1. Energy sources can be categorized as conventional or renewable. Conventional sources include coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which are non-renewable fossil fuels. Renewable sources include solar, wind, tidal, and hydroelectric energy. 2. A country's level of development can be measured by its per capita electricity consumption. Electricity is commonly generated by burning fossil fuels like coal, natural gas, and petroleum products in power plants. 3. Complete combustion reactions require sufficient oxygen and produce carbon dioxide and water. Incomplete combustion produces carbon monoxide and soot particles due to insufficient oxygen mixing or combustion time.

1. Module 1
SOURCES OF ENERGY
By:
Dr. Taib Iskandar bin Mohamad
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2. Energy and nation progress
• Progress of a country can be measured from
per capita of electrical energy consumption
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3. Sources of energy
• This power can be generated from various
forms of energy sources
Conventional
Energy
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4. Conventional energy
• Coal
• Coke
• Petroleum (diesel, petrol, kerosene etc)
• Natural gas
• Nuclear Fusion
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5. Renewable energy
• Solar (sun)
• Wind
• Tidal
• Wave
• Geothermal
• Hydro potential (potential energy of water)
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6. Petroleum formation
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7. World’s top petroleum producer
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8. Coal formation
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9. Coal
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10. Fossil fuel Power plant
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11. Nuclear energy
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12. Solar energy
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13. Wind energy
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14. Tidal energy
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15. Wave energy
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16. Geothermal energy
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17. Fuels
• Materials that when burnt will produce heat
• Classification
– Solid fuels
• Wood, peat, lignite, bituminous coal etc
– Liquid fuels
• Petroleum derivatives- gasoline, diesel, kerosene.
– Gaseous fuels
• Natural gas, coal gas, producer gas, hydrogen etc.
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18. Requirement of fuels
• Calorific value – high
• Price – low
• Burn effectively
• Produce minimum ash
• Can be handled and stored with minimal cost
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19. Fuel properties
• Calorific value
– Amount of energy per kg of fuel
– High heating value (water in liquid form)
– Low Heating Value (water in gas form)
• Flash point
– Minimum temperature of fuel to start burning when ignited
• Fire point
– Minimum temperature Flash will stay as flame for 5 sec or more
• Viscosity
– Fluid resistance to flow
• Cloud point
– Temperature where wax content of petroleum separate out as solid
• Pour point
– Temperature below which entire mass of fuel freeze (5-10oC below could point)
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20. Combustion
• Combustion or burning is a complex sequence
of exothermic chemical reactions between a
fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the
production of heat or both heat and light in
the form of either a glow or flames
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21. Chemical Reaction
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22. Conditions for good Combustion
• Sufficient air supply (equal to or more than
stoichiometric value)
• Good air-fuel mixing
• Enough residence time for burning
completion
• High furnace temperature for subsequent
burning
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23. Combustion Products
• Oxides of carbon (CO2, CO)
• Oxides of sulfur (SO2)
• Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
• Excess oxygen (O2)
• Nitrogen (N2)
• Water vapor
• Soot particle - impure carbon particles resulting
from the incomplete combustion of a
hydrocarbon
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24. Principal stages of Combustion
• Ignition
– Period when fuel gradually rise its temperature
to form flame
• Combustion
– Flame developed after reaching ignition point
until all (or maximum) fuel are burnt
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25. Complete combustion
• Combustion process with sufficient amount or
air (stoichiometric) were achieved and
combustion products as below:
C + O = CO2
H2 + 1/2O2 = H2O
S + O2 = SO2
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26. Incomplete combustion
• Incomplete combustion happen when carbon
monoxide, CO and soot particles present in
combustion products:
• This is due to:
1. sufficient amount of oxygen
2. poor mixing
3. Limited time for combustion completion
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