#Learn_and_Compete
by:Eslam Said
Outlines:
▪ What’s Embedded Systems ?
▪ Embedded Systems Applications
▪ Embedded systems Components
▪ The Embedded real time systems
▪ Embedded systems Constraints
▪ Embedded Systems Characteristics
An embedded system is a combination of hardware, software, and mechanical components designed to perform a dedicated function. It consists of a microprocessor or microcontroller along with other components like sensors, actuators, and memory. The microprocessor runs software that controls the system based on inputs from sensors or users. Examples of embedded systems include washing machines, air conditioners, and other devices that perform automated tasks. An embedded system is tailored for a specific application and does not require an operating system like a general purpose computer.
This document provides an introduction to embedded systems, including their components, characteristics, and design process. It discusses the selection of processors and memory devices for embedded systems. It also describes structural units in embedded processors, memory management methods, timer and counting devices, watchdog timers, real-time clocks, and the use of in-circuit emulators for debugging embedded systems.
EC8791-Embedded and Real Time Systems #7th Sem ECE #Embedded System Introduction # Embedded System Real Time Examples #Career opportunity in Embedded System Filed #Growth of Embedded System
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems, including:
- An embedded system combines both hardware and software, with computer hardware and software embedded as a component.
- Early examples include NASA's Apollo guidance computer and the Autonetics D-17 guidance computer.
- Embedded systems typically include a CPU, memory, and input/output devices integrated into a single microprocessor-based unit.
- They are classified as standalone, real-time, network information appliances, or mobile devices depending on their use and connectivity.
- Embedded systems have wide applications in areas like industrial control, scientific instruments, biomedical devices, mobile phones and more.
The document provides an overview of embedded systems. It defines embedded systems as devices used to control, monitor or assist equipment that contain both computer hardware and software. The document then classifies embedded systems based on performance and functional requirements such as real-time, standalone, networked, mobile, and sophistication. Examples of embedded system applications are given across several industries like automobiles, telecommunications, smart cards, missiles, satellites, and consumer electronics. The document concludes by explaining how embedded systems are implemented using either digital circuits or microprocessor-based systems.
The document discusses the objectives and syllabus of an embedded systems course. It aims to introduce students to the building blocks of embedded systems including processors, memory, I/O devices and software. The syllabus covers topics like embedded networking protocols, embedded development environments, real-time operating systems and embedded applications. Example applications discussed include washing machines, automotive systems and smart cards.
This presentation gives a brief over view of Embedded Systems. It describes the common characteristics of Embedded systems, the design metrics, processor technologies and also summarizes differences between Microcontrollers and Microprocessors.
An embedded system is a combination of hardware, software, and mechanical components designed to perform a dedicated function. It consists of a microprocessor or microcontroller along with other components like sensors, actuators, and memory. The microprocessor runs software that controls the system based on inputs from sensors or users. Examples of embedded systems include washing machines, air conditioners, and other devices that perform automated tasks. An embedded system is tailored for a specific application and does not require an operating system like a general purpose computer.
This document provides an introduction to embedded systems, including their components, characteristics, and design process. It discusses the selection of processors and memory devices for embedded systems. It also describes structural units in embedded processors, memory management methods, timer and counting devices, watchdog timers, real-time clocks, and the use of in-circuit emulators for debugging embedded systems.
EC8791-Embedded and Real Time Systems #7th Sem ECE #Embedded System Introduction # Embedded System Real Time Examples #Career opportunity in Embedded System Filed #Growth of Embedded System
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems, including:
- An embedded system combines both hardware and software, with computer hardware and software embedded as a component.
- Early examples include NASA's Apollo guidance computer and the Autonetics D-17 guidance computer.
- Embedded systems typically include a CPU, memory, and input/output devices integrated into a single microprocessor-based unit.
- They are classified as standalone, real-time, network information appliances, or mobile devices depending on their use and connectivity.
- Embedded systems have wide applications in areas like industrial control, scientific instruments, biomedical devices, mobile phones and more.
The document provides an overview of embedded systems. It defines embedded systems as devices used to control, monitor or assist equipment that contain both computer hardware and software. The document then classifies embedded systems based on performance and functional requirements such as real-time, standalone, networked, mobile, and sophistication. Examples of embedded system applications are given across several industries like automobiles, telecommunications, smart cards, missiles, satellites, and consumer electronics. The document concludes by explaining how embedded systems are implemented using either digital circuits or microprocessor-based systems.
The document discusses the objectives and syllabus of an embedded systems course. It aims to introduce students to the building blocks of embedded systems including processors, memory, I/O devices and software. The syllabus covers topics like embedded networking protocols, embedded development environments, real-time operating systems and embedded applications. Example applications discussed include washing machines, automotive systems and smart cards.
This presentation gives a brief over view of Embedded Systems. It describes the common characteristics of Embedded systems, the design metrics, processor technologies and also summarizes differences between Microcontrollers and Microprocessors.
Ch 1 introduction to Embedded Systems (AY:2018-2019--> First Semester)Moe Moe Myint
This document provides an introduction to embedded systems for a course at Mandalay Technological University. It includes chapters on what embedded systems are, their typical applications and domains, characteristics, designing systems with microcontrollers, hardware and software co-design, real-time operating systems, and product development processes. The document outlines learning objectives for understanding fundamentals of embedded systems and being able to recognize, comprehend, implement, practice, develop familiarity with tools, and perform lab work related to embedded systems. It also provides an overview of key topics in each chapter and keywords to note related to embedded systems.
This document introduces microcontrollers and compares them to microprocessors. It focuses on AVR microcontrollers, describing their components, architectures like ATmega16, and how to program them using an ISP. Microcontrollers integrate CPU, memory and peripherals onto a single chip while microprocessors require external components. AVRs are faster and use less power than other microcontrollers. The document provides an overview of AVR features and tutorials for further learning.
The document discusses embedded systems, their components, software architectures, applications, challenges, development tools, and future trends. It defines embedded systems as special purpose computers used inside devices and notes they consist of a combination of hardware and software. It describes common embedded system components, software architectures for scheduling tasks, the toolchain for developing embedded software, examples of embedded applications, and emerging trends in areas like adaptive cruise control and telemedicine.
An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, often with real-time computing constraints. Embedded systems are found in many devices such as mobile phones, cars, appliances, and toys [Paragraph 1]. They are typically specialized for their dedicated functions and have constraints on power, size, and cost. Examples of embedded systems include anti-lock braking systems, digital cameras, medical devices, and factory controllers [Paragraph 2]. A key characteristic of embedded systems is that they interact continuously with their environment through sensors and actuators to perform their dedicated functions in real-time [Paragraph 3].
This document discusses embedded systems and microcontrollers. It begins by defining an embedded system as a special-purpose computer system designed to perform dedicated functions as part of a larger machine. It then discusses the essential components of embedded systems including microprocessors, sensors, converters, actuators, and memory. The document goes on to compare microprocessors and microcontrollers, describing the differences in their architecture and components. It also covers embedded system applications, characteristics, and development processes. Finally, it provides details about the specific microcontroller PIC16F887A, describing its features, memory types, registers, and other components.
A microprocessor and microcontroller are the central components of embedded systems. Due to their small size, low cost, and simple design, embedded systems have become ubiquitous in both consumer and industrial devices (paragraph 1). Embedded systems can be found in applications like biomedical devices, communication systems, computer peripherals, industrial instrumentation, scientific equipment, and more (paragraphs 2-3). Earlier embedded systems used microprocessors which required external components, but modern systems typically use microcontrollers which integrate memory and I/O peripherals onto a single chip for a simpler design (paragraphs 4-6). A microcontroller contains components like an ALU, memory, I/O ports, timers/counters, and more, making it well-suited
Introduction to Systems with Examples and Introduction to Embedded Systems, History, Advantages, Applications, Classifications,What is inside Embedded System, Architecture, Features and Languages used in Embedded Systems advantages and disadvantages
1. Introduction to Embedded Systems & IoTIEEE MIU SB
This document provides an introduction to embedded systems and the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines embedded systems as hardware and software components that perform dedicated tasks as part of larger machines. Embedded systems are designed for specific tasks without human intervention and must meet real-time performance constraints. Examples are given of embedded systems applications. It then discusses microprocessors versus microcontrollers. The document introduces Arduino, an open-source hardware and software platform used to build electronics projects, and describes its various components. It defines IoT as the network of physical objects embedded with electronics that collect and share data over the internet. Applications and evolution of IoT are briefly outlined.
The document provides an overview of microcontrollers and embedded systems. It defines an embedded system and describes their characteristics such as real-time operation, small size, low power usage, and operation in harsh environments. It discusses the hardware components of typical embedded systems including microcontrollers. It then focuses on the 8051 microcontroller, describing its architecture and pin layout.
This document provides an introduction to the ARM processor architecture. It discusses key aspects of ARM including the ARM programming model, instruction set, memory hierarchy, and development tools. ARM is a popular reduced instruction set computing (RISC) architecture used in many portable electronic devices due to its low power consumption.
Embedded systems combine computer hardware and software to perform specific tasks. They have limited memory and CPU power compared to desktop systems. Programming embedded systems requires considering the real-time nature and differences in hardware between systems. Embedded systems can be classified based on their performance, requirements, and microcontroller performance. Common applications of embedded systems include automobiles, telecommunications, and consumer electronics. A variety of languages are used for different scales of embedded systems.
1) Embedded systems are computer systems designed to perform dedicated functions within larger mechanical or electrical systems, often with real-time computing constraints.
2) Hardware platforms for embedded systems include microcontrollers optimized for control applications, digital signal processors for data-intensive applications, and programmable hardware or ASICs.
3) System specialization is important for embedded systems, through techniques like application-specific instruction sets, optimized memory architectures, and heterogeneous registers. This improves properties like performance, power efficiency, and predictability.
This document provides an overview of embedded systems and the AVR microcontroller. It discusses how embedded systems combine hardware and software to perform tasks like processing and storing data. Examples of embedded systems include those used in biotechnology, telecom, military, automotive, and consumer electronics. It then describes the AVR microcontroller, its features, memory segments, pin descriptions, and how to interface it with hardware using Embedded C. Code examples are provided to blink LEDs and interface with 7-segment displays and LCDs.
This document provides information about an embedded systems course offered at Maharajas Technological Institute. It includes details like the course code, credits, syllabus modules covering AVR microcontrollers and programming in assembly and C languages. It also discusses concepts like microcontrollers, AVR architecture, memory organization and instruction set of AVR microcontrollers. Examples are given of assembly language instructions like MOV, LDI, STS etc. and applications of embedded systems in various domains.
An embedded system is a dedicated computer system that performs specific tasks, and is embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and software. Examples include watches, washing machines, cell phones and more. Embedded systems have limited memory and processing capabilities compared to general purpose computers. They also have dedicated functions and real-time constraints. Microcontrollers are commonly used in embedded systems and contain a CPU, memory and programmable input/output peripherals on a single chip. Real-time operating systems help schedule tasks to meet timing constraints in embedded systems.
Embedded application is a software application, basically written to control the devices or machines. DT offers a range of embedded software development services in the domain of embedded product.
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems. It defines embedded systems as systems that use a microprocessor or microcontroller to perform a dedicated function. Embedded systems are found in everyday devices like cell phones, washing machines, and traffic signals. The document discusses the characteristics of embedded systems and provides examples. It also compares embedded systems to general purpose computers and describes typical embedded system architectures.
This document discusses embedded systems. It defines an embedded system as a microprocessor-based system designed to perform dedicated functions. Embedded systems are found in devices ranging from household appliances to spacecraft. The document discusses the history of embedded systems and how they have evolved from using microprocessors to typically using microcontrollers. It also discusses the hardware and software components of embedded systems as well as common programming languages. Examples of different types of embedded systems are provided.
The document discusses the ATmega32 microcontroller. It begins by defining a microcontroller as a small computer containing a processor, memory, and programmable input/output pins. It then lists some key features of the ATmega32 microcontroller, which include 32 I/O pins, 32KB of flash memory, 1024 bytes of EEPROM, and the ability to handle 3 external interrupts. The document also briefly covers the Von Neumann and Harvard architectures and how the ATmega32 is programmed using languages like Assembly, C, and C++ through the AVR studio software.
This document discusses embedded systems, including definitions, examples, and key characteristics. It defines an embedded system as a microprocessor-based computer system designed to perform dedicated functions within a larger mechanical or electrical system. Embedded systems are found in devices ranging from household appliances to spacecraft. They are characterized by limited resources, real-time performance requirements, low power consumption, and high reliability. The document also covers embedded system hardware architecture, programming languages, and provides an example of designing a simple temperature measurement system.
An embedded system is a computer system with software embedded in hardware that performs specific tasks. It has three main components - hardware, application software, and an optional real-time operating system. Embedded systems are commonly microcontroller-based, have specialized functions, strict constraints, and must operate in real-time. They are used in devices like fire alarms, cars, phones, and consumer electronics. The document then discusses characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, structure, types of processors, and applications of embedded systems.
Ch 1 introduction to Embedded Systems (AY:2018-2019--> First Semester)Moe Moe Myint
This document provides an introduction to embedded systems for a course at Mandalay Technological University. It includes chapters on what embedded systems are, their typical applications and domains, characteristics, designing systems with microcontrollers, hardware and software co-design, real-time operating systems, and product development processes. The document outlines learning objectives for understanding fundamentals of embedded systems and being able to recognize, comprehend, implement, practice, develop familiarity with tools, and perform lab work related to embedded systems. It also provides an overview of key topics in each chapter and keywords to note related to embedded systems.
This document introduces microcontrollers and compares them to microprocessors. It focuses on AVR microcontrollers, describing their components, architectures like ATmega16, and how to program them using an ISP. Microcontrollers integrate CPU, memory and peripherals onto a single chip while microprocessors require external components. AVRs are faster and use less power than other microcontrollers. The document provides an overview of AVR features and tutorials for further learning.
The document discusses embedded systems, their components, software architectures, applications, challenges, development tools, and future trends. It defines embedded systems as special purpose computers used inside devices and notes they consist of a combination of hardware and software. It describes common embedded system components, software architectures for scheduling tasks, the toolchain for developing embedded software, examples of embedded applications, and emerging trends in areas like adaptive cruise control and telemedicine.
An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, often with real-time computing constraints. Embedded systems are found in many devices such as mobile phones, cars, appliances, and toys [Paragraph 1]. They are typically specialized for their dedicated functions and have constraints on power, size, and cost. Examples of embedded systems include anti-lock braking systems, digital cameras, medical devices, and factory controllers [Paragraph 2]. A key characteristic of embedded systems is that they interact continuously with their environment through sensors and actuators to perform their dedicated functions in real-time [Paragraph 3].
This document discusses embedded systems and microcontrollers. It begins by defining an embedded system as a special-purpose computer system designed to perform dedicated functions as part of a larger machine. It then discusses the essential components of embedded systems including microprocessors, sensors, converters, actuators, and memory. The document goes on to compare microprocessors and microcontrollers, describing the differences in their architecture and components. It also covers embedded system applications, characteristics, and development processes. Finally, it provides details about the specific microcontroller PIC16F887A, describing its features, memory types, registers, and other components.
A microprocessor and microcontroller are the central components of embedded systems. Due to their small size, low cost, and simple design, embedded systems have become ubiquitous in both consumer and industrial devices (paragraph 1). Embedded systems can be found in applications like biomedical devices, communication systems, computer peripherals, industrial instrumentation, scientific equipment, and more (paragraphs 2-3). Earlier embedded systems used microprocessors which required external components, but modern systems typically use microcontrollers which integrate memory and I/O peripherals onto a single chip for a simpler design (paragraphs 4-6). A microcontroller contains components like an ALU, memory, I/O ports, timers/counters, and more, making it well-suited
Introduction to Systems with Examples and Introduction to Embedded Systems, History, Advantages, Applications, Classifications,What is inside Embedded System, Architecture, Features and Languages used in Embedded Systems advantages and disadvantages
1. Introduction to Embedded Systems & IoTIEEE MIU SB
This document provides an introduction to embedded systems and the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines embedded systems as hardware and software components that perform dedicated tasks as part of larger machines. Embedded systems are designed for specific tasks without human intervention and must meet real-time performance constraints. Examples are given of embedded systems applications. It then discusses microprocessors versus microcontrollers. The document introduces Arduino, an open-source hardware and software platform used to build electronics projects, and describes its various components. It defines IoT as the network of physical objects embedded with electronics that collect and share data over the internet. Applications and evolution of IoT are briefly outlined.
The document provides an overview of microcontrollers and embedded systems. It defines an embedded system and describes their characteristics such as real-time operation, small size, low power usage, and operation in harsh environments. It discusses the hardware components of typical embedded systems including microcontrollers. It then focuses on the 8051 microcontroller, describing its architecture and pin layout.
This document provides an introduction to the ARM processor architecture. It discusses key aspects of ARM including the ARM programming model, instruction set, memory hierarchy, and development tools. ARM is a popular reduced instruction set computing (RISC) architecture used in many portable electronic devices due to its low power consumption.
Embedded systems combine computer hardware and software to perform specific tasks. They have limited memory and CPU power compared to desktop systems. Programming embedded systems requires considering the real-time nature and differences in hardware between systems. Embedded systems can be classified based on their performance, requirements, and microcontroller performance. Common applications of embedded systems include automobiles, telecommunications, and consumer electronics. A variety of languages are used for different scales of embedded systems.
1) Embedded systems are computer systems designed to perform dedicated functions within larger mechanical or electrical systems, often with real-time computing constraints.
2) Hardware platforms for embedded systems include microcontrollers optimized for control applications, digital signal processors for data-intensive applications, and programmable hardware or ASICs.
3) System specialization is important for embedded systems, through techniques like application-specific instruction sets, optimized memory architectures, and heterogeneous registers. This improves properties like performance, power efficiency, and predictability.
This document provides an overview of embedded systems and the AVR microcontroller. It discusses how embedded systems combine hardware and software to perform tasks like processing and storing data. Examples of embedded systems include those used in biotechnology, telecom, military, automotive, and consumer electronics. It then describes the AVR microcontroller, its features, memory segments, pin descriptions, and how to interface it with hardware using Embedded C. Code examples are provided to blink LEDs and interface with 7-segment displays and LCDs.
This document provides information about an embedded systems course offered at Maharajas Technological Institute. It includes details like the course code, credits, syllabus modules covering AVR microcontrollers and programming in assembly and C languages. It also discusses concepts like microcontrollers, AVR architecture, memory organization and instruction set of AVR microcontrollers. Examples are given of assembly language instructions like MOV, LDI, STS etc. and applications of embedded systems in various domains.
An embedded system is a dedicated computer system that performs specific tasks, and is embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and software. Examples include watches, washing machines, cell phones and more. Embedded systems have limited memory and processing capabilities compared to general purpose computers. They also have dedicated functions and real-time constraints. Microcontrollers are commonly used in embedded systems and contain a CPU, memory and programmable input/output peripherals on a single chip. Real-time operating systems help schedule tasks to meet timing constraints in embedded systems.
Embedded application is a software application, basically written to control the devices or machines. DT offers a range of embedded software development services in the domain of embedded product.
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems. It defines embedded systems as systems that use a microprocessor or microcontroller to perform a dedicated function. Embedded systems are found in everyday devices like cell phones, washing machines, and traffic signals. The document discusses the characteristics of embedded systems and provides examples. It also compares embedded systems to general purpose computers and describes typical embedded system architectures.
This document discusses embedded systems. It defines an embedded system as a microprocessor-based system designed to perform dedicated functions. Embedded systems are found in devices ranging from household appliances to spacecraft. The document discusses the history of embedded systems and how they have evolved from using microprocessors to typically using microcontrollers. It also discusses the hardware and software components of embedded systems as well as common programming languages. Examples of different types of embedded systems are provided.
The document discusses the ATmega32 microcontroller. It begins by defining a microcontroller as a small computer containing a processor, memory, and programmable input/output pins. It then lists some key features of the ATmega32 microcontroller, which include 32 I/O pins, 32KB of flash memory, 1024 bytes of EEPROM, and the ability to handle 3 external interrupts. The document also briefly covers the Von Neumann and Harvard architectures and how the ATmega32 is programmed using languages like Assembly, C, and C++ through the AVR studio software.
This document discusses embedded systems, including definitions, examples, and key characteristics. It defines an embedded system as a microprocessor-based computer system designed to perform dedicated functions within a larger mechanical or electrical system. Embedded systems are found in devices ranging from household appliances to spacecraft. They are characterized by limited resources, real-time performance requirements, low power consumption, and high reliability. The document also covers embedded system hardware architecture, programming languages, and provides an example of designing a simple temperature measurement system.
An embedded system is a computer system with software embedded in hardware that performs specific tasks. It has three main components - hardware, application software, and an optional real-time operating system. Embedded systems are commonly microcontroller-based, have specialized functions, strict constraints, and must operate in real-time. They are used in devices like fire alarms, cars, phones, and consumer electronics. The document then discusses characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, structure, types of processors, and applications of embedded systems.
An embedded system is a microprocessor-based system designed to perform dedicated functions. It is a combination of computer hardware and software designed to operate within a larger system. Embedded systems are found in many devices from kitchen appliances to spacecraft. They are specialized computer systems that perform specific tasks, unlike general purpose computers.
The document provides information on the course "Embedded Systems & Programming (ESP)" including:
- Definitions of embedded systems and examples like washing machines and air conditioners.
- Characteristics of embedded systems like being application specific, reactive, and concerned with power consumption.
- Classification of embedded systems based on generation, complexity, determinism, and triggering.
- Applications of embedded systems in various domains like consumer electronics, automotive, and healthcare.
- Purposes of embedded systems like data collection, communication, processing, monitoring, and control.
- Quality attributes of embedded systems including operational attributes like response, throughput, reliability and non-operational attributes like testability and cost.
This training report provides an introduction to embedded systems and microcontrollers. It discusses key concepts such as the definition of embedded systems and how they differ from general purpose computers. Microcontrollers are described as integrated circuits that combine a processor core with memory and peripherals. The 8051 microcontroller architecture is then explained in detail, covering its features, pinouts and programming. Examples of embedded applications are also provided. Overall, the document serves as an introductory guide to embedded systems and microcontrollers for educational purposes.
This document provides an introduction and overview of embedded systems. It discusses that embedded systems use microprocessors or microcontrollers to perform dedicated functions, unlike general purpose computers. The key aspects covered include:
- Embedded systems integrate hardware and software to perform specific tasks, with optimization for cost, size and performance.
- Examples of embedded systems include appliances, vehicles, network devices, medical equipment, and more.
- Embedded systems have constraints of limited resources, real-time performance, low power usage, and reliability.
- The document classifies embedded systems and discusses their components and features. Stand-alone, real-time, networked, and mobile embedded systems are described.
The document discusses the introduction, design process, and formalisms for embedded system design. It begins by defining embedded systems and their components. It then describes the embedded system design process which involves requirements analysis, specification, architecture design, component design, integration, and testing. Finally, it introduces the Unified Modeling Language (UML) as a formalism to describe the structural and behavioral aspects of embedded system design using objects, classes, and their interactions.
An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform dedicated functions within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints. Embedded systems are found in many devices such as mobile phones, televisions, tablets and vehicles. They typically use microcontrollers or System on a Chip (SoC) technology. Key characteristics of embedded systems include limited memory and processing resources, real-time performance, low power consumption and fixed functions determined at design time. Common programming languages used in embedded systems include C, C++ and assembly language.
This document provides an introduction to embedded systems. It defines embedded systems as electronic systems designed to perform specific functions, combining both hardware and software. Examples include consumer electronics, appliances, medical devices, and industrial controls. The document then discusses the history and evolution of embedded systems, how they differ from general computing systems, common application areas, and characteristics such as being application-specific, reactive and real-time, power-constrained, and safety-critical. Finally, it covers classifications of embedded systems and important quality attributes to consider in their design.
This tutorial will provide you information on following topics related to Embedded systems.
1. Description of Embedded system.
2. Characteristics of Embedded system.
3. Components of Embedded system.
4. Basic Structure of Embedded system.
5. Parts of Embedded system.
6. Embedded Processors.
7. Applications Of Embedded systems.
8. Consumer Application.
9. Transportation.
10. Medical Equipment.
11. Advantages and Disadvantages.
12. Reliability.
13. Tools used in Embedded systems.
The document provides an overview of embedded system design, including:
1. The Apollo Guidance Computer was one of the first modern embedded systems and enabled the moon landings by automatically controlling the navigational functions of the Apollo spacecraft.
2. Embedded systems can be classified as small, medium, or sophisticated based on their hardware and software complexity. Common programming tools for each level are also discussed.
3. Major applications of embedded systems include consumer electronics, industrial equipment, automotive systems, networking devices, and medical equipment. Embedded systems typically perform functions like data collection, processing, communication, monitoring and control.
An embedded system is an electronic system designed to perform a specific function. It contains both hardware and software. The document discusses various components of an embedded system including microcontrollers, sensors, actuators, memory, and input/output ports. It also covers different types of processors like microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, ASICs, and FPGAs. The document provides examples of embedded systems used in various applications and summarizes the purpose and elements of a typical embedded system.
Embedded systems can be categorized based on complexity, cost, purpose, available tools and environment. The main categories are stand-alone embedded systems, real-time embedded systems, networked information appliances, and mobile devices. Stand-alone systems take inputs, process them, and produce outputs without connecting to other systems. Real-time systems must perform tasks within strict time deadlines. Networked information appliances are connected to networks like the Internet and can communicate with other nodes. Mobile devices are portable embedded systems.
This document provides an overview of embedded systems topics including:
1. It outlines an agenda to cover embedded system basics, processors and architectures, serial communication, real-time operating systems, and embedded programming demos.
2. It defines embedded systems as systems with dedicated software embedded in hardware to perform specific tasks as part of a larger system.
3. It discusses different processor types including microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, and application specific integrated processors.
An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software designed to perform a dedicated function. It contains a microprocessor or microcontroller along with memory, input/output components, and application-specific circuitry. Embedded systems are found in many devices from kitchen appliances to spacecraft. They are small, low-cost, and perform dedicated tasks like process control, communication, and industrial instrumentation. A microcontroller is commonly used as the central processing unit in embedded systems due to its integrated memory and input/output peripherals.
This document provides an overview of embedded systems and their processors. It defines an embedded system as having computer hardware and software embedded as important components. Processors are the heart of embedded systems and can be microprocessors or microcontrollers. Components include hardware, memories, ports and application software. Languages for programming embedded systems include C and C++. Embedded systems are classified based on scale, connectivity and mobility. They have constraints like limited memory and need for low power. Common applications include household appliances, audio players, vehicle controllers and medical equipment.
Gas agency management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project entitled "Gas Agency" is done to make the manual process easier by making it a computerized system for billing and maintaining stock. The Gas Agencies get the order request through phone calls or by personal from their customers and deliver the gas cylinders to their address based on their demand and previous delivery date. This process is made computerized and the customer's name, address and stock details are stored in a database. Based on this the billing for a customer is made simple and easier, since a customer order for gas can be accepted only after completing a certain period from the previous delivery. This can be calculated and billed easily through this. There are two types of delivery like domestic purpose use delivery and commercial purpose use delivery. The bill rate and capacity differs for both. This can be easily maintained and charged accordingly.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
3. Agenda
▪ Embedded system standard diploma outline
▪ What’s Embedded Systems ?
▪ Embedded Systems Applications
▪ Embedded systems Components
▪ The Embedded real time systems
▪ Embedded systems Constraints
▪ Embedded Systems Characteristics
▪ Embedded Systems Market
▪ Questions
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4. Embedded system standard diploma outline
▪ Introduction
▪ C programming
▪ General data structure and algorithms
▪ Computer and processor architecture
▪ Embedded systems SW design
▪ Micro-controller interfacing
▪ Introduction to ARM cortex-M4 processor
▪ Real time operating system (RTOS)
▪ Automotive busses technology
▪ Testing
▪ Final embedded system project
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5. Introduction to Embedded Systems
Introduction to Embedded Systems
Historical overview
▪ Turing machine , 1930, alan turing
▪ Electric modern computer, 1946,
Mauckly & Eckert , [1800 instruction/sec].
▪ Electric Storage Automatic Computer, 1949,
Mauckly & Eckert , [650 instruction/sec].
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7. Embedded Systems Definition
An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software—and perhaps
additional parts, either mechanical or electronic—designed to perform a dedicated function. A
good example is the washing machine Almost every household has one, and tens of millions of
them are used every day, but very few people realize that a computer processor and software
are involved in.
washing machine parts
▪ Status display panel
▪ Switches & Dials
▪ Motor
▪ Power supply
▪ Control unit
▪ Inner water level sensor and solenoid valve
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8. Embedded Systems Definition
What is a system?
A system is a way to working and organizing or doing one or many tasks
according to a fixed plan (program) or set of rules.
washing machine rules
1- Wash by spinning
2- Rinse
3-Drying by blinking
5- Display the process stage in Each step
6- In case interruption, execute the remaining
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9. Embedded Systems Definition
▪ Embedded System is one that has computer hardware with software embedded in
it.
▪ Embedded systems are information processing systems that are embedded into a
larger product.
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10. Embedded Systems Definition
❑ Is Computer Embedded System machine?
Embedded System vs Computer
the design of an embedded system to perform a dedicated function is in contrast
to that of the personal computer. It too is comprised of computer hardware and
software and mechanical components (disk drives, for example). However, a
personal computer is not designed to perform a specific function. Rather, it is able
to do many different things. Many people use the term general-purpose computer
to make this distinction clear.
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11. Embedded System vs general-purpose computer
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12. Agenda
▪ Embedded system standard diploma outline
▪ What’s Embedded Systems ?
▪ Embedded Systems Applications
▪ Embedded systems Components
▪ The Embedded real time systems
▪ Embedded systems Constraints
▪ Embedded Systems Characteristics
▪ Embedded Systems Market
▪ Questions
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13. Embedded Systems Applications
Purpose of Embedded Systems
▪ Data collection/Storage /Representation
▪ Data Communication
▪ Data (signal) processing
▪ Monitoring
▪ Control
▪ Application specific user interface
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14. Embedded Systems Applications
Data Collection/Storage/Representation
▪ Embedded systems designed for the purpose of data collection performs acquisition of
data from the external world.
▪ Data collection is usually done for storage, analysis, manipulation and transmission.
▪ The term “data” refers all kinds of information, such as text, voice, image, video,
electrical signals and any other measurable quantities.
▪ Data can be either analog (continuous) or digital (discrete).
▪ Embedded systems with analog data capturing techniques collect data directly in the
form of analog signal whereas embedded systems with digital data collection
mechanism converts the analog signal to the digital signal using analog to digital (A/D)
converters and then collects the binary equivalent of the analog data.
▪ If the data is digital, it can be directly captured without any additional interface by
digital embedded systems.
▪ The collected data may be stored directly in the system or may be transmitted to some
other systems or it may be processed by the system or it may be deleted instantly after
giving a meaningful representation.
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15. Data Communication
▪ Embedded data communication systems are deployed in applications from complex
satellite communication systems to simple home networking systems.
▪ The data collected by an embedded terminal may require transferring of the same
to some other system located remotely.
▪ The transmission is achieved either by a wire-line medium or by a wire-less
medium.
▪ As technology is changing, wireless medium is becoming the standard for data
communication in embedded systems. It offers cheaper connectivity solutions and
make the communication link free from the hassle of wire bundles.
▪ The data collecting embedded terminal itself can incorporate data communication
units like Wireless modules (Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, etc.) or wire-line modules
(RS-232, USB,etc.).
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16. Data (Signal) Processing
▪ The data (voice, image, video, electrical signals and other measurable quantities)
collected by embedded systems may be used for various kinds of data processing.
▪ Embedded systems with signal processing functionalities are employed in
applications demanding signal processing like speech recognition, synthesis, audio
video codec, transmission applications, etc.
Monitoring
▪ Almost all embedded products coming under the medical domain are with
monitoring functions only.
▪ They are used for determining the state of some variables using input sensors.
▪ A very good example is the electro cardiogram (ECG) machine for monitoring the
heartbeat of a patient.
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17. Control
▪ Embedded systems with control functionalities impose control over some
variables according to the changes in input variables.
▪ A system with control functionality contains both sensors and actuators.
▪ Sensors are connected to the input port for capturing the changes in
environmental variable or measuring variable.
▪ The actuators connected to the output port are controlled according to the
changes in the input variable to put an impact on the controlling variable to
bring the controlled variable to the specified range.
▪ Air conditioner system used in our home to control the room temperature
to a specified limit is a typical example for embedded system for control
purpose. An air conditioner contains a room temperature sensing element
(sensor) which may be thermistor and a handheld unit for setting up
(feeding) the desired temperature.
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18. Control(cont.)
▪ The air compressor unit acts as the actuator. The compressor is controlled
according to the current room temperature and the desired temperature set by the
end user.
▪ The input variable is the current room temperature and the controlled variable is
also the room temperature. The controlling variable is cool air flow by the
compressor unit.
▪ If the controlled variable and input variable are not at the same value, the
controlling variable tries to equalize them through taking actions on the cool air
flow.
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19. Applications specific user interface
▪ Buttons, switches, keypad, lights, speakers, display units, etc. are application-
specific user interfaces.
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21. Automotive(cont.)
modern cars and trucks contain many embedded systems. One embedded system
controls the brakes, another monitors and controls the vehicle's emissions, and a third
displays information on the dashboard. Some luxury car manufacturers have even
touted the number of processors (often more than 60, including one in each headlight)
in advertisements. In most cases, automotive embedded systems are connected by a
communications network.
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22. Other Embedded systems segments
Robotics
Military
Aircraft
Consumer electronics
Image Processing
Aerospace
Automation
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23. Agenda
▪ Embedded system standard diploma outline
▪ What’s Embedded Systems ?
▪ Embedded Systems Applications
▪ Embedded systems Components
▪ The Embedded real time systems
▪ Embedded systems Constraints
▪ Embedded Systems Characteristics
▪ Embedded Systems Market
▪ Questions
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24. Embedded systems Components
❑ Hardware ( Processor, Timers, Interrupt controller,
I/O Devices, Memories, Ports, etc.)
❑ Software(application –RTOS)
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25. Embedded HW
What is a Microcontroller?
a microcontroller is a programmable single chip which controls a process or
system. Microcontrollers are typically used as embedded controllers where they
control part of a larger system such as an appliance, automobile, scientific
instrument or a computer peripheral. Microcontrollers are designed to be low cost
solutions; therefore using them can drastically reduces part and design costs for a
project.
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26. What is a Microcontroller?(cont.)
▪ Physically, a microcontroller is an integrated circuit with pins along each side.
the pins presented by a microcontroller are used for power, ground, oscillator,
I/O ports, interrupt request signals, reset and control.
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27. The Microcontroller in a System
▪ Microcontrollers do not function in isolation. As their name suggests they are
designed to control other devices.
▪ Microcontrollers can interface with other on chip devices like Sensors, Switches,
LEDs , 7-segments, LCD, Keypad and DC Motor.
▪ The microcontroller can accept inputs from some devices and provide outputs to
other devices within any given system. For example, a microcontroller may accept
input from a switch and may send output to an LED. If the switch is pressed the LED
can be signaled by microcontroller .
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28. A microcontroller has seven main components:
▪ Central processing unit (CPU)
▪ ROM
▪ RAM
▪ Input and Output buffers
▪ Timer
▪ Interrupt circuitry
▪ Buses
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29. Microcontroller vs microprocessor
▪ A microcontroller is not the same as a microprocessor. A microprocessor is a single
chip CPU used within other computer systems. A microcontroller is itself a single
chip computer system.
▪ Microprocessor consists of an ALU, register array, and a control unit. ALU performs
arithmetical and logical operations on the data received from the memory or an
input device.
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30. Evolution of Microprocessors
First generation – From 1971 to 1972 the era of the first generation came which
brought microprocessors like INTEL 4004 / 4 bit.
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31. Architecture of microcontroller
▪ There are two basic types of architecture: Harvard and Von Neumann.
▪ Microcontrollers most often use a Harvard based architecture.
Von Neumann Architecture
Von Neumann architecture has a single, common memory space where both
program instructions and data are stored. There is a single data bus which
fetches both instructions and data. Each time the CPU fetches a program
instruction it may have to perform one or more read/write operations to data
memory space. It must wait until these subsequent operations are complete
before it can fetch and decode the next program instruction. The advantage to
this architecture lies in its simplicity and economy.
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32. Harvard Architecture
Harvard architecture computers have separate memory areas for program
instructions and data. There are two or more internal data buses which allow
simultaneous access to both instructions and data. The CPU fetches
instructions on the program memory bus. If the fetched instruction requires an
operation on data memory, the CPU can fetch the next program instruction
while it uses the data bus for its data operation.
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33. The Central Processing Unit
▪ The central processing unit (CPU) does all the computing: it fetches, decodes and
executes program instructions and write or read data to and from memory. The
CPU performs the calculations required by program instructions and places the
results of these calculations, if required, into memory space.
▪ Most CPUs are synchronous. This means that they depend on the cycles of a
processor clock. A clock generates a high-frequency square wave usually driven by
a crystal, a RC (resistor capacitor) or an external source. The clock is sometimes
referred to as an oscillator. The clock speed, or oscillation rate, is measured in
megahertz (MHz) which represents one million cycles/second.
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34. The Central Processing Unit
The most important units inside CPU are:
❑ Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
❑ Control Unit (CU)
❑ Registers
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35. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
An ALU performs basic arithmetic and logic operations.
arithmetic operations:
▪ Addition
▪ Subtraction
▪ Shifting
▪ Increment
▪ Decrement
logic operations :
▪ Comparisons of values such as NOT, AND, and OR.
ALU status flags:
▪ N,Z,C and V
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36. Control unit
▪ Control Unit is the part of the computer’s central processing unit (CPU), which
directs the operation of the processor. It is the responsibility of the Control Unit to
tell the computer’s memory, arithmetic/logic unit and input and output devices
how to respond to the instructions that have been sent to the processor.
▪ Instruction Decoder Converts instructions fetched from program memory into
codes which the ALU can understand.
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37. Registers
Registers are used by the CPU to temporarily store data that they can change during
program execution. Most microcontroller registers are memory-mapped, associated
with a memory location, and can be used like any other memory location.
The registers in the processor serve two functions:
User-visible registers: These enable the assembly-language programmer to
minimize main memory references by optimizing the use of registers. For high-
level languages, an optimizing compiler will attempt to make intelligent choices of
which variables to assign to registers and which to main memory locations. Some
high-level languages, such as C and C++, allow the programmer to suggest to the
compiler which (heavily used) variables should be held in registers.
Control and status registers: These are used by the processor to control the
operation of the processor and by privileged, operating-system routines to control
the execution of program.
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38. User-Visible Registers
Data registers can be assigned to a variety of functions by the programmer. In
some cases, they are general purpose in nature and can be used with any machine
instruction that performs operations on data.
Address registers contain main memory addresses of data and instructions, or they
contain a portion of the address that is used in the calculation of the complete
address. they may be devoted to specific function of addressing mode.
Examples
▪ Index register: Indexed addressing is a common mode of addressing that
involves adding an index to a base value to get the effective address.
▪ Stack pointer: If there is user-visible stack addressing, then typically the stack is
in main memory and there is a special register that points to the top of the
stack. This allows the use of instructions that contain no address field, such as
push and pop.
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39. User-Visible Registers
Address registers Examples (cont.)
Segment pointer: With segmented addressing,
memory is divided into variable length blocks
of words called segments. A memory reference
consists of a reference to a particular segment
and an offset within the segment;
this mode of addressing is important in memory
management. In this mode of addressing,
a Segment pointer is used to hold
the address of the base (starting location) of the segment.
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40. User-Visible Registers
Condition codes Registers are Specific Purpose where their bits set by the processor
hardware as the result of operations. For example, an arithmetic operation may
produce a positive, negative, zero, or overflow result. In addition to the result itself
being stored in a register or memory, a condition code is also set. The code may
subsequently be tested as part of a conditional branch operation. Generally, machine
instructions allow these bits to be read by implicit reference, but they cannot be
altered by the programmer.
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41. User-Visible Registers
The accumulator register is a specific Purpose Registers that
can hold operands or results of operations.
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42. User-Visible Registers
▪ A link register is a special-purpose register which holds the address to return to
when a function call completes. This is more efficient than the more traditional
scheme of storing return addressed on a stack. The link register does not require
the writes and reads of the memory containing the stack which can save a
considerable percentage of execution time with repeated calls of small
subroutines.
▪ It can also be used as a general-purpose register if the return address is stored on
the stack.
▪ A link register is used in many instruction set architectures, such as ARM.
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43. Control and Status Registers
The program counter (PC)
holds the address of the next instruction in program memory space. It contains the
address of the next instruction the CPU will process. As each instruction is fetched and
processed by the ALU, the CPU increments the PC.
Instruction register (IR)
Contains the instruction most recently fetched.
Program Status Word Register(PSW)
Is a flag register which become set(1) or
clear(0) depending upon condition after
Operation.
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44. Control and Status Registers(cont.)
status flags are:
Negative Flag (N)
Zero Flag (Z)
Global Interrupt Enable(I)
Overflow Flag (V)
Carry Flag (C)
Overflow Flag (O): This flag will be set (1) if the result of operation is to large to fit in the number
of bits available to represent it.
Carry Flag (C): This is set to (1) if there is a carry from an addition or subtraction instruction.
Zero Flag (Z): sets it when the result of any operation is zero.
Global Interrupt Enable(I): The Global Interrupt Enable bit must be set for the interrupts to be
enabled
Negative Flag (N): indicates a negative result in an arithmetic or logic operation.
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45. general purpose registers vs special purpose registers
General purpose – it can be used by most instructions. One can do
arithmetic with them, store data temporally , store function parameters
,return of function ,use them for memory addresses, and so on.
Special purpose – it can only be used for certain purposes and only by
certain instructions. Other instructions may depend on their values
implicitly. Examples are the Stack Pointer. On using PUSH, POP, CALL,
RETURN by certain instructions.
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46. Instruction cycle
❑ Fetch
❑ Decode
❑ Execute
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48. THE MEMORY HIERARCHY
The design constraints on a computer’s memory can be summed up by
two questions:
• How fast ?
• How much?
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49. The memory types
ROM(read only memory)
is non-volatile memory used for program information and permanent data. The
microcontroller uses ROM memory space to store program instructions it will execute when
it is started or reset. Program instructions must be saved in non-volatile memory so that
they are not affected by loss of power. The microcontroller usually cannot write data to
program memory space.
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50. Types of ROM
Mask ROM contains a software mask that is burned onto the chip during the
design phase of the semiconductor manufacturing process. These types of
memories due to their low cost are appropriate for embedded systems where
large volumes will be produced. The major drawback is that update of the program
stored in the memory is not possible.
PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory) This is a read-only non-volatile
memory that can be written (programmed) only once. A special programming
device has to be used for this purpose.
EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) This memory can
be electrically programmed, but erasing it requires physically exposing it to
ultraviolet light. Due to this specific it’s no longer used in embedded systems.
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51. Types of ROM
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)
▪ This type of memory can be electrically programmed and erased. The term
EEPROM is commonly used for memories that can be erased in small chunks
(e.g. bytes). It has limited number of erase/write cycles (100,000 - 1,000,000
cycles).
▪ The contents of this memory may be changed during run time (similar to RAM),
but remains permanently saved even if the power supply is off (similar to
ROM).
▪ The erase and program of a single byte can take as long as 10 milliseconds. This
delay prevents an EEPROM from replacing a normal RAM part.
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52. Types of ROM
Flash memory
▪ The flash memory is among the special types of memory that can be erased
and programmed with a block of data. The flash memory keeps its data even
with no power at all. The flash memory is popular because it works fast and
efficiently than EEPROM.
▪ Flash memory is used to hold program code in microcontrollers.
▪ Can be Write/Erase up to 10,000 Cycles.
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53. The memory types
RAM(Random Access Memory)
▪ RAM is used for data memory and allows the CPU to create and
modify data as it executes the application program.
▪ RAM is volatile, it holds its contents only as long as it has a
constant power supply. If power to the chip is turned off, the
contents of RAM are lost.
▪ Integrated RAM chips are available in two form:
SRAM(Static RAM)
DRAM(Dynamic RAM)
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54. RAM types
DRAM(Dynamic RAM)
▪ DRAM stores data by “writing a charge to the capacitor by way of an access
transistor” and was invented in 1966 by Robert Dennard at IBM and was patented
in 1967. DRAM looks at the state of charge in a transistor-capacitor circuit.
▪ The capacitor arrays will hold their charge only for a short period before it begins to
diminish.
▪ The capacitor is used for storing the data
where bit value 1 signifies that the capacitor
is charged and a bit value 0 means
that capacitor is discharged.
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55. RAM types
SRAM(Static RAM)
▪ SRAM does not use capacitors. SRAM uses several transistors in a
cross-coupled flip-flop configuration and does not have the leakage
issue and does not need to be refreshed.
▪ SRAM does not require power to refresh circuitry.
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57. I/O Ports
▪ The microcontroller has to be connected to additional external electronics and
peripherals. For that reason, each microcontroller has one or more registers called
“port” in this case.
▪ These ports are bidirectional could be output or input.
▪ Each I/O port is under control of another SFR, which means that each bit of that
register determines state of the corresponding microcontroller pin.
▪ Each port has 3 control registers associated with it called DDRx, PORTx, and PINx.
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58. Timer
▪ A timer is a counter that is incremented at a fixed rate when the system clock
pulses. There are several different types of timers available. A timer/counter
can perform several different tasks. The CPU uses the timer to keep track of
time accurately. The timer can generate a stream of pulses or a single pulse at
different frequencies. It can be used to start and stop tasks at desired times.
▪ Timer/Counter modules are used to perform timing or counting operations in the
controller. These include counting events, time passed between two events,
generate interrupt after a certain time and generate PWM signals.
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59. Watchdog timer
▪ The Watchdog Timer is a hardware or software generated timer interrupt which
reboots/resets the system in the situations of a software or hardware fault .
▪ The intention is to bring the system back from the unresponsive state into normal operation.
▪ During normal operation, the CPU regularly restarts the watchdog timer to prevent it
from elapsing, or "timing out". If due to a hardware fault or program error, the computer
fails to restart the watchdog, the timer will elapse and generate a reset signal to reset
the CPU.
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60. Interrupts
▪ An interrupt is an event that suspends regular program operation while the
event is serviced by another program. Interrupts increase the response speed to
external events. Different microcontrollers have different interrupt sources
which can include external, timer and serial port interrupts. When an interrupt
is received current operation is suspended, the interrupt is identified and the
controller jumps (vectors) to an interrupt service routine.
▪ There are two different interrupt types: maskable and non-maskable.
• maskable interrupt can be disabled and enabled.
• non-maskable interrupts can not be disabled and are therefore always enabled.
▪ Most 8 bit microcontrollers use vectored arbitration interrupts. Vectored
arbitration means that when a specific interrupt occurs the interrupt handler
automatically branches to an address associated with that interrupt.
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61. Interrupts
Why interrupt?
Interrupts allow the microcontroller to interact with its environment. If your
microcontroller does not have interrupts you must poll peripherals to determine if require
servicing. It is much more efficient to have peripheral devices inform, or interrupt, the controller
when they require servicing.
Interrupt Handling
▪ Code executed by an interrupt is not generally considered part of the main application. Since
this code handles the cases where an interrupt occurs, it is called an interrupt handler or an
interrupt service routine.
▪ Interrupt handlers are usually short sections of code that are designed to handle the
immediate needs of the device and return control to the operating system or user program.
void ISR (void)
{
//code
}
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62. Steps in handling interrupts
▪ Interrupt event has occurred.
▪ Store current state of program.
▪ Get the address of the handler routine(vector interrupts only).
▪ Execute appropriate interrupt handling routine.
▪ Restore state of program.
▪ Resume program execution.
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63. Interrupt Latency
▪ The interrupt latency is the interval of time measured from the instant an interrupt
is asserted until the corresponding ISR begins to execute.
▪ The time it takes to finish the program instructions in progress and save the current
program state and begin the ISR.
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64. Interrupt Priority
▪ If more than one interrupt is requesting service , the higher priority one will be
serviced first.
▪ Interrupt priority is determined through interrupt priority register ( in some
microcontrollers).
▪ If two interrupts with the same priority are requesting service, the priority will be
determined by their position in the vector table.
▪ Reset has the highest priority in the vector table.
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65. AVR Architecture
Other Microcontroller ‘s Peripherals:
General Purpose I/O Ports(e.g.)
Blinking an LED with µC
Switch Interface
Switch Interface (using ext. Interrupt)
8-bit Timer/Counter with PWM
Analog Digital Converter(ADC).
Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter(USART).
Serial Peripheral Interface(SPI).
Inter Integrated Circuits(I2C).
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66. Agenda
▪ Embedded system standard diploma outline
▪ What’s Embedded Systems ?
▪ Embedded Systems Applications
▪ Embedded systems Components
▪ The Embedded Real Time systems
▪ Embedded systems Constraints
▪ Embedded Systems Characteristics
▪ Embedded Systems Market
▪ Questions
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67. The Embedded Real Time systems
Real-Time Operation
As we know that real-time embedded systems have a time constrained to execute the task. This
time is called a deadline. The soft-real time system may vary the deadline. But the hard real-
time system must complete the task in a given time frame.
Soft-Real-Time System
The example of the soft-real time system could be our day to day lifer products like washing
machine, microwave oven, printer and fax machine. Let’s suppose we are cooking something.
We put some item to cook. We set a time and temperature. As soon as we press the start button
of the oven it takes some random time to start to suppose 15sec. Even after a 15sec delay, it
cooked perfectly, nothing went wrong in cooking. It missed the time by approx. 15sec. This is
generally happening in the soft real-time system.
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68. The Embedded Real Time systems
Hard-Real-Time System
In hard real time system, the time requirement is a critical constraint. The system
should perform within the deadline. If the system didn’t perform within the deadline,
it is considered as a task failure. These types of systems should not miss the deadline.
Missing the deadline can be catastrophic. Air traffic control systems, missile, and
nuclear reactor control systems are few examples for hard real time systems. If the
aircraft control system didn’t give the instructions to the aircraft within the deadline, it
can cause the air craft to crash. Therefore, in a hard-real time system, meeting the
deadline is extremely important. These systems are deployed mainly into safety critical
systems.
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69. Agenda
▪ Embedded system standard diploma outline
▪ What’s Embedded Systems ?
▪ Embedded Systems Applications
▪ Embedded systems Components
▪ The Embedded Environment
▪ Embedded systems Constraints
▪ Embedded Systems Characteristics
▪ Embedded Systems Market
▪ Questions
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70. Embedded systems Constraints
Main factors in embedded system
➢ Development Tools
• C compiler
• simulator or emulator
• development board
➢ Memory Size
➢ Interfaces
I/O interface for display
I/O interface for keypad
A/D device for temperature sensing
➢ Special Features - e.g. watchdog
➢ Operating Environment
➢ Software Planning
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71. Embedded systems Constraints
Embedded Systems Design Issues
• Size
• Cost
• Speed
• Power Consumption
• real time applications
There are many aspects of embedded systems development which must be
considered. These are:
Reliability
Efficiency
Cost
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72. Agenda
▪ Embedded system standard diploma outline
▪ What’s Embedded Systems ?
▪ Embedded Systems Applications
▪ Embedded systems Components
▪ The Embedded Environment
▪ Embedded systems Constraints
▪ Embedded Systems Characteristics
▪ Embedded Systems Market
▪ Questions
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73. Embedded Systems Characteristics
❑ Embedded systems have to be dependable
▪ Reliability: Reliability is the probability that a system will not fail.
▪ Maintainability: Maintainability is the probability that a failing system can be
repaired within a certain time-frame.
▪ Availability: Availability is the probability that the system is available.
▪ Safety: This term describes the property that a failing system will not cause
any harm.
▪ Security: This term describes the property that confidential data remains
confidential and that authentic communication is guaranteed.
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74. Embedded Systems Characteristics
❑ Embedded systems have to be efficient
Energy: Many embedded systems are mobile systems obtaining their
energy through batteries. computational requirements are increasing at a rapid rate (especially
for multimedia applications) and customers are expecting long run-times from their batteries.
Therefore, the available electrical energy must be
used very efficiently.
Code-size: All the code to be run on an embedded system has to be stored with the system.
Typically, there are no hard discs on which code can be stored.
Run-time efficiency: The minimum amount of resources should be used for implementing the
required functionality. We should be able to meet time constraints using the least amount of
hardware resources and energy. In order to reduce the energy consumption, clock frequencies
and supply voltages should be as small as possible.
Weight: some applications must be of low weight.
Cost: For high-volume embedded systems, especially in consumer electronics, competitiveness
on the market is an extremely crucial issue, and efficient use of hardware components and the
software development budget are required.
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75. Embedded Systems Characteristics
❑ Embedded systems are dedicated towards a certain application
For example, processors running control software in a car or a train will always run that
software, and there will be no attempt to run a computer game. There are mainly reason
for this:
▪ Running additional programs would make those systems less dependable.
❑ Many embedded systems must meet real-time constraints
❑ Portability and flexibility
❑ Software Characteristics
The first step in the software plan is to select an algorithm that solves the problem specified
in your problem specification. Various algorithms should be considered and compared in
terms of code size, speed, difficulty, and ease of maintenance.
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76. Agenda
▪ Embedded system standard diploma outline
▪ What’s Embedded Systems ?
▪ Embedded Systems Applications
▪ Embedded systems Components
▪ The Embedded Environment
▪ Embedded systems Constraints
▪ Embedded Systems Characteristics
▪ Embedded Systems Market
▪ Questions
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