delivered in a modular manner.
• Short start-up time and provide the flexibility of intermittent operation.
• Though they have a low heat to power conversion efficiency, more heat
can be recovered at higher temperatures.
36. OPEN-CYCLE GAS TURBINE
COGENERATION SYSTEMS
• Most of the currently available gas turbine systems, operate on the open Brayton
cycle where a compressor takes in air from the atmosphere and derives it at
increased pressure to the combustor.
• The air temperature is also increased due to compression.
• Also called Joule cycle when irreversibilities are ignored.
• Older and smaller units operate at a pressure ratio in the range of 15:1, while
the newer and larger units operate at pressure ratios approaching 30:1
• The air is delivered through a diffuser to a constant-pressure combustion
chamber, where fuel is injected and burned.
• The diffuser reduces the air velocity to values acceptable in the combustor.
37. OPEN-CYCLE GAS TURBINE
COGENERATION SYSTEMS
• There is a pressure drop across the combustor in the range of
1.2%.
• Combustion takes place with high excess air.
• The exhaust gases exit the combustor at high temperature and
with oxygen concentrations of up to 15-16%.
• The highest temperature of the cycle appears at this point; the
higher this temperature is, the higher the cycle efficiency is.
• With current technology this is about 1300°C.
39. OPEN-CYCLE GAS TURBINE
COGENERATION SYSTEM
The high pressure and temperature exhaust gases enter the gas
turbine producing mechanical work to drive the compressor and
the load.
The exhaust gases leave the turbine at a considerable temperature
(450-600°C), which makes high-temperature heat recovery ideal.
This is affected by a heat recovery boiler.
The steam produced can have high pressure and
temperature, which makes it appropriate not only for
thermal processes but also for driving a steam turbine thus
producing additional power.
41. CLOSED-CYCLE GAS TURBINE
COGENERATION SYSTEMS
•In the closed-cycle system, the working fluid usually helium
or air circulates in a closed circuit.
•It is heated in a heat exchanger before entering the turbine, and
it is cooled down after the exit of the turbine releasing useful
heat.
•Thus, the working fluid remains clean and it does not
cause corrosion or erosion.
•Source of heat can be the external combustion of any
fuel.Also, nuclear energy or solar energy can be used.
42. RECIPROCATING ENGINE COGENERATION
SYSTEM
• Reciprocating engines are well suited to
• distributed generation applications,
• industrial, commercial, and
• institutional facilities for power generation and CHP.
• Reciprocating engines-features
• start quickly,
• follow load well,
• have good part- load efficiencies, and
• generally have high reliabilities.
43. RECIPROCATING ENGINE COGENERATION
SYSTEM-BENEFITS
• multiple reciprocating engine units further increase overall plant
capacity and availability.
• higher electrical efficiencies than gas turbines of comparable
size, and thus lower fuel-related operating costs.
• the first costs of reciprocating engine gensets are generally lower
than gas turbine gensets up to 3-5 MW in size.
• maintenance costs are generally higher than comparable gas
turbines, but the maintenance can often be handled by in-house staff
or provided by local service organizations.
45. RECIPROCATING ENGINE COGENERATION
SYSTEM
• With heat recovery from the three coolers, water is heated up to 75-
80°C.
• The pre-heated water enters the exhaust gas heat exchanger where
it is heated up to 85-95°C, or it is evaporated.
• Medium size engines usually produce saturated steam of 180-200°C,
while large units can deliver superheated steam at pressure 15–20
bar and temperature 250-350°C.
• The minimum exhaust gas temperature at the exit of the heat
exchanger is 160- 170°C for fuels containing sulphur, like Diesel oil,
or 90-100°C for sulphur-free fuels like natural gas.
46. RECIPROCATING ENGINE COGENERATION
SYSTEM
• Applications:
o process drying.
for low temperature process needs,
o space heating,
o potable water heating, and
o to drive absorption chillers providing cold water, air
conditioning, or refrigeration.
47. COGENERATION SYSTEM
Another classification of the cogeneration system is based
on the size of the engine:
Small units with a gas engine (15–1000 kW) or Diesel engine
(75–1000 kW).
Medium power systems (1–6 MW) with gas engine or Diesel
engine.
High power systems (higher than 6 MW) with Diesel engine.
49. RELATIVE MERITS OF COGENERATION SYSTEMS
Variant Advantages Disadvantages
Back pressure High fuel efficiency rating
Little flexibility in design
and operation
Steam turbine & fuel
firing in boiler
-Simple plant
- Well-suited to low quality fuels
-More capital investment
- Low fuel efficiency rating
-High cooling water demand
- More impact on environment
-High civil const. cost due to complicated
foundations
Gas turbine with
waste heat recovery
boiler
-Good fuel efficiency
- Simple plant
-Low civil const. Cost
- Less delivery period
-Less impact on environment
- High flexibility in operation
-Moderate part load efficiency
- Limited suitability for low quality fuels
Combined gas &
steam turbine with
waste heat recovery
boiler
-Optimum fuel efficiency rating
- Low relative capital cost
-Less gestation period
- Quick start up & stoppage
-Less impact on environment
- High flexibility in operation
-Average to moderate part-load efficiency
- Limited suitability for low quality fuels
Diesel Engine &
waste heat recovery
Boiler & cooling
water heat exchanger
-Low civil const. Cost due to block
foundations & least no. of auxiliaries
- High Power efficiency
- Better suitability as stand by power source
-Low overall efficiency
- Limited suitability for low quality fuels
-Availability of low temperature steam
- Highly maintenance prone.
50.
51.
52.
53. COMBINED CYCLE COGENERATION
SYSTEMS
• The term “combined cycle” is used for systems consisting of two
thermodynamic cycles, which are connected with a working
fluid and operate at different temperature levels.
• The high temperature cycle rejects heat, which is recovered
and used by the low temperature cycle to produce additional
electrical/ mechanical energy, thus increasing the electrical efficiency.
54. COMBINED JOULE – RANKINE CYCLE
SYSTEMS
o The most widely used combined cycle systems are those of gas
turbine – steam turbine (combined Joule – Rankine cycle).
o They so much outnumber other combined cycles that the term
“combined cycle”, if nothing else is specified, means combined Joule –
Rankine cycle.
55. COMBINED JOULE – RANKINE CYCLE
SYSTEMS
• The maximum possible steam temperature with no supplementary
firing is by 25-40°C lower than the exhaust gas temperature at the
exit of the gas turbine, while the steam pressure can reach 80 bar.
• If higher temperature and pressure is required, then an exhaust gas
boiler with burner(s) is used for firing supplementary fuel.
• Usually there is no need of supplementary air, because the exhaust
gases contain oxygen at a concentration of 15–16%.
• With supplementary firing, steam temperature can approach 540°C
and pressure can exceed 100 bar.
• Supplementary firing not only increases the capacity of the system but
also improves its partial load efficiency.
56. COMBINED JOULE – RANKINE CYCLE
SYSTEMS FEATURES
• Constructed with medium and high power output (20–400 MW). Smaller
systems (4–15 MW).
• The power concentration (i.e. power per unit volume) of the combined
cycle systems is higher.
• Regarding the fuels used, those mentioned for gas turbines are valid
also here.
• The installation time is 2–3 years.
• The reliability of (Joule – Rankine) combined cycle systems is 80–85%.
• The annual average availability is 77–85% and the economic life cycle is
15–25 years.
• The electric efficiency is in the range 35–45%, the total efficiency is 70-
88% and the power to heat ratio is 0.6–2.0.
57. COMBINED DIESEL – RANKINE CYCLE
SYSTEMS
• It is also possible to combine Diesel cycle with Rankine
cycle.
• The arrangement is similar the difference that the gas
turbine unit (compressor – combustor – gas turbine) is replaced
by a Diesel engine.
• Medium to high power engines may make the addition of the
Rankine cycle economically feasible.
• Supplementary firing in the exhaust gas boiler is also
possible.
• Since the oxygen content in the exhaust gases of a
Diesel engine is low, supply of additional air for the
combustor in the boiler is necessary.
58. TRIGENERATION
• Concept of deriving three different forms of energy from the primary energy
source, namely, heating, cooling and power generation.
• Also referred as CHCP (combined heating, cooling and power generation)
• Allows having greater operational flexibility at sites with demand for energy
in the form of heating as well as cooling.
• Particularly relevant in tropical countries where buildings need to be air-
conditioned and many industries require process cooling.
• The system consists of a cogeneration plant, and a vapour absorption chiller
which produces cooling by making use of some of the heat recovered from
the cogeneration system.
59. KEY PARAMETERS FOR COGENERATION
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Cogeneration may be considered economical only if the different
forms of energy produced have a higher value than the investment and
operating costs incurred on the cogeneration facility.
Following are the major factors that need to be taken into
consideration for economic evaluation of a cogeneration project:
initial investment
operating and maintenance costs
fuel price
price of energy purchased and sold
61. SOURCE OF FINANCING OF
COGENERATION PROJECTS
Cogeneration systems are capital intensive projects and the
sources of capital financing can be an important consideration in the
investment analysis in which different sources may be used.
• self financing: capital generated from cogenerator’s own activities
• borrowing: requiring certain equity and guarantee
• leasing: ownership maintained by the leasing company
• third-party financing: undertaken by an energy service company, and
• facility management: reduction of energy bill for user with zero
capital risk
62. TOOLS FOR FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF
COGENERATION PROJECTS
Commonly employed financial indicators for cogeneration
feasibility study are,
• payback period (PBP)
• net present value (NPV), and
• internal rate of return (IRR)
63. PAYBACK PERIOD (PBP)
• It reflects the length of time required for a project to return its investment
through the net income derived or net savings realized.
• It is the most widely employed quantitative method for evaluating the
attractiveness of a cogeneration system.
• Assuming uniform energy cost saving every year, PBP is expressed as:
64. NET PRESENT VALUE (NPV)
Net present value (NPV) of a stream of annual cash flows is the sum of
discountedValues of all cash inflows and outflows over a certain time period.
For a cogeneration project, initial investment costs are assumed as cash outflows
and net annual energy cost savings (or net annual benefits) are cash inflows.
• Thus, NPV is expressed as,
65. INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN (IRR)
The internal rate of return (IRR) is defined as the discount
rate that equates the present value of the future cash inflows of an
investment to the cost of the investment itself.
Actually, the IRR is the rate of return that the project earns.
The equation for calculating the internal rate of return is given as:
66. HEAT PIPE
• A heat pipe is a device that effortlessly and efficiently transports thermal
energy from its one point to the other.
• It utilizes the latent heat of the vaporized working fluid instead of the
sensible heat.
• As a result, the effective thermal conductivity may be several orders of
magnitudes higher than that of the good solid conductors.
• The first consideration in the identification of the working fluid is the
operating vapor temperature range.
• Within the approximate temperature band, several possible working
fluids may exist and a variety of characteristics must be examined in
order to determine the most acceptable of these fluids for the
application considered.
69. THE MAIN REQUIREMENTS
• Compatibility with wick and wall materials
• Good thermal stability
• Wettability of wick and wall materials
• High latent heat
• High thermal conductivity
• Low liquid and vapor viscosities
• High surface tension
70. DIFFERENT TYPES OF HEAT PIPES
• Vapour chamber or flat heat pipes
• Variable Conductance Heat Pipes (VCHPs)
• Diode Heat Pipes
• Thermosyphons
• Loop heat pipe
71. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages
• Passive heat exchange with no moving parts,
• Relatively space efficient,
• The cooling or heating machinery size can be reduced in some cases,
• The moisture removal capacity of existing cooling machinery can be
enhanced,
• No cross-contamination between air streams.
Disadvantages
• Adds to the first cost and to the fan power to overtake its impedance,
• Requires that the two air flow be beside to each other,
• Requires that the air flow must be relatively clean and may require
filtration.
72. APPLICATIONS
• Heat pipe heat exchanger enhancement can improve system latent capacity.
• For example, a 1°F dry bulb drop in air entering a cooling coil can increase
the latent capacity by about 3%.
• Both cooling and reheating energy is saved by the heat pipe's transfer of
heat directly from the entering air to the low-temperature air leaving the
cooling coil.
• It can also be used to precool or preheat incoming outdoor air with
exhaust air from the conditioned spaces.
• Where lower relative humidity is an advantage for comfort or process
reasons, the use of a heat pipe can help.
73. APPLICATIONS
• A heat pipe used between the warm air entering the cooling coil
and the cool air leaving the coil transfers sensible heat to the cold
exiting air, thereby reducing or even eliminating the reheat needs.
• Also the heat pipe precools the air before it reaches the cooling
coil, increasing the latent capacity and possibly lowering the
system cooling energy use.
• Where the intake or exhaust air ducts must be rerouted
extensively, the benefits are likely not to offset the higher fan
energy and first cost.
• Use of heat pipe sprays without careful water treatment.
Corrosion, scale and fouling of the heat pipe where a wetted
condition can occur needs to be addressed carefully.
74. HEAT PUMP
• Heat pump is a device which pumps heat from, one or more low temperature
sources to one or more high temperature sinks simultaneously, with the help
of an external source of energy.
• Heat pumps are designed to move thermal energy opposite to the direction of
spontaneous heat flow by absorbing heat from a cold space and releasing it to
a warmer one.
• Heat pumps are very efficient for heating and cooling systems and they can
significantly reduce the energy costs.
• "Heat" is not conserved in this process because it requires some amount of
external energy, such as electricity.
• Heat pumps also work extremely efficiently, because they simply transfer heat,
rather than burn fuel to create it and also help in the reduction of greenhouse
emission in various industry applications.
• The most common examples of heat pumps are air conditioners and freezers
etc.
75. WORKING
• All the heat pumps use a refrigerant as a transitional fluid to absorb heat
where it vaporizes, in the evaporator, and then to release heat where the
refrigerant condenses, in the condenser.
• The refrigerant flows through the insulated pipes between the evaporator and
the condenser, allowing for efficient thermal energy transfer.
• The use of heat pumps in the chemical industries in India is limited instead of
its huge advantages.
• The use of heat pumps can save a lot of energy and money.
• While heat pumps may have lower fuel costs than conventional heating and
cooling systems, they are more expensive to buy but it is also very important
to realize that heat pumps will be most economical when used year round.
• Generally the heat pumps used in industries start giving paybacks
approximately after 1.5-2 years of their installation depending upon their use.
76. WORKING
• Heat pumps use a volatile evaporating and condensing fluid known as a refrigerant.
• Refrigerant has low boiling points than all liquids so that only heat source needed is the room
temperature fluid.
• The B.P can be altered by changing the pressure.
• Initially the refrigerant is a cold and is in low temperature liquid gaseous state flowing through tubes.
• Refrigerant is responsible for transferring and transporting the heat.
• Actual heat gain from the environment or the room temperature liquid takes place from the
evaporator.
• This is where the liquid refrigerant comes into play which boils and evaporates even in sub-zero
temperatures.
• Low pressure vapours are formed by absorbing heat from the air or liquid at room temperature as
the liquid refrigerant changes to gas.
• Once it passes through the evaporator, the refrigerant is a warm gas.
• Since the refrigerant is not that hot to warm the target liquid, so the compressor comes into the
picture.
• Compressor raises the temperature and pressure of the refrigerant because of the volume
reduction and forces the high temperature, high pressure gas to the other heat exchanger called
condenser
77. WORKING
• Condenser takes heat from high temperature gas and passes it to the target liquid.
• By a cooling process, refrigerant again comes to the liquid form which transfers a lot
of heat to the liquid and after expansion valve causes reduction in temperature and
pressure the ingenious cycle starts once again.
79. APPLICATIONS OF HEAT PUMPS
Heat pumps find their application in various segments of market and
industry. Some of its applications are clearly mentioned below:
• Market Applications:
• Restaurants, Hotels, Health Clubs, Spas, Hospitals, etc.,
• Cold Utility: air conditioning and potable water cooling
• Hot Utility: heating water for bathing, sanitation, etc
• Industrial Applications:
• Dairy, Pharmaceutical,Textile, Food Processing and Cold Stores,Automobile,
etc.,
• Cold Utility: air conditioning, process cooling and potable water cooling.
• Hot Utility: process heating, boiler feed water preheating, drying, liquid
desiccant
80. ADVANTAGES OF HEAT PUMPS
• Heat pumps keep energy costs as low as possible which is the most important thing
for any industry.
• Heat pumps require minimal regular maintenance.They have a planned life span of up
to 50 years with almost no loss of efficiency, especially when compared to boilers
which have 2% loss of efficiency every year with a usable life span of 12 years.
• Safety and low risk of accidents, considering the danger of conventional heating
systems particularly when they are age.
• Heat pumps are free from contaminants which may cause harm to the environment.
It'll help to load off the work of boiler which produces carbon monoxide when faulty,
which is harmful to health.
• The basic main advantages is the efficiency of converting energy to heat and the ability
to provide heating and cooling at the same time.
• Installation is quite easy.
• Heat pumps are clean, quiet and odourless
• It is powered by electricity