The document discusses various types of power plants, including thermal, hydroelectric, nuclear, and wind energy, along with their efficiency and processes involved in electricity transmission. It provides detailed insights into the operations of key components such as boilers, turbines, condensers, and cooling towers, and outlines the cycles and equipment necessary for energy generation and maintenance. Additionally, it covers factors influencing the selection of power plant sites.

1. Submitted by
Vivek Kumar Maurya
Roll No.- 1002237
Mechanical Engineering
7 th semester
KIIT University
Bhubaneswar

2.  Thermal Power Plants – 75%
 Hydro Electric Power Plants - 20%
 Nuclear Power Plants - 3%
 Installed wind power Generation – 2%
 30% to 40% of electrical power is lost in transmission
and distribution.

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Coal is delivered to the plant by
Railway
Road
Arial ropeways, .
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Unloading process
Feeding process
Screening process
Crushing process
Stacking process & Reclaiming process
Bunkering process

7.  Feed Water Cycle
 Steam Cycle
 Condensate Cycle
 Cooling Water Cycle
 Air And Flue Gas Cycle

8. Deaerator
•Remove oxygen from feed water to steam generating boiler.
•Protect from corrosions in feed water pips.
•Remove unwanted dissolved CO2 gases.

9. Boiler Feed Water Pump
 Pump feed water into a steam boiler.
 These pumps are normally high pressure unit.
 These are can be of the centrifugal pump type or positive
displacement type.
Heaters
 Pre-heat water delivered to steam generating boiler .
 Improves the thermodynamic efficiency of the system.
1. H.P Heater: (High pressure heater) -Heats the feed water by
exchanging heat with the steam that is extracted from the H.P.
Turbine from different stages at different pressure.
2. L.P. Heater: (Low Pressure heater)- Heats the water but it
take the steam extraction from the L.P. turbine.

10. Economiser
 Tubular heat transfer surfaces used to preheat boiler feed
water before it enters the steam drum (same like heaters)
 Extract heat from the flue gas before it is exhausted to the
atmosphere .
 Increases overall boiler thermal efficiency.
Boiler
 Rectangular furnace about 50 feet (15 m) on a side and 130
feet (40 m) tall. Its walls are made of a web of high pressure
steel tubes.

12. BOILER DRUM ( STEAM DRUM)
 It is a reservoir of water/steam at the top end of the water tubes.
 It acts as a phase-separator for the steam/water mixture
SUPER HEATER
 Convert wet, saturated steam into dry steam (high temp and
press) known as superheating.
 Dry steam contains more thermal energy and increases the
overall efficiency of the cycle by increasing Turbine work.

13. TURBINE
 Extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and convert
into mechanical work on a rotating output shaft.
 Steam turbines are split into three separate stages,
1) High Pressure (HP) – some fraction of steam sends to boiler to
reheat.
2) Intermediate Pressure (IP) – Reheated steam returns here and sends
to LP.
3) Low Pressure (LP)

15. CONDENSER
 Steam is condensed by exchanging heat from circulating water coming
from Cooling Towers.
 Pressure is maintained below atmospheric pressure.
 CONDENSER TUBE MATERIAL
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Copper based alloy (ASTM B 111, B543)
Stainless steel (ASTM A268, B268, 1249, A213, A269)
Titanium (ASTM B 338 Gr 1&2)
Carbon steel (ASTM A 179, A214)

16. FUNCTION OF CONDENSER
 Create a vacuum by condensing steam.
 Remove dissolved non-condensable gases from condensate.
 Providing a leak-tight barrier between the high grade condensate
contained within the shell and the cooling water.
HOT WELL
 The condenser hot well serves as a water reservoir for the turbine cycle.
 Supply make-up water to the cycle.

17. Condensate Extraction Pump (CEP)
 An extraction pump is an important part of a feed water
system
 Generally, fitted in between the condenser and de-
aerator
 To maintain the amount of condensate in the condenser
 To provide the sufficient suction head to the extraction
pump

19.  Cooling towers are heat removal devices used to transfer
process waste heat to the atmosphere
 It works of the principle of heat transfer by convection.
Heat lost by the water = Heat gain by the air
 The towers vary in size from small roof-top units to very
large hyperboloid structures (as in Image ) that can be up
to 200 metres tall and 100 metres in diameter

21. 
Flue gas is the gas exiting to the atmosphere through a
pipe or channel.
 Quite often, the flue gas refers to the combustion exhaust
gas produced at power plants.
 It usually consist of mostly nitrogen (typically more than
two-thirds) from the combustion air, CO2, and water
vapour as well as excess oxygen
 It further contains a small percentage of a number of
pollutants, such as particulate matter(like soot),carbon
monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulphur oxides.

22. Forced Draft Fans (FD FANS):Supply necessary air for fuel combustion by pushing the air through
the combustion air supply system and into the furnace.
 These fans are typically the most efficient fans in the power plant .
 Typically, these fans are centrifugal fans.
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Induced Draft Fans (ID FANS): Placed at the outlet of the boiler system.
 It exhaust all gaseous combustion products, or flue gas, from the boiler
by creating a negative pressure or suction within the furnace.
Primary Air Fans (PA FANS): Primary air fans (PA) are high pressure fans .
 Supply air for the transportation of coal directly from the pulverizer to
the furnace .

23.  By lowering Condenser Pressure
 By Reheating
 By Superheating
 By Regeneration
Modified Rankine cycle

24. Electrostatic Precipitators(ESP): Particulate collection devices that remove particles from a
flowing gas (e.g. air) by using the force of an induced
electrostatic charge.
 They can easily remove fine particulate matter such as dust
and smoke from the air stream.
Selection Of site:
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Availability of cheap land.
Availability of water.
Availability of fuel.
Possibility of future expansion of the plant.
Away from the urban areas due to pollution.
The initial cost of plant.
Magnitude and nature of load to be handled.

25. THANK YOU...