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Introduction to Nuclear Medicine
Nuclear medicine is a branch of medicine that uses radioactive tracers and imaging techniques to diagnose and treat diseases. It involves introducing radioactive substances into the patient's body and using a gamma camera to image their distribution and function within organs and tissues. Common nuclear medicine procedures include thyroid scans, bone scans, renal scans, and hepatobiliary scans to evaluate organ function. Positron emission tomography (PET) is an advanced nuclear medicine technique gaining importance in cancer imaging and care.
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Introduction to Nuclear Medicine
- 1. Introduction to Nuclear Medicine Dr.Amir Bahadur Nuclear Medicine Physician
- 2. Definition Branch of medicinewhich deals with diagnosis and treatment of diseases with the help of un-sealed* radioactive* sources.
- 3. Radio-active* • Radiation emittingsubstances • Different types of radiations • Beta emitters---- therapeutic purposes • Gamma emitters---- diagnostic purposes • Different from non-radioactive diagnostic chemicals (iodinated contrast media used in barium studies, CT scan and MRI)
- 4. Un-sealed* • Out ofprotective shields • Introduced in to the patient’s body • Radiations are coming out of the patient • Different from radiology (sonography, X-ray, MRI) where sound waves, radiation and magnetic field are outside the patient’s body and in the source
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- 7. Scans • Scintigram--- moretechnical name • Scintigraphy ---- technical name for procedure • Around 200 types of scans in NM • Each organ and system of body imaged * Primarily FUNCTIONAL IMAGING
- 8. * Functional Imaging •Nuclear Medicine scans target physiological activity/ processes • Different from radiology which is primarily STRUCTURAL IMAGING. * HYBRID IMAGING
- 9. *Hybrid imaging • SPECT– CT • PET- CT • SPECT –MRI • PET- MRI
- 10. Scan Procedure • Radioactivetracer (radio-tracer/ radio- pharmaceutical) • Gamma camera image acquisition • Processesing and image printing • Reporting
- 11. Scan Procedure Radiotracer Delivery into patient Gamma camera ProcessesingReporting
- 12. Radio-active tracer • Radio-activetracer alone or radio-active moiety combined with organ/ system specific pharmaceutical. • Alone ---- Tc-99m, I-131 • Radio-Labeled pharmaceuticals---- DTPA, DMSA, MDP, HIDA, MIBI, etc.
- 13. Delivery of radio-tracer •Intra-venous injection (most common) • Orally • Inhaled • Into cavities • Into shunts
- 14. Gamma Camera ImageAcquisition • Time interval post delivery • Proper positioning • Proper time • Interventions like fatty meal, CCK, Morphine, Lasix, Captopril, etc
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- 16. Processing • Acquired imagedata is processed on special software • End images reproduced on page, film or CD/DVD
- 17. Reporting • Nuclear medicine physician •Review of all available clinical data and images, report is generated.
- 19. Radio-immuno Assay • Mostspecific and sensitive method • Hormones and tumor markers • Thyroid hormones • Fertility Hormones • Tumor markers
- 21. Nuclear Medicine Therapies •Radioactive Iodine for thyrotoxicosis and differentiated thyroid Carcinoma • Radioactive Phosphorus for polycythemia and bone pain palliation • Synovial joints • Pleural effusion • Ascites • Neuro-endocrine tumors • Targeted therapy like zevalin
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- 23. Thyroid Scan • Gravesdisease • MNG • Solitary thyroid nodule • Lingual thyroid • Thyro-glossal fistula • Remnant thyroid tissue • Thyroiditis
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- 28. PET • Positron emissiontomography • Future of nuclear medicine imaging and cancer care • Also lots of uses in non-malignant disorders
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