Role of Nuclear Medicine in Carcinoma breast
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This document discusses the role of nuclear medicine in diagnosing and treating carcinoma of the breast. It covers several applications: (1) screening and diagnosis using scinti-mammography; (2) determining the extent of surgery by detecting sentinel lymph nodes; (3) staging and evaluating response using bone scans and PET-CT scans; (4) assessing cardiac function with MUGA scans before and after anthracycline chemotherapy; (5) detecting complications using lympho-scintigraphy; and (6) palliating bone pain from metastases using radiopharmaceuticals.
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The document summarizes key processes in the nephron including reabsorption and secretion. It describes how different parts of the nephron (proximal convoluted tubule, loops of Henle, distal convoluted tubule) reabsorb various filtrate components like sodium, glucose, water, and change the filtrate composition through secondary active transport and countercurrent mechanisms. It also discusses hormone actions including aldosterone and ADH that regulate sodium and water reabsorption respectively in the collecting ducts.
Urine formation Glomerular Filtration
Urine is formed via glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in the nephron. Glomerular filtration is the initial process where plasma is filtered from the renal bloodstream into Bowman's capsule through small pores in the glomerular capillaries. The glomerular filtration rate measures the volume of filtrate produced per unit of time and is a key indicator of kidney function. Filtration occurs due to Starling forces and other factors that allow plasma and solutes but not cells to pass through the glomerular membrane into the filtrate.
Introduction to Nuclear Medicine
Nuclear medicine is a branch of medicine that uses radioactive tracers and imaging techniques to diagnose and treat diseases. It involves introducing radioactive substances into the patient's body and using a gamma camera to image their distribution and function within organs and tissues. Common nuclear medicine procedures include thyroid scans, bone scans, renal scans, and hepatobiliary scans to evaluate organ function. Positron emission tomography (PET) is an advanced nuclear medicine technique gaining importance in cancer imaging and care.
Role of Nuclear Medicine in Carcinoma breast
Nuclear medicine techniques play an important role in breast cancer management, including scintimammography to detect malignant breast lesions, sentinel lymph node detection to determine the extent of surgery and staging, and bone scans to detect metastases for staging or treatment response. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) and radionuclide therapies may also be used in select cases to detect cancer or palliate bone pain from widespread metastases.
Introduction and indications of BONE SCAN
Bone scintigraphy, or a bone scan, is a nuclear medicine imaging technique used to evaluate bone abnormalities. It involves injecting technetium-99m labeled diphosphonate which is absorbed by areas of high bone turnover and then imaging its distribution throughout the skeleton. A bone scan has high sensitivity but low specificity for detecting bone abnormalities. It is commonly used to detect bone metastases from cancer, evaluate orthopedic conditions like fractures and infections, and monitor treatment response. The presentation provides an overview of bone scanning techniques and its clinical indications.
Adenocarcinomaprostate
Prostate cancer is common in men in western countries. Screening methods include digital rectal exam, PSA testing, and transrectal ultrasound with biopsy. PSA levels can help determine cancer risk and likelihood of spread, but PSA is not cancer-specific. Treatment depends on cancer risk and stage, and may include radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, or active surveillance. Outcomes are difficult to predict and depend on factors like PSA doubling time, Gleason score, and stage. Radiation therapy techniques aim to maximize dose to the prostate while minimizing dose to surrounding organs. Hormone therapy is an important addition for higher risk patients.
Adenocarcinomaprostate
Prostate cancer is common in men in western countries. Screening tests like digital rectal exam, PSA test, and transrectal ultrasound are used to detect prostate cancer but have limitations. Prostate cancer risk is determined by PSA levels, Gleason score, and tumor stage. Treatment options include radiation therapy, surgery, hormone therapy, and active surveillance depending on risk level. While outcomes are difficult to predict, screening and treatment can improve survival and quality of life for many prostate cancer patients.
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Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
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The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
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Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
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Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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Role of Nuclear Medicine in Carcinoma breast
- 1. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 1 Nuclear Medicine Role in Carcinoma Breast Dr. amir bahaDur
- 2. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 2 Overview • Screening and diagnosis • Surgical extent • Staging • Response evaluation • Chemotherapy---MUGA • Complications • Therapeutic NM
- 3. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 3 1.Screening & Diagnosis
- 4. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 4 Scinti-Mammography
- 5. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 5 Scinti-Mammography
- 6. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 6 Indications for Scinti-Mammography • Non- conclusive breast lumps on mammography • Special arrangements are required
- 7. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 7 2. Extent of surgery for CA Breast • Mainly guide for extent of lymph nodes dissection • Detection of sentinal lymph node
- 8. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 8 Sentinal Lymph Node
- 9. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 9 Gamma Probe---per op
- 10. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 10 3. Staging, re-staging and Response Evaluation • Bone scan • PET-CT
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- 15. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 15
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- 21. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 21 PET-CT • Extra-skeletal metastasis • Local recurrence • Response evaluation
- 22. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 22 4. MUGA/ Anthracyclines • Anthracyclines based chemo regimens • Anthra----- cardiomyopathy • Baseline ejection fraction by MUGA • Re-assessment by MUGA at end of chemo and in between if symptoms
- 23. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 23 5. Complications in CA breast • Axillary surgery • Axillary radiation therapy • Lympho-scintigraphy for lymphatic obstruction
- 24. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 24 6. Bone Pain Palliation • Osteoblastic osseous metastasis • Radioactive phosphorus, strontium, samarium • Improve quality of life
- 25. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 25