Introduction to Lichens
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this presentation is about lichen. in these slides we will study about lichen which is a symbiotic association between algae and fungi. it consist of the following studies introduction to lichens, its History, Distribution, External Structure of Thallus (Shapes of Lichens), Internal Structure of Thallus, Classification, Reproduction, Harmful Effects, Economic Importance etc.
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Lichens
This document discusses lichens, which are symbiotic associations between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. It describes the mycobiont and phycobiont partners, different lichen morphologies like crustose, foliose and fruticose, their anatomy, nutrition, growth, and sexual and asexual reproduction. It also covers the occurrence of lichens on different substrates, their importance as food, in producing dyes, perfumes and medicines, and as pollution indicators. Lichens are classified based on their mycobiont partners into ascolichens, basidiolichens and deuterolichens.
Lichens ppt
Lichens are a symbiotic partnership between algae or cyanobacteria (the photobiont) and a fungus (the mycobiont). The fungus provides structure and protects the photobiont while the photobiont produces food for both partners through photosynthesis. Lichens have four basic thallus morphologies - crustose, foliose, fruticose, and squamulose. They reproduce asexually through fragmentation, soredia, and isidia, and sexually through ascospores. Lichens produce unique chemical compounds called lichen acids which help defend against herbivores and metal binding properties. Lichens have many uses including as food, fodder
Lichens
The lichens are slow growing, long living organisms.
Theophrastus was first to use the word lichen.
Lichens are formed by close association of two different partners,
A) Phycobiont or photobiont: The algal component of lichens is called phycobiont.
It mostly belong to Chlorophyceae(green algae)
Or cyanobacteria ( blue green algae)
B) Mycobiont: The fungal component of the lichens is called mycobiont. It belongs to ascomycetes and rearly Basidomycetes or Deuteromycetes.
Habitat and habit of algae
habit and habitat of algae with images
reviewed from standard books
simple and easy to understand the basic of algae
ICBN BOTANY.pptx
The document summarizes the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). It provides a brief history of botanical naming conventions beginning with Linnaeus' binomial system in 1753. It describes the subsequent meetings that have been held to refine the ICBN rules. The principles of the ICBN are to establish a stable and universal naming system through use of types, priority of publication, and Latin names. Key rules covered include ranks of taxa, typification, requirements for valid publication, author citation, and criteria for selecting correct names when taxa change ranks or are combined or divided. The overall aim of the ICBN is to provide consistency in botanical nomenclature.
Algae thallus
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
Pteridospermales(seed ferns).pptx
Pteridospermales are characteristic gymnosperm plants that bore fern like foliage and posses unprotected seeds.
Lichens
Lichens are a symbiotic association between algae and fungi. The fungal component provides structure and protection while the algal component produces food through photosynthesis. Lichens grow in a variety of habitats including tree bark, rocks, and soil. They are classified based on their fungal partner and thallus morphology into crustose, foliose, and fruticose types. Lichens reproduce through both asexual and sexual means and can be important indicators of pollution. While lichens can help weather rocks and are used for food and medicine, some species may be harmful by damaging young plants or spreading forest fires.
Recommended
Lichens
This document discusses lichens, which are symbiotic associations between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. It describes the mycobiont and phycobiont partners, different lichen morphologies like crustose, foliose and fruticose, their anatomy, nutrition, growth, and sexual and asexual reproduction. It also covers the occurrence of lichens on different substrates, their importance as food, in producing dyes, perfumes and medicines, and as pollution indicators. Lichens are classified based on their mycobiont partners into ascolichens, basidiolichens and deuterolichens.
Lichens ppt
Lichens are a symbiotic partnership between algae or cyanobacteria (the photobiont) and a fungus (the mycobiont). The fungus provides structure and protects the photobiont while the photobiont produces food for both partners through photosynthesis. Lichens have four basic thallus morphologies - crustose, foliose, fruticose, and squamulose. They reproduce asexually through fragmentation, soredia, and isidia, and sexually through ascospores. Lichens produce unique chemical compounds called lichen acids which help defend against herbivores and metal binding properties. Lichens have many uses including as food, fodder
Lichens
The lichens are slow growing, long living organisms.
Theophrastus was first to use the word lichen.
Lichens are formed by close association of two different partners,
A) Phycobiont or photobiont: The algal component of lichens is called phycobiont.
It mostly belong to Chlorophyceae(green algae)
Or cyanobacteria ( blue green algae)
B) Mycobiont: The fungal component of the lichens is called mycobiont. It belongs to ascomycetes and rearly Basidomycetes or Deuteromycetes.
Habitat and habit of algae
habit and habitat of algae with images
reviewed from standard books
simple and easy to understand the basic of algae
ICBN BOTANY.pptx
The document summarizes the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). It provides a brief history of botanical naming conventions beginning with Linnaeus' binomial system in 1753. It describes the subsequent meetings that have been held to refine the ICBN rules. The principles of the ICBN are to establish a stable and universal naming system through use of types, priority of publication, and Latin names. Key rules covered include ranks of taxa, typification, requirements for valid publication, author citation, and criteria for selecting correct names when taxa change ranks or are combined or divided. The overall aim of the ICBN is to provide consistency in botanical nomenclature.
Algae thallus
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
Pteridospermales(seed ferns).pptx
Pteridospermales are characteristic gymnosperm plants that bore fern like foliage and posses unprotected seeds.
Lichens
Lichens are a symbiotic association between algae and fungi. The fungal component provides structure and protection while the algal component produces food through photosynthesis. Lichens grow in a variety of habitats including tree bark, rocks, and soil. They are classified based on their fungal partner and thallus morphology into crustose, foliose, and fruticose types. Lichens reproduce through both asexual and sexual means and can be important indicators of pollution. While lichens can help weather rocks and are used for food and medicine, some species may be harmful by damaging young plants or spreading forest fires.
Classification of Algae
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular, and are classified into 11 classes based on characteristics like pigmentation and type of flagella. Their life cycles vary but include haplontic, diplontic, isomorphic, and heteromorphic types, with some exhibiting alternation between haploid and diploid generations while others reproduce asexually. Major classes discussed are Chlorophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae, and Myxophyceae.
PRESENTATION OF GYMNOSPERM
This document provides an overview of the classification of gymnosperms by different researchers over time. It discusses the key characteristics of modern gymnosperms and describes the four orders that living gymnosperms are commonly grouped into: Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales, and Gnetales. For each order, it highlights some representative genera and provides details on morphological features. The classification schemes of various scientists who studied gymnosperms, such as Bentham and Hooker, Engler, Coulter and Chamberlain, are summarized. Diagrams of their classification systems are also included.
Heterospory and seed habit
This document discusses heterospory and the seed habit in plants. It begins by introducing heterospory as the production of two different types of spores, microspores and megaspores, which is considered a prerequisite for seed formation in plants. It then describes how certain plant species like Selaginella show heterospory, with microsporangia producing many microspores and megasporangia containing just a few megaspores. The highest evolved species of Selaginella, S. apoda, has progressed towards characteristics of seed plants like retaining its single megaspore within the sporangium for fertilization. In summary, the key steps in the evolution of the seed habit involved the development
Lichens
The document discusses the structure and types of lichens. Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. They have three main structural forms - crustose, foliose, and fruticose. Lichens reproduce both sexually, through the fusion of male and female gametes, and asexually, through fragmentation or the formation of structures like isidia, soredia, and cephalodia. Lichens have various economic uses including nitrogen fixation, use as food and dyes, roles in biodegradation and producing antibiotic compounds, and use in traditional medicine.
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This document discusses the evolution of leaves in pteridophytes. It describes how leaves evolved from simple to complex structures and outlines two main theories for leaf evolution in ferns: the telome theory and enation theory. The telome theory proposes that leaves evolved through the modification of terminal branches, while the enation theory suggests leaves first evolved as outgrowths from the stem. The document also classifies leaves, discusses theories on leaf origin, and analyzes the merits and demerits of the telome and enation theories.
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This document summarizes the key characteristics of bryophytes, including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. It describes their structures, life cycles, habitats, and classification. Bryophytes are small non-vascular plants that grow in moist shady places and require water to complete their life cycles. They differ from vascular plants in lacking true roots, vascular tissue and a cuticle. Their life cycles involve an alternation between haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generations.
Deuteromycotina
This document provides information on the classification of Deuteromycotina (fungi imperfecti). It discusses their key characteristics such as reproducing asexually through spores called conidia and lacking a sexual stage. The classes of Deuteromycotina are described as Hyphomycetes, Coelomycetes, and Blastomycetes. Hyphomycetes produce conidia directly on their substrate or in specialized fruiting structures. Coelomycetes produce conidia inside enclosing structures like pycnidia or acervuli. Blastomycetes are yeast-like and propagate by budding. Examples and characteristics of each class are given.
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This document provides an overview of algae and their various uses. It discusses how algae can be used as food and fodder due to their protein, vitamin, and mineral content. It also explains how algae have many industrial applications as several important products have been derived from them, such as agar, carrageenan, and alginates which are used in food processing, pharmaceuticals, and other industries. Finally, the document discusses how certain algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen are useful as biofertilizers and for increasing soil fertility.
Xanthophyceae
This ppt has been made by Xanthophyceae also known as yellow green algae. It occupies second position in algae classification by F.E Fritsch. It is classified into four orders. It contain xanthophyll in large amount that gives it yellow colour, hence it is commonly know as yellow green algae.
Reproduction in algae
This document discusses the different methods of reproduction in algae. It describes vegetative reproduction methods like fragmentation, fission, tubers, and hormogonia. Asexual reproduction occurs through spores like zoospores, aplanospores, akinetes, hypnospores, and tetraspores. Sexual reproduction can be isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous depending on the gametes involved. The document provides examples to explain each type of reproduction in algae.
Classification of pteridophyta
Pteridophytes are classified into 4 divisions - Psilophyta, Lycophyta, Sphenophyta, and Pterophyta. Psilophyta includes the most primitive whisk ferns and Lycophyta includes club mosses and spike mosses. Sphenophyta contains the single living genus Equisetum, or horse tails. Pterophyta, or ferns, is the largest and most widely distributed division containing many families and over 10,000 living species distributed worldwide. Each division contains multiple classes that further specify characteristics such as plant body structure, leaf and spore structures, and reproductive systems.
Parasexuality in fungi
Introduction,In some fungi ,true sexual cycle comprising of nuclear fusion and meiosis is absent.
These fungi derive the benefits of sexuality through a cycle know as parasexuaL cycle.
First Reported by- Gudio Pontecorvo and J.A.Roper(1952)
Parasexual cycle was reported in
Aspergillus nidulans,the imperfect stage of Emericella nidulans.
Since then parasexual cycle has been discovered not only in several members of Deutromycetes but also in fungi belonging to Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes.
DEFINETION - Parasexuality is defined as a cycle in which Plasmogamy, Karyogamy and Meiosis [Haploidization] take place in sequence but not at a specified time or at specified points in the life cycle of an organism.
Generally parasexual cycle occurs in those fungi in which true sexual cycle does not take place.
Parasexualcycle also know as Somatic recombination. PASEXUALITY ALSO REPORTED IN SOME ORGANISMS- Aspergillus nigar, Penicillium crysogenum, STEPS OF PARASEXUAL CYCLE - 1) ESTABLISHMENT OF HETEROKARYOSIS, 2) Formation of Heterozygous DIPLOIDS, 3) occasional mitotic crossing-over during multiplication of diploid nuclei, 4)occasional haplodization through aneuploidy , COMPARISION BETWEEN SEXUAL AND PARASEXUAL CYCLE, IMPORTANCE OF PARASEXUALITY, C0NCLUSION
Applications and economic importance of lichens
Lichens have several applications and provide economic importance. They can be used as food by humans and animals. Lichenometry is a technique used to determine the age of rock surfaces. Lichens also aid in biodegradation by breaking down polyester resins. Many lichens produce pigments and compounds that are useful as dyes. Lichens are also economically important as they help form soil, are used as food, in medicines to treat diseases, for coloring fabrics and paints, and in industries like tanning and brewing.
Classification of pteridophytes
Pteridophytes are classified into four classes: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida, and Pteropsida. Psilopsida includes the oldest vascular plants with scale-like leaves and spores produced directly on the stem. Lycopsida have well-defined roots, stems, and microphyllous leaves. Spores are borne in strobili. Sphenopsida only contains the living genus Equisetum, with nodes, whorls of small leaves, and sporangiophores bearing spores. Pteropsida contains most ferns, with large megaphyllous fronds, rhizomes, and sori of sporangia
Morphology and classification of bryophytes
Bryophytes are small, non-vascular plants that contain chlorophyll and reproduce sexually. They have a dominant gametophyte stage and lack true roots, stems, and leaves. Bryophytes are divided into three divisions: liverworts, which have undifferentiated leaves and store oils; hornworts, distinguished by their horn-like sporophytes; and mosses, which have single-cell wide leaves and can absorb large amounts of water. Bryophytes require external water and are considered amphibians of the plant kingdom.
Rhodophyta
1. The document discusses the classification, characteristics, and life cycle of the red algae Gelidium. It belongs to the division Rhodophycophyta, class Rhodophyceae, sub-class Florideae, and order Gelidiales.
2. Gelidium has a stiff, cartilaginous thallus that is often pinnately branched. It reproduces both sexually, through non-motile gametes, and asexually, through fragmentation and non-motile spores.
3. Red algae like Gelidium are used for medicines, food, and industrial products like agar and carrageenan. Some can also cause harmful algal blo
Gnetum: A Powerpoint Presentation on Gymnospems
The Gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants (spermatophytes) that includes conifers (Pinophyta), cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes. The term "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek composite word γυμνόσπερμος (γυμνός gymnos, "naked" and σπέρμα sperma, "seed"), meaning "naked seeds". The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds (called ovules in their unfertilized state). The non-encased condition of their seeds stands in contrast to the seeds and ovules of flowering plants (angiosperms), which are enclosed within an ovary. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves, which are often modified to form cones, or solitary as in Yew, Torreya, Ginkgo.
The gymnosperms and angiosperms together compose the spermatophytes or seed plants. The gymnosperms are divided into six phyla. Organisms that belong to the Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, and Pinophyta (also known as Coniferophyta) phyla are still in existence while those in the Pteridospermales and Cordaitales phyla are now extinct.
By far the largest group of living gymnosperms are the conifers (pines, cypresses, and relatives), followed by cycads, gnetophytes (Gnetum, Ephedra and Welwitschia), and Ginkgo biloba (a single living species). Roots in some genera have fungal association with roots in the form of micorrhiza(Pinus), while in some others(Cycas) small specialised roots called coralloid roots are associated with nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria.
Gnetum is a genus of gymnosperms, the sole genus in the family Gnetaceae and order Gnetales. They are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs and lianas. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess vessel elements in the xylem. Some species have been proposed to have been the first plants to be insect-pollinated as their fossils occur in association with extinct pollinating scorpion flies. Molecular phylogenies based on nuclear and plastid sequences from most of the species indicate hybridization among some of the Southeast Asian species. Fossil-calibrated molecular-clocks suggest that the Gnetum lineages now found in Africa, South America and Southeast Asia are the result of ancient long-distance dispersal across seawater
Pilobolus
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Lichen
1. Lichens are a symbiotic organism consisting of a fungus and an algae or cyanobacteria. They can grow in a wide range of habitats and environments.
2. Lichens have several types of structures and reproduce both sexually through structures like apothecia, and asexually through fragmentation, soredia, and isidia.
3. Lichens serve important ecological roles as pioneer colonizers and environmental pollution indicators. They also have economic uses including as food, medicines, dyes, and in brewing. However, some lichens can be harmful by spreading fires or accumulating radioactive materials.
lichen1.ppt
Lichens are a symbiotic partnership between a fungus and a photosynthetic symbiont such as an alga or cyanobacterium. This relationship results in a stable structure called a thallus. Lichens can grow in a wide range of habitats and withstand environmental extremes. They are primary colonizers and play an important role in weathering rock and forming soil. Lichens are very sensitive to air pollution. Their fungal partners are typically ascomycetes which produce spores. Lichens reproduce through vegetative fragmentation or sexually through spores. They exist in crustose, foliose, fruticose or other forms depending on their structure and growth.
Lichens (Microbiology and Pathology)
Lichens , types of lichens based on growth and habitat, importance of lichens, fungal habits and colonization strategies, Air borne fungi and micotoxins.
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PRESENTATION OF GYMNOSPERM
This document provides an overview of the classification of gymnosperms by different researchers over time. It discusses the key characteristics of modern gymnosperms and describes the four orders that living gymnosperms are commonly grouped into: Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales, and Gnetales. For each order, it highlights some representative genera and provides details on morphological features. The classification schemes of various scientists who studied gymnosperms, such as Bentham and Hooker, Engler, Coulter and Chamberlain, are summarized. Diagrams of their classification systems are also included.
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Lichens
The document discusses the structure and types of lichens. Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. They have three main structural forms - crustose, foliose, and fruticose. Lichens reproduce both sexually, through the fusion of male and female gametes, and asexually, through fragmentation or the formation of structures like isidia, soredia, and cephalodia. Lichens have various economic uses including nitrogen fixation, use as food and dyes, roles in biodegradation and producing antibiotic compounds, and use in traditional medicine.
Sporophytic evolution of pteridophytes
This document discusses the evolution of leaves in pteridophytes. It describes how leaves evolved from simple to complex structures and outlines two main theories for leaf evolution in ferns: the telome theory and enation theory. The telome theory proposes that leaves evolved through the modification of terminal branches, while the enation theory suggests leaves first evolved as outgrowths from the stem. The document also classifies leaves, discusses theories on leaf origin, and analyzes the merits and demerits of the telome and enation theories.
Bryophytes
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Deuteromycotina
This document provides information on the classification of Deuteromycotina (fungi imperfecti). It discusses their key characteristics such as reproducing asexually through spores called conidia and lacking a sexual stage. The classes of Deuteromycotina are described as Hyphomycetes, Coelomycetes, and Blastomycetes. Hyphomycetes produce conidia directly on their substrate or in specialized fruiting structures. Coelomycetes produce conidia inside enclosing structures like pycnidia or acervuli. Blastomycetes are yeast-like and propagate by budding. Examples and characteristics of each class are given.
Stelar evolution in Pteridophytes
The document discusses the evolution of steles, or vascular bundles, in pteridophytes. It describes the basic types as protostelic and siphonostelic. Protostelic steles have central xylem and surrounding phloem with no pith, while siphonostelic steles have a central pith. Specific protostelic types include haplostele, actinostele, and plectostele. Siphonostelic types include cladosiphonic, phyllosiphonic, ectophloic, amphiphloic, solenostele, dictyostele, and polycyclic steles. The origin of
Economic importance of algae 1
This document provides an overview of algae and their various uses. It discusses how algae can be used as food and fodder due to their protein, vitamin, and mineral content. It also explains how algae have many industrial applications as several important products have been derived from them, such as agar, carrageenan, and alginates which are used in food processing, pharmaceuticals, and other industries. Finally, the document discusses how certain algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen are useful as biofertilizers and for increasing soil fertility.
Xanthophyceae
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Reproduction in algae
This document discusses the different methods of reproduction in algae. It describes vegetative reproduction methods like fragmentation, fission, tubers, and hormogonia. Asexual reproduction occurs through spores like zoospores, aplanospores, akinetes, hypnospores, and tetraspores. Sexual reproduction can be isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous depending on the gametes involved. The document provides examples to explain each type of reproduction in algae.
Classification of pteridophyta
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Parasexuality in fungi
Introduction,In some fungi ,true sexual cycle comprising of nuclear fusion and meiosis is absent.
These fungi derive the benefits of sexuality through a cycle know as parasexuaL cycle.
First Reported by- Gudio Pontecorvo and J.A.Roper(1952)
Parasexual cycle was reported in
Aspergillus nidulans,the imperfect stage of Emericella nidulans.
Since then parasexual cycle has been discovered not only in several members of Deutromycetes but also in fungi belonging to Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes.
DEFINETION - Parasexuality is defined as a cycle in which Plasmogamy, Karyogamy and Meiosis [Haploidization] take place in sequence but not at a specified time or at specified points in the life cycle of an organism.
Generally parasexual cycle occurs in those fungi in which true sexual cycle does not take place.
Parasexualcycle also know as Somatic recombination. PASEXUALITY ALSO REPORTED IN SOME ORGANISMS- Aspergillus nigar, Penicillium crysogenum, STEPS OF PARASEXUAL CYCLE - 1) ESTABLISHMENT OF HETEROKARYOSIS, 2) Formation of Heterozygous DIPLOIDS, 3) occasional mitotic crossing-over during multiplication of diploid nuclei, 4)occasional haplodization through aneuploidy , COMPARISION BETWEEN SEXUAL AND PARASEXUAL CYCLE, IMPORTANCE OF PARASEXUALITY, C0NCLUSION
Applications and economic importance of lichens
Lichens have several applications and provide economic importance. They can be used as food by humans and animals. Lichenometry is a technique used to determine the age of rock surfaces. Lichens also aid in biodegradation by breaking down polyester resins. Many lichens produce pigments and compounds that are useful as dyes. Lichens are also economically important as they help form soil, are used as food, in medicines to treat diseases, for coloring fabrics and paints, and in industries like tanning and brewing.
Classification of pteridophytes
Pteridophytes are classified into four classes: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida, and Pteropsida. Psilopsida includes the oldest vascular plants with scale-like leaves and spores produced directly on the stem. Lycopsida have well-defined roots, stems, and microphyllous leaves. Spores are borne in strobili. Sphenopsida only contains the living genus Equisetum, with nodes, whorls of small leaves, and sporangiophores bearing spores. Pteropsida contains most ferns, with large megaphyllous fronds, rhizomes, and sori of sporangia
Morphology and classification of bryophytes
Bryophytes are small, non-vascular plants that contain chlorophyll and reproduce sexually. They have a dominant gametophyte stage and lack true roots, stems, and leaves. Bryophytes are divided into three divisions: liverworts, which have undifferentiated leaves and store oils; hornworts, distinguished by their horn-like sporophytes; and mosses, which have single-cell wide leaves and can absorb large amounts of water. Bryophytes require external water and are considered amphibians of the plant kingdom.
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2. Gelidium has a stiff, cartilaginous thallus that is often pinnately branched. It reproduces both sexually, through non-motile gametes, and asexually, through fragmentation and non-motile spores.
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Gnetum: A Powerpoint Presentation on Gymnospems
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Introduction to Lichens
- 2. LICHENS Prepared By: Asad Khan Roll No: B-01 5th Semester BS Botany
- 3. CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. History 3. Distribution 4. External Structure of Thallus (Shapes of Lichens) 5. Internal Structure of Thallus 6. Classification 7. Reproduction 8. Harmful Effects 9. Economic Importance
- 4. INTRODUCTION • Beneficial Association or combination of Algae and Fungi. • Dual Organism • Algal Component ---- Phycobiont (e.g. Trebouxia) • Fungal Component – Mycobiont
- 5. HISTORY • The term lichen is used by Theophrastus in History of Plant. • Lichen is a word of Greek origin which means “any superficial growth on the bark of trees”.
- 6. DISTRIBUTION • 400 genera and 15000 spp. • Cosmopolitan • Found in Temperate and Tropical regions. • Grow on soil, rocks, trees, marine. • Also in Arid to Moist.
- 8. CRUSTOSE • Flattened • Scale-like • No lower surface • Tightly bound to substratum
- 10. FOLIOSE • Flattened • Leaf-like • Branching lobes loosely attached to the substratum • Have upper and lower surfaces • Anatomically similar to Angiosperm leaf.
- 16. FRUTICOSE • Branched • Strap-shaped or Thread- like Thallus • Upright or Hanging
- 19. HOMOISOMEROUS • Fungal hyphae and the algal cells are uniformly distributed throughout the thallus. • Both the partners intermingle and form thin outer protective layer. • Found in Crustose Lichens.
- 20. HETEROMEROUS • Thallus is differentiated into four distinct layers . 1. Upper Cortex 2. Algal Zone 3. Medulla 4. Lower Cortex • Foliose and Fruticose Lichens
- 22. ASCOLICHENS • Fungal member of this lichen belongs to Ascomycota. • Form two type of Fruiting bodies. 1. Apothecia (Disc-Shaped) 2. Perithecia (Flasked-Shaped) • e.g. Parmelia and Dermatocarport.
- 23. BASIDIOLICHENS • The fungal member of this lichen belongs to Basidiomycota. • e.g. Dictyonema and Corella.
- 24. DEUTEROLICHEN • The fungal partner belongs to Deuteromycota.
- 25. REPRODUCTION
- 27. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 1. Soridia Formation o fine powdery granules 2. Isidia Formation o minute outgrowths from the thallus
- 28. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION • Perform by fungal component. • Ascospores and Basidiospore formation • Ascospore and Basidiospore germinate and make contact with algal cells.
- 29. Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a lichen. APOTHCI A
- 31. HARMFUL EFFECTS
- 32. . • Amphiloma and Cladonia parasitize on mosses (Reindeer moss) and cause total destruction of moss colonies. • Different lichens, mainly crustose type, cause serious damage to window glasses and marble stones of old buildings. • Lichens like Letharia vulpina (wolf moss) are highly poisonous. Vulpinic acid is the poisonous substance present in this lichen.
- 33. USEFUL EFFECTS
- 34. AS FOOD AND FODDER • Used as food by human being in many parts of the world . • Also by different animals such as Snails, Slugs and Termites etc. • Contain polysaccharide, lichenin, cellulose, vitamin and certain enzymes.
- 35. AS MEDICINE • Used in the treatment of Diarrhoea, Fevers, Epilepsy, Hydrophobia and Skin diseases.
- 36. INDUSTRIAL USE • Brewery and Distillation • Preparation of Dye
- 37. COSMETICS AND PERFUMERY • The aromatic compounds available in lichen thallus are extracted and used in the preparation of cosmetic articles and perfumes. • Essential oils extracted from species of Ramalina and Evernia are used in the manufacture of cosmetic soap.
- 39. REFERENCE • www.biologydiscussion.com/lichens-2/lichens-definition-structure-and-reproduction- with-diagram/69697 • https://biologyboom.com/lichens/ • www.Britannica.com/science/lichen • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lichen
- 40. THE END
- 41. THANKS