This Presentation states the details of Hypothesis for students to get help in advance research methodology. Rearchers may also get help from this work.
2.
The word hypothesis is derived form the Greek
words“hypotithenai” means to put under or
suppose Plural is Hypothesis
A researcher calls these assumptions, assertions, or
statements they become the basis of an inquiry.
In most cases, the hypothesis will be based upon
either previous studies or the researcher’s own or
someone else’s observations
Defining the word
3.
A tentative statement about something, the validity of
which is usually unknown (Black, James A & Dean J
Champion, Method and Issues in Social Research, New
York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1976
Hypothesis is proposition that is stated in a testable form
and that predicts a particular relationship between two or
more variable (Baily, Kenneth D, Methods of Social
Research, 3rd edition, New York: The Free Press, 1978)
A hypothesis is written in such a way that it can be
proven or disproven by valid and reliable data (Grinnell,
Richard, Jr. Social Work Research and Evaluation, 3rd
edition, Itasca, Illinois, F.E. Peacock Publishers, 988)
Definition of Hypothesis
4.
A problem is formulated in the form of a
question;
A hypothesis is a suggested solution to a
problem.
A problem (question) cannot be directly tested,
whereas a hypothesis can be tested and verified.
The Difference between
Hypothesis & Problem
5.
Unknown validity
Specifies relation between two or more variables
Simple, specific, and contextually clear
Capable of verification
Related to the existing body of knowledge
Operation able
Characteristics of hypothesis
6.
Provides a study with focus
Signifies what specific aspects of a research problem is to
investigate
What data to be collected and what not to be collected
Enhancement of objectivity of the study
Formulate the theory
Enable to conclude with what is true or what is false
Functions of hypothesis
7.
Step 1: State the hypotheses.
(Formulation of hypothesis)
Step 2: Set the criteria for a decision.
(Set the level of significance)
Step 3: Compute the test statistic.
(Data analysis )
Step 4: Make a decision
(on basis of P . Value)
4 Steps to Hypothesis Testing
9.
The working or trail hypothesis is provisionally
adopted to explain the relationship between some
observed facts for guiding line
Examples:
Population influence the numbers of bank branch
Education effect the social norm
Science university influence the invention of the
country
Working hypothesis
10.
A null hypothesis is formulated against the working
hypothesis; opposes the statement of the working
hypothesis
Examples:
Population have no influence on the numbers of bank
branches
Education does not affect social norm
Science university have no influence / impact on
invention of the country.
Null hypothesis
11.
An alternate hypothesis is formulated when a
researcher totally rejects null hypothesis
Examples
population has significant effect on the number of
bank branches
education has significant effect social norm
science universities have significant influence / impact
on invention of the country
Alternate hypothesis
13.
If the Ho value lies in the range of interval we have
to accept Ho Ho = 0.3
If the Ho value lies outside form range of interval we
have to reject Ho H1 # 0.3
Hypothesis Testing
Interval Method
Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%
Intercept 24.45454545 6.413817299 3.812791091 0.005142172 9.664256253 39.24483466
X Variable 1 0.509090909 0.035742806 14.24317115 5.75275E-07 0.42666785 0.591513968
14.
If the calculated value is more than table value
rejects Ho
If the calculated value is less than table value accept
Ho : Table value 2.62
Hypothesis Testing
t - state Method
Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%
Intercept 24.45454545 6.413817299 3.812791091 0.005142172 9.664256253 39.24483466
X Variable 1 0.509090909 0.035742806 14.24317115 5.75275E-07 0.42666785 0.591513968
15.
Type 1 error
Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is in fact true is
called a Type I error.
Type 11 error
Not rejecting the null hypothesis when in fact it is false
Hypothesis Testing
Types of Errors
16.
If the calculated value lies in the range of table
values we have to accept Ho HO = 0
If the calculated value lies in the range of table
values we have to accept Ho HO # 0
2.18 and 17.53 not lies in the range so reject Ho
Hypothesis Testing
Chi-Square Method
17.
The smaller the p-value, the more statistical evidence
exists to support the alternative hypothesis.
If the p-value is less than 1%, there is overwhelming
evidence that supports the alternative hypothesis.
If the p-value is between 1% and 5%, there is a strong
evidence that supports the alternative hypothesis.
If the p-value is between 5% and 10% there is a weak
evidence that supports the alternative hypothesis.
If the p-value exceeds 10%, there is no evidence that
supports the alternative hypothesis.
Interpreting the p-value