The document discusses steam power plants and their components. It begins with classifying power plants based on the energy source used to generate electricity. It then describes the basic working of a steam power plant using the Rankine cycle to convert heat from fuel combustion into mechanical energy via steam turbines. The major components of a modern steam power plant are identified including the boiler, turbine, condenser, and generator. The document further discusses the layout and circuits involved in steam power plants, with a focus on coal handling and combustion systems. Different types of stokers and their working mechanisms are explained.
INTRODUCTION
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF STEAM FLOW
RANKINE CYCLE (IDEAL , ACTUAL ,REHEAT)
LAYOUT OF STEAM POWER PLANT
MAJOR COMPONENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
ALTERNATOR
EXCITATION SYSTEM
GOVERNING SYSTEM
A short presentation about the different components of a steam power plant. It first tells us what's a steam power plant and then explains how electricity is generated by them.
A steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft
importance of coal handling system, necessity and requirement of coal handling system, various transportation means, methods and equipment's, advantages and disadvantages of various methods, coal unloading videos.
INTRODUCTION
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF STEAM FLOW
RANKINE CYCLE (IDEAL , ACTUAL ,REHEAT)
LAYOUT OF STEAM POWER PLANT
MAJOR COMPONENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
ALTERNATOR
EXCITATION SYSTEM
GOVERNING SYSTEM
A short presentation about the different components of a steam power plant. It first tells us what's a steam power plant and then explains how electricity is generated by them.
A steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft
importance of coal handling system, necessity and requirement of coal handling system, various transportation means, methods and equipment's, advantages and disadvantages of various methods, coal unloading videos.
A generating station in which diesel engine is used as the prime mover for the generation of electrical energy
is known as Diesel power station or Diesel power plant
Waste heat recovery, co geration and tri-generationAmol Kokare
Diploma in Mechanical Engg.
Babasaheb Phadtare Polytechnic, kalamb-walchandnagar
Sub- Power plant engineering
Unit-Waste heat recovery, co geration and tri-generation.
By- Prof. Kokare Amol Yashwant
Thermal Power Plant - Full Detail About Plant and Parts (Also Contain Animate...Shubham Thakur
A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different fossil fuel resources generally used to heat the water. Some prefer to use the term energy center because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electrical energy.[1] Certain thermal power plants also are designed to produce heat energy for industrial purposes of district heating, or desalination of water, in addition to generating electrical power. Globally, fossil fueled thermal power plants produce a large part of man-made CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, and efforts to reduce these are varied and widespread.
For Video on Themal Power Plant (Animated Working Video) :- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouWOhk1INjo
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Power plant engineering unit 2 notes by Varun Pratap SinghVarun Pratap Singh
Download Link: https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements (Copy URL)
SYLLABUS
Unit-II
Steam power plant
Power plant boilers including critical and super critical boilers. Fluidized bed boilers, boilers
mountings and accessories.
General layout of steam power plant. Different systems such as fuel handling system,
pulverizes and coal burners, combustion system, draft, ash handling system, feed water
treatment and condenser and cooling system, turbine auxiliary systems such as governing, feed
heating, reheating, flange heating and gland leakage.
Operation and maintenance of steam power plant, heat balance and efficiency.
A generating station in which diesel engine is used as the prime mover for the generation of electrical energy
is known as Diesel power station or Diesel power plant
Waste heat recovery, co geration and tri-generationAmol Kokare
Diploma in Mechanical Engg.
Babasaheb Phadtare Polytechnic, kalamb-walchandnagar
Sub- Power plant engineering
Unit-Waste heat recovery, co geration and tri-generation.
By- Prof. Kokare Amol Yashwant
Thermal Power Plant - Full Detail About Plant and Parts (Also Contain Animate...Shubham Thakur
A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different fossil fuel resources generally used to heat the water. Some prefer to use the term energy center because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electrical energy.[1] Certain thermal power plants also are designed to produce heat energy for industrial purposes of district heating, or desalination of water, in addition to generating electrical power. Globally, fossil fueled thermal power plants produce a large part of man-made CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, and efforts to reduce these are varied and widespread.
For Video on Themal Power Plant (Animated Working Video) :- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouWOhk1INjo
Subscribe To Our Youtube Channel For More Videos:-
https://www.youtube.com/TheEngineeringScienc
Click Here To Subscribe:-
http://www.youtube.com/user/TheEngineeringScienc?sub_confirmation=1
Power plant engineering unit 2 notes by Varun Pratap SinghVarun Pratap Singh
Download Link: https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements (Copy URL)
SYLLABUS
Unit-II
Steam power plant
Power plant boilers including critical and super critical boilers. Fluidized bed boilers, boilers
mountings and accessories.
General layout of steam power plant. Different systems such as fuel handling system,
pulverizes and coal burners, combustion system, draft, ash handling system, feed water
treatment and condenser and cooling system, turbine auxiliary systems such as governing, feed
heating, reheating, flange heating and gland leakage.
Operation and maintenance of steam power plant, heat balance and efficiency.
3.1 Steam power plant introduction, components, advantages and limitations.
3.2 Fuel handling system in power plant types and component
3.3 Electro-static precipitators.
3.4 Control systems of power plant elements, types, desirable
characteristics.
3.5 Steam temperature control and feed water control
3.6 Maintenance procedure of major components of steam power plant
A complete description of types of power plant, it's working.
Types of the turbine.It contains detail description of turbine, coal handling plant, ash handling plant, the layout of thermal power plant. Economizer, air pre heater, super heater etc. It also contains details description of thermal power plant in India.Also, describe boiler and its types.
Project Report on “WORKING MODEL OF POWER GRID/SMART GRIDPrasant Kumar
Over a century of years ago, the power system has been developed into one of the predominantly complicated network viewed in human history. Due to the mounting of consumption demand, the modern electrical power grids are now increasing into a huge structure with various interconnected regional grids, owned and operated by Power Corporation at every height and hierarchy.
Due to dense attention, management and operation among various power companies periodically complex the cross-region transmission work and more time results in poor coordination and inefficient power delivery. So the conventional power grid in today’s world is facing some upcoming challenges.
As the demand and category of consumption increases, various types of modern technologies are introduced in power system, like the electric component charging system, distributed renewable energy generation, smart meters etc, that all work towards the complication of modern power delivery.
The day to day increasing dependence on electricity and growing need for power quality have been regularly asking for better power delivery, faster power restoration and more flexible pricing among others.
An electrical grid is an interconnected network for delivering electricity from suppliers to consumers. It consists of three main components power generation transmission and distribution.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptx
STEAM POWER PLANT / THERMAL POWER PLANT
1. SNITS (JNTUH) – B.Tech/M.Tech (Thermal)
UNIT-I:
STEAM POWER PLANT
THERMAL ANDNUCLEARPOWERPLANT
Dr. S. VIJAYA BHASKAR
M.Tech (Mech), Ph.D (Mech), Ph.D (Mgmt)
Professor in Mechanical Engineering
2. Unit-I: Syllabus
Steam power plant:
Introduction
General layout of steam power
plant
Modern coal fired steam
power plant
Power plant cycle
Fuel Handling, Combustion 2
3. CLASSIFICATION OF POWER PLANTS
3
Based on the form of energy converted into
electrical energy, the power plants are classified as
1) Steam Power Plants
2) Diesel Power Plants
3) Gas Power Plants
4) Hydro-electric Power Plants
5) Nuclear Power Plants
4. STEAM POWER PLANT
4
A Steam Power Plant converts the chemical energy of the fossil fuels
(coal, oil, gas) or fissile fuels (Uranium, Thorium) into electrical energy.
Steam Power Plant basically works on Rankine cycle. Steam is produced
in the boiler by utilizing the heat of fuel combustion; thus steam is
expanded through the steam turbines. The Steam turbine drives the
generator which converts mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical
energy.
8. 8
1.Boiler 2. Super heater
3. Reheater 4. Air preheater
5. Economizer 6. Steam Turbine
7. Condenser 8. Cooling Tower
9. Circulating water pump
10. Boiler Feed Pump
11. Generator
12. Water Treatment Section
13.Chimney and Control Room
Major Components of Steam Power Plant
9. Steam Power Plant Layout
9
The Modern Steam Power Plant Mainly Divided Into
Four Circuits.
1) Coal And Ash Circuit.
2) Air And Gas Circuit.
3) Feed Water And Steam Flow Circuit.
4) Cooling Water Circuit.
11. Coal And Ash Circuit
11
It comprises of coal handling
equipment and ash handling
equipment.
Coal is supplied to the boiler
from the storage point by coal
handling equipment and
Steam is generated in the boiler.
Ash resulting from the
combustion of coal is removed to
the ash storage yard through ash
handling equipment.
12. Air And Gas Circuit
12
Air is blown to the
combustion chamber by
induced draught fan or
forced draught fan or
both.
The dust present in the
air is removed by dust
catching device or
precipitator.
13. 13
AIR AND GAS CIRCUIT
The Induced Draught (ID) fan helps in sucking
the exhaust gases and exhausting them through
the chimney into the atmosphere.
The heat in the exhaust gases is partly extracted
by passing
(i) through the Economiser to preheat the water
and then
(ii) through the Air Preheater for heating up the
incoming air.
15. Feed Water And Steam Flow Circuit
15
The high pressure steam produced in the boiler is used to
operate the turbine. The exhaust steam is condensed in
the condenser.
The condensate is heated in the feed heaters using the
steam trapped from different points of turbine and finally
the condensate is
pumped into the
boiler.
16. 16
FEED WATER AND STEAM FLOW CIRCUIT
During this process a part of steam and water is
lost by passing through different components and
this is compensated by supplying additional feed
water
This feed water
should be purified
before supply to
prevent scaling of
the tubes of the
boiler.
17. Cooling Water Circuit
17
The exhaust steam entering the condenser is
cooled by circulating the cooling water.
The cooling water supply to the condenser helps
in maintaining a low pressure in it.
The cooling water may be taken from any source
like river, lake or alternatively,
same water may be cooled and
circulated again. Based on these, this
circuit is divided
1) Open system
2) Closed system
18. 18
Open System:
Water from any natural source (river, sea)
is used to for condensation of steam in this
open system. Water from the upstream of
the river is taken and circulated in the
condenser. The heated water is let down
into the stream of river in this system.
19. 19
Closed System:
When enough quantity of water is not
available the same water will be used in the
condenser. The heated water from the
condenser is cooled by cooling tower or
spray pond and recirculated. Make up water
is added periodically to cover the water/
steam loss.
25. 25
Factors affecting the Selection of Equipment
1. Plant Fuel Rate
2. Plant Location in respect of Fuel Shipping
3. Storage area Available
These aspects become important in view of
the high operating costs (50 -60% for the fuel
purchase and handling)
26. Fuels and Coal handling Equipments
(contd.)Means of Coal Shipment
1. Transportation by sea or river
2. Transportation by rail
3. Transportation by ropeways
4. Transportation by road, and
5. Transportation of coal by pipe line
Advantages of Transport by Pipeline
i. Simplicity in installation and increased safety in
operation
ii. More economical when large volumes need to be
transported over long distances
iii. Continuous operation and not affected by climate
and weather
iv. High degree of reliability v. loss due to theft and
pilferage eliminated
v. Man power requirement is low
26
27. Fuels and Coal handling Equipments
(contd..)
Requirement of Good Coal Handling Plant
1. Should operate with minimum maintenance.
2. Should be reliable
3. Simple in design and to operate
4. Require minimum of operatives
5. Should be able to deliver requisite quantity of
coal at destination during peak demand
6. There should be minimum wear in running the
equipment due to abrasive action of the coal
particles
27
28. 28
Advantages of Mechanical Handling:
1. Higher Reliability
2. Less Labour required
3. Economical for medium and Large capacity
plants
4. Operation is Easy and Smooth
5. Can be easily started and economically adjusted
as per need
6. Minimized labour and hence easier management
and control of the plant
7. Reduced health hazards as less labour involved
8. Losses in transport – minimized.
Mechanical Handling vs Manual handling
29. 29
Disadvantages of Mechanical Handling:
1. Needs continuous and timely attention for
maintenance and repairs (Preventive vis-
à-vis Breakdown Maintenance)
2. Higher Capital Cost
3. A part of Power is used up for running the
equipment.
Reduced net power output.
Mechanical Handling vs Manual handling
30. 30
Coal Delivery Unloading Preparation
Transfer Out door Storage Covered
Storage In-plant Handling Weighing
and Measuring Furnace Firing
1. Coal Delivery 2. Unloading 3. Preparation
6.Covered Storage 5.Out door Storage 4. Transfer
7. In-plant Handling
8. Weighing and
Measuring 9.Furnace Firing
31. 31
Various Stages of
Coal handling
1. Coal Delivery
2. Unloading
3. Preparation
4. Transfer
5. Outdoor Storage
6. Covered Storage
7. Inplant Handling.
8. Weighing and
measuring
9. Furnace Firing
33. 33
Coal delivery
The coal from supply points is delivered by
ships or boats to power stations situated near
to sea or river whereas coal is supplied by
rail or trucks to the power stations which
are situated away from sea or river.
The transportation of coal by trucks is
used if the railway facilities are not available.
34. The type of equipment to be used for unloading
the coal received at the power station depends
on how coal is received at the power station.
If coal delivered by trucks, there is no need of
unloading device as the trucks may dump the
coal to the outdoor storage.
Coal is easily handled if the lift trucks with
scoop are used.
34
35. In case the coal is brought by railways
wagons, ships or boats, the unloading may be
done by car shakes, rotary car dumpers,
cranes, grab buckets and coal accelerators.
Rotary car dumpers although costly are quite
efficient for unloading closed wagons.
35
37. When the coal delivered is in the form of big
lumps and it is not of proper size, the
preparation (sizing) of coal can be achieved
by crushers, breakers, sizers, driers and
magnetic separators.
37
38. Fuel/Coal Handling Equipment
After preparation coal is transferred to the dead
storage by means of the following systems.
1. Belt conveyors
2. Screw conveyors
3. Bucket elevators
4. Grab bucket elevators
5. Skip hoists
6. Flight conveyor
38
39. 39
1. Belt Conveyor
i. Average Belt Speed: 60 – 100 m / minute
ii. Load Carrying Capacity of Belt: 50 – 100 t / h
iii. Distance Covered (Typical): 400 m
iv. Inclination of Drive: 20deg.
Note: Used in Medium and Large Power Plants.
42. Bucket Conveyor/elevators move bulk
material vertically much like the conveyor
belt.
Buckets are attached to a rotating belt and fill
with the material at the bottom of the
elevator then move it to a designated point.
When the bucket reaches this point, it
discharges the contents, returns to the start
point, and begins the process again. Buckets
prevent spillage with their upright position
design.
42
51. AFuel is basically a source of heat. The usual method of
producing heat from fuel is by the process of
Combustion.
It is a chemical reaction between the Fuel and the
Oxidant.
52. The combustion efficiency depends on:
Freely ignited Fresh charge of fuel
Steady combustion for obtaining the desired amount of heat
release.
Adequate combustion space
Quantity of air supply for complete combustion
The method of air supply
Combustion equipment includes heaters, ovens, stoves,
furnaces, fireplaces, dryers, stokers, burners, and many
more.
53.
54. 54
FIRING SYSTEM
The firing system is mainly classified into two types
1) Hand firing 2) Stoker firing.
Hand firing:
• This is the simplest method of fuel firing. The
combustion efficiency is very low, when compared to
others.
• Due to lower combustion efficiency it cannot be
used in Modern power plants.
55. This is a simple method of firing coal into the furnace.
It requires no capital investment. It is used for smaller
plants.
Adjustments are to be made every time for the supply
of air when fresh coal is fed into furnace.
Hand fired grates: used to support the fuel bed and
admit air for combustion.
While burning coal the total area of air openings
varies from 30 to 50% of the total grate area.
The grate area required for an installation depends
upon various factors such as its heating surface, the
rating at which it is to be operated and the type of fuel
burnt by it.
The width of air openings varies from 3 to 12 mm.
The construction of the grate should be such that it is
kept uniformly cool by incoming air. It should allow
ash to pass freely.
Hand fired grates are made up of cast iron.
56. 56
Stoker Firing
• A stoker is a power- operated fuel feeding
mechanism using a grate.
• This method of firing is used for burning solid coal
on a grate. Stoker are classified as follows:
1) overfeed stokers 2) underfeed stokers
58. 58
Over feed stokers
• In the overfeed mechanism a forced draught fan slightly
pressurizes the atmosphere air before it enters under
the bottom of the grate.
• The fuel bed receives fresh coal on top surface
• The ignition zone lies between green coal and
incandescent coke.
• The air gets heated up as it follows through the grate
openings where as the grate gets cooled.
• This warm air gets additional heat energy by further
passing through a layer of hot ashes.
61. 61
Different types of over feed stokers:
These type of stokers are used for large capacity
boiler installations where the coal is burnt
without pulverization.
1)Travelling grate stoker
a) Chain grate type
b) Bar grate type
2) Spreader stoker
62. 62
A chain grate stoker consists of an endless
chain which forms a support for the fuel bed.
The chain surface is made of a series of cast
iron links connected by pins.
63. 63
The chain travels over two sprocket wheels
located at the front and at the rear of the
furnace.
The front sprocket is connected to a variable
speed drive mechanism
Speed range 15 cm/ min to 50 cm/ min
64. The chain travels over two sprocket wheels, one at the front and one at the rear of furnace. The
traveling chain receives coal at its front end through a hopper and carries it into the furnace.
The speed of grate (chain) can be adjusted to suit the firing condition.
The air required for combustion enters through the air inlets situated below the grate.
The stokers are suitable for low ratings because the fuel must be burnt before it reaches the rear of
the furnace.
65. 65
ADVANTAGES:
1) Simple in construction
2) Low initial cost.
3) Self-cleaning stoker.
4) The rate of heat release can be controlled just by
controlling chain speed.
5) Rate of heat release is high per unit volume of furnace.
DISADVANTAGES:
1) cannot be used for high capacity boilers.
2) temperature of pre-heated air limited to 180 0 C
3) clinker troubles are very common.
4) loss of coal in the form of fine particles - carried away
with the ash.
66. 66
Spreader stoker mechanism involves throwing
(spreading) the coal uniformly on the grate.
The grate may be of stationary or moving type, with
air openings for admitting the air.
The selection of coal size is very important for a
spreader stoker
-- the coal size should be in between 6 cm to 36 cm.
The spreader stoker is mostly used for steam
capacities of 9.5 to 50 kg/sec. (34 to 180 tonnes/hr)
It can burn a wide variety of coals from high ranking
bituminous to lignite.
69. 69
Advantages:
1) A wide variety of coal can be burnt.
2) The clinkering problems can be reduced by spreading action.
3) High temperature preheated air can be used.
4) Volatile matter is removed by burning coal in suspension.
5) Good response to load fluctuation.
6) Low running cost.
Disadvantage:
Difficult to operate with varying sizes of coal with
varying moisture content.
Fly ash is a major problem.
Fuel loss due to suspension and exhaust gases.
70. 70
1) This underfeed mechanism is best situated for
bituminous and semi bituminous coals.
2) In this underfeed mechanism the fuel is fed
from underneath the fire and moves upwards
gradually.
3) The air entering through the grate opening
comes in contact with raw fuel and mixes with
the volatile matter released from raw fuel and
enters into the combustion chamber.
73. 73
Different types of under feed stokers.
1) single retort stoker
2) multi-retort stoker.
Single retort stoker
The single retort stoker consists of a trough
shaped retort to which the fuel (coal) is fed by a
reciprocating ram or screw conveyor.
The capacity of this stoker ranges from 100 to
2000 kg of coal burned per hour.
74. 74
The coal falling from the hopper is pushed forward
during the inward stroke of stoker ram. The distributing
rams (pushers) then slowly move the entire coal bed
down the length of stoker.
The slope of stroke helps in moving the fuel bed
downwards.
The primary air enters the fuel bed from main wind box
situated below the stoker. Partly burnt coal moves on to
the extension grate.
The air entering from the main wind box into the
extension grate wind box is regulated by an air damper.
75. 75
The number of retorts may vary from 2 to 20 with
coal burning capacity of 300 to 2000 kg/hr.
76. 76
1) High thermal efficiency when compared with
chain grate stoker.
2) The grate is self cleaning.
3) Part load efficiency is high with multiple retort
system.
4) high combustion rate.
5) wide variety of coals can be used.
6) best suitable for non-clinkering, high volatile
and low ash content coals.
77. 77
1) Initial cost is high.
2) Large building area is required.
3) Clinker troubles are usually
present.
4) Low grade fuels with high ash
content
cannot be burnt economically.
78. 78
• A pulverized coal-fired boiler is an industrial or utility
boiler that generates thermal energy by burning pulverized
coal (also known as powdered coal or coal dust since it is
as fine as face powder in cosmetic makeup) that is blown
into the firebox.
• The basic idea of a firing system using pulverised fuel is to
use the whole volume of the furnace for the combustion of
solid fuels.
• Coal is ground to the size of a fine grain, mixed with air and
burned in the flue gas flow. Biomass and other materials
can also be added to the mixture.
79. 79
• Coal contains mineral matter which is converted to ash
during combustion. The ash is removed as bottom ash
and fly ash.
• The bottom ash is removed at the furnace bottom.
• This type of boiler dominates the electric power industry,
providing steam to drive large turbines.
• Pulverized coal provides the thermal energy which
produces about 50% of the world's electric supply.
80. 80
Pulverized coal power plants are broken down into three
categories; subcritical pulverized coal (SubCPC) plants,
supercritical pulverized coal (SCPC) plants, and ultra-
supercritical pulverized coal (USCPC) plants.
The primary difference between the three types of pulverized
coal boilers are the operating temperatures and pressures.
• Subcritical plants operate below the critical point of
water (647.096 K and 22.064 MPa).
• Supercritical and ultra-supercritical plants operate above
the critical point. As the pressures and temperatures
increase, so does the operating efficiency.
81. 81
There are two requirements which are must for
Pulverised Coal to burn successfully in a furnace.
1) Presence of large quantities of Fine particles
of coal usually that would pass enough through
a 200-mesh to ensure Spontaneous Ignition
because of their large surface to volume ratio.
2) Presence of minimum quantity of Coarser
particles to ensure High Combustion Efficiency.
84. 84
1) Any grade ofcoal can be used efficiently
because it is powdered before use.
2) Higher boiler efficiency due to complete
combustion.
3) Flexible method and can respond well for
sudden change in demand.
4) Fan power required is low.
5) Free from clinker problem.
6) Volume of the furnace required is less.
7) No major problem in ash handling.
85. 85
8) The system works successfully with or in
combination with gas and oil.
9) No moving parts in the furnace are subjected
to high temperatures.
10) Much smaller quantity of air is required as
compared to the stoker firing.
11) The external heating surfaces are free from
corrosion.
12) It is possible to use highly preheated
secondary air (350 deg. C) which helps in rapid
flame propagation.
86. 86
1) Additional investment for coal preparation
unit/ plant.
2) Extra power is needed for pulverising coal.
3) Maintenance cost is more which depends on
quality of coal.
4) Due to very high temperature, maintenance of
furnace walls is difficult.
5) More space is required.
6) Special equipment is required to start the
system.
87. Coal is pulverized (powdered) to increase its surface area (and
therefore exposure) thus permitting rapid combustion.
The pulverized coal is obtained by grinding the raw coal in
pulverizing mills. Various types of pulverizing mills are:
Ball mill
Ball and race mill
Hammer mill
Bowl mill
Essential functions of pulverizing mills are:
Drying of the coal
Grinding
Separation of particles of a desired size.
Coal pulverizing mills reduce coal to powder by any (or all) action
such as
Impact, Abrasion and Crushing
88. This is a low speed
unit in which
grinding pressure is
maintained by
adjustable springs.
The coal passes
between the two
rotating elements
again and again until
it has been
pulverized to desired
degree of fineness.
92. Basically, pulverized fuel plants
may be divided into two systems
based on the method used for
firing the coal:
Unit System or Direct System
Bin System or Central System
Unit or Direct System: This
system works as follows:
Coal from bunker drops on to
the feeder.
Coal is dried in the feeder by
passage of hot air.
The coal then moves to a mill
for pulverizing.
A fan supplies primary air to
the pulverizing mill.
Pulverized coal and primary air
are mixed and sent to a burner
where secondary air is added.
93. Bin or Central System:
Coal from bunker is fed by gravity to a dryer where hot air is admitted to dry
the coal.
Dry coal is then transferred to the pulverizing mill.
Pulverized coal then moves to a cyclone separator where transporting air is
separated from coal.
Primary air is mixed with coal at the feeder and supplied to the burner.
Secondary air is supplied separately to complete the combustion
94. 94
1) Simple layout and easy operation.
2) It requires less space.
3) It is cheaper when compared with central
system.
4) Less maintenance.
5) Simple coal transportation system.
6) Direct control of combustion from the
pulveriser is possible.
7) Better control over fuel feed rate.
95. 95
1) Less flexible when compared to central system.
2) With the load factor in common practice, the
total capacity of all the mills must be higher than
for the control system.
3) Any fault in the coal preparation unit may stop
the entire steam generating system.
4) Excessive wear and tear of the fan blades as it
handles air and coal particles.
97. 97
1) More flexible because the quantity of fuel and
air can be controlled separately.
2) More reliable.
3) No problem of excessive wear of fan blades.
4) Less labour is required.
5) Low power consumption per tonne of coal
handled.
98. 98
1) High initial cost.
2) It requires large space area.
3) Possibility of fire and explosion hazards.
4) Driers are necessary.
5) Operation and maintenance costs are high
when compared to unit system of same
capacity.
6) More number of auxiliaries.
99. Various types of burners are used
for combustion of pulverized coal.
99
104. Long Flame (U-Flame) Burner: In this burner, air and coal
mixture travels a considerable distance thus providing sufficient
time for complete combustion
107. 10
7
In this system, the coal and air will be
mixed due to cyclonic whirling action
The coal is crushed into tiny powder in
addition to pulverized coal
The ash is easily collected due to cyclonic
action
110. Cyclone Burner: In this system, the cyclonic action whirls coal
and air against the wall of the furnace to facilitate thorough
mixing of coal and air.
Advantage of this burner is that it can also use crushed coal
in addition to pulverized coal thus providing an option.
When crushed coal is used, ash is collected in molten form for
easy disposal.
111. 11
1
1) Costly pulverisers are not required. Instead,
simple coal crushing equipment can be used.
2) By using forced draught fan it can be operated
with small quantities of excess air.
3) It can burn low grades of coal effectively.
4) High temperatures are obtained.
5) Boiler fouling (sticking) problems can be
reduced as all the incombustibles are retained in
the cyclone burner.
6) Boiler efficiency is increased.
122. Ash handling Equipment-Desired Characteristics
12
2
i. Enough capacity to cope up with the volume of ash
being produced
ii. Able to handle large clinkers (stony residue),
boiler refuse, soot etc. with little personal attention of
the workmen.
iii. Able to handle hot and wet ash effectively and with
good speed.
iv. Possible to action of the ashes while minimize
corrosive or abrasive
v. economical in erection and operation.
vi.noiseless
vii. Should be possible to add additional units
123. Equipment commonly used for Ash Handling
12
3
i. Bucket Elevator
ii. Bucket Conveyor
iii. Belt Conveyor
iv. Pneumatic Conveyor
v. Hydraulic Sluicing Equipment
vi. Trollies or Rail cars etc.
124. 12
4
i. in the production of Cement
ii. Production of concrete (20% Fly Ash And
30% Bottom Ash)
iii. Treating acidic soils
iv. Extraction (Recovery) of metals such as
Al, Fe, Si, and Titanium from the ash
131. DUST COLLECTORS
131
Dust collectors are grouped into two types
1.Mechanical Dust Collectors
i) Wet type dust collectors
ii) Dry type dust collectors
Gravitational separators
Cyclone separators
2.Electrical Dust Collectors
i) Rod type
ii) Plate type
132. Basic Principles of Mechanical Dust
Collectors
132
Enlarging the duct cross sectional area to slow down the gas gives
the heavier particles a chance to settle out.
When a gas makes a sharp change in flow direction, the heavier
particles tend to keep going in the original direction and so settle
out.
Impingement baffles have more effect on the solid particles than the
gas, helping them to settle.
133. Mechanical Dust Collectors
133
i) Wet type dust collectors:
Wet types called scrubbers operate with water sprays to wash dust
from the air.
Large quantities of wash water are needed for central station gas
washing that this system is seldom is used.
It also produces a waste water that may require chemical
neutralization before it can be discharged into the central bodies of
water.
ii) Dry type dust collectors:
These are commonly used dust collectors.
a) Gravitational Separators: These collectors act by slowing down
gas flow so that particles remain in a chamber long enough to settle
in the bottom. They are not very suitable because of large chamber
volume needed.
134. Cyclone (or) Centrifugal
separator
134
• The cyclone is a separating chamber
where in high-speed gas rotation is
generated for the purpose of centrifuging
the particles from the carrying gases.
• There is an outer downward flowing
vortex which turns into an inward flowing
vortex.
• Involute inlets and sufficient velocity head
pressures are used to produce the
vortices.
• The factors which affect the performance
are gas volume, particles loading, inlet
velocity, temperature, diameter- to- height
ratio of cyclone and dust characteristics.
135. Advantages and Disadvantages of Cyclone Separator
135
ADVANTAGES:
Rugged in construction
Maintenance costs are relatively low
Efficiency increases with increase in load
Easy to remove bigger size particles
DISADVANTAGES:
Requires more power than other collectors
Incapable to remove dust and ash particles which
remain in suspension with still air
Less flexible
High pressure loss
Requires considerable head room and must be placed
outside the boiler room
136. Electrical Dust Collector
136
The main elements of an electrostatic precipitator are:
Source of high voltage
Ionizing and collecting electrodes
Dust removal mechanism
Shell to house the elements
137. Electrical Dust Collector
137
The precipitator has two sets of electrodes, insulated
from each other, that maintain an electrostatic field
between them at high voltage
The field ionizes dust particles that pass through it,
attracting them to the electrode of opposite charge.
The high voltage system maintains the negative potential
of 30,000 to 60,000 volts with the collecting electrodes
grounded.
Accumulated dust falls of the electrode when it is rapped
mechanically
Wet type of unit removes dust by a water film flowing
down on the inner side of the collecting electrode.
These units have collection efficiency around 90%
138. Electrical Dust Collector
138
ADVANTAGES:
Can effectively remove very small particles like smoke, mist and
fly-ash
Easy operation
Draught loss is quite less
Most effective for high dust loaded gas
Maintenance charges are minimum
The dust collected in dry form and can be removed either dry or
wet
DISADVANTAGES:
Space requirement is more
Need to protect the collector from sparking
Running charges are high
Capital cost of equipment is high
139. Efficiency of Dust
Collectors
139
The collection efficiency of a dust separator is the amount of dust
removed per unit weight of dust.
Though dust collectors remove contaminants, they increase draught
losses and hence the fan power.
The absolute efficiency of a dust collector is the percentage of
entering solids that will be removed by the collector.