2. 2
What is research?
research.
1.a. the systematic investigation into and study of materials,
sources, etc, in order to establish facts and reach new
conclusions.
b. an endeavour to discover new or collate old facts etc by the
scientific study of a subject or by a course of critical
investigation. [Oxford Concise Dictionary]
3. 3
Research is what we do when we have a question or a
problem we want to resolve;
We may already think we know the answer to our question
already;
We may think the answer is obvious;
But until we have subjected our problem to rigorous
scientific scrutiny, our 'knowledge' remains little more
than guesswork or at best, intuition;
4. After having thoroughly researched your question, you
should have some educated guess about how things work;
This educated guess about the answer to your question is
called the hypothesis;
The hypothesis must be worded so that it can be tested in
your experiment;
In fact, many hypotheses are stated exactly like this:
"If a particular independent variable is changed, then there
is also a change in a certain dependent variable";
5. What is a Hypothesis?
Hypothesis is an idea or explanation for something that is
based on known facts but has not yet been proved ;
A hypothesis is an educated guess about how things work;
Most of the time a hypothesis is written as: "If _____[I do
this] _____, then _____[this]_____ will happen."
6. A hypothesis is a conjectural statement of the relation
between two or more variables. (Kerlinger, 1956)
Hypothesis is a formal statement that presents the expected
relationship between an independent and dependent
variable. (Creswell, 1994)
Hypothesis is a tentative explanation that accounts for a set
of f acts and can be tested by further investigation;
A hypothesis may be precisely defined as a tentative
proposition suggested as a solution to a problem or as an
explanation of some phenomenon. (Ary, Jacobs and
Razavieh, 1984)
Hypothesis is a tentative explanation that accounts for a set
offacts and can be tested by further investigation.
7. Example Hypotheses
• "If I open the faucet [faucet opening size is the
independent variable], then it will increase the flow of water
[flow of water is the dependent variable].
• "Raising the temperature of a cup of water [temperature
is the independent variable] will increase the amount of
sugar that dissolves [the amount of sugar is the dependent
variable]."
• "If a plant receives fertilizer [having fertilizer is the
independent variable], then it will grow to be bigger than a
plant that does not receive fertilizer [plant size is the
dependent variable]."
• "If I put fenders on a bicycle [having fenders is the
independent variable], then they will keep the rider dry when
riding through puddles [the dependent variable is how much
water splashes on the rider]."
8. Statements expressing the relation between
two or more measurable variables.
They should carry clear implications for
testing the stated relations.
Hypothesis needs to be structured before
the data-gathering and interpretation phase
of the research.
A good hypothesis indicates that the
researcher has sufficient knowledge in the
area to undertake the investigation.
The hypothesis gives direction to the
collection and interpretation of data.
9.
10.
11.
12. A researcher can generate a hypothesis based on:
Available information in Scientific theory
literature: Review of various sources of information
available in scientific theory/literature or researches may
enable the present researcher to develop conjectures,
which can be put to test;
Personal experience of self, and others through
biographies and autobiographies can also be the genesis
of hypotheses;
Available information in general culture;
13. Importance of Hypotheses
It provides a tentative explanation of phenomena
and facilitates the extension of knowledge in an area;
It provides direction to the research;
It provides a framework for reporting conclusions of
the study;
It could be considered as the working instrument of
theory;
It could be tested and shown to be probably
supported or not supported;
14. Characteristics of Hypothesis
It is a statement, which can be tested;
It is a statement where, linkages and non-linkages between
variables in terms of their relationship, associations
differences, prediction are formed;
The statements are framed in simple terms where there are
no double barrel statement and contradictory statements
interwoven;
The statements are framed in such a manner, where after
testing it, the researcher either accepts it or rejects it;
The hypothesis focuses on the investigation and does not
allow any deviation;
16. NULL HYPOTHESIS
Null hypothesis is a statement that there is no actual
relationship between variables;
(HO or HN) A null hypothesis may read, “There is no
difference between…….” ;
The final conclusion of the investigator will either retain a null
hypothesis or reject a null hypothesis in favor of a alternative
hypothesis;
Example: “There is no significant difference in the anxiety
level of children of High IQ and those of low IQ”;
Null Hypothesis is one where, the researcher makes a conjectural
statement that the variables under study are disjointed;
He/ She does not talk of any relationship between the variables;
By so doing, the researcher wishes to explore whether the variables
under study have any level and direction of influence on the other
or not;
17. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS: An alternative
hypothesis is a statement that suggests a potential
outcome that the researcher may expect.
It comes from prior literature or studies;
The two types of alternative hypothesis are:
Directional Hypothesis;
Non-directional Hypothesis;
18. DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS
A type of alternative hypothesis that specifies the
direction of expected findings;
Sometimes directional hypothesis is created to examine the
relationship among variables rather than to compare groups;
Directional hypothesis may read, “… is more than..”, “…will
be lesser..”;
Example :“Children with high IQ will exhibit more anxiety
than children with low IQ”;
19. NON-DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS
A type of alternative hypothesis in which no definite
direction of the expected findings is specified;
The researcher may not no what can be predicted from the
past literature;
It may read, “..there is a difference between..”;
Example:“There is a difference in the anxiety level of the
children of high IQ and those of low IQ”;