The document outlines the standard format and components for a research thesis or publication, including an introduction, literature review, research methods, findings and discussions, and conclusions. It provides guidance on developing key elements such as establishing the need for research, defining the problem statement, developing research questions and objectives, and determining the research design and data collection methods. The overall purpose is to guide researchers on how to properly structure their work and methodology.
Public Administration-Meaning, Nature, Scope, PhasesPadmini Naik
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcNtaWNP96M
Scientific Management Theory one of the theory of Organisation....in Odia medium https://youtu.be/4g86m0feQpo
https://youtu.be/ojtI22FGTYI
Comparison between realism and idealismAzeem Mughal
The study of international relations takes a wide range of theoretical approaches
Some emerge from within the discipline itself; others have been imported, in whole or in part,
from disciplines such as economics or sociology. Indeed,
few social scientific theories have not been applied to the study of relations amongst nations. Many theories of international relations are internally and externally contested, and few scholars believe
only in one or another.
In spite of this diversity, several major schools of thought are
discernable, differentiated principally by the variables they emphasize
eg military, power, material interests, or ideological beliefs
Public Administration-Meaning, Nature, Scope, PhasesPadmini Naik
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcNtaWNP96M
Scientific Management Theory one of the theory of Organisation....in Odia medium https://youtu.be/4g86m0feQpo
https://youtu.be/ojtI22FGTYI
Comparison between realism and idealismAzeem Mughal
The study of international relations takes a wide range of theoretical approaches
Some emerge from within the discipline itself; others have been imported, in whole or in part,
from disciplines such as economics or sociology. Indeed,
few social scientific theories have not been applied to the study of relations amongst nations. Many theories of international relations are internally and externally contested, and few scholars believe
only in one or another.
In spite of this diversity, several major schools of thought are
discernable, differentiated principally by the variables they emphasize
eg military, power, material interests, or ideological beliefs
The word ‘Research’ is comprised of two words Re + Search.
It means to search again. So research means a systematic investigation or activity to gain new knowledge of the already existing facts.
Hypothesis -Concept Sources Types
Hypothesis
It is a tentative prediction about the nature of the relationship between two or more variables.
It is a tentative explanation of the research problem
Hypotheses are always in declarative sentence form
An hypothesis is a statement or explanation that is suggested by knowledge or observation but has not, yet, been proved or disproved
Sources of hypothesis
Experience of researcher
Review of literature
Findings of the pilot study
Interaction with knowledgeable persons of the concerned field
Knowledge of culture and society
Creative thinking and imagination of researcher
Types of Hypotheses
Directional Hypotheses / One tailed Hypothesis
Non-Directional Hypotheses / Two tailed Hypothesis
Null Hypotheses
Directional Hypotheses / One Tailed Hypothesis
A directional hypothesis is a prediction made by a researcher regarding a positive or negative change, relationship, or difference between two variables /two groups or conditions
directional hypothesis predicts the nature of the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
It is often symbolized as H1
Non-Directional Hypotheses / Two Tailed Hypothesis
A non-directional simply states that there will be a difference between the two groups/conditions but does not say which will be greater/smaller, quicker/slower etc.
non-directional hypothesis predicts that the independent variable will have an effect on the dependent variable, but the direction of the effect is not specified.
Null Hypotheses
A null hypothesis is a hypothesis that says there is no statistical significance between the two variables.
null hypothesis states that there is no relationship between the two variables being studied (one variable does not affect the other).
It is the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to disprove.
the null hypothesis is a statement of
-‘no effect’ or ‘no difference’
It is often symbolized as H0.
Examples
“ In a clinical trial of a new drug with the current drug ”
We would write Null Hypotheses (H0):
H0 : there is no difference between the two drugs.
We would write Directional Hypotheses (H1):
H1 : the new drug is better than the current drug.
We would write Non-Directional Hypothesis:
the two drugs have different effects, on average.
Introduction to National Interest, it's Nature, Definition, and Types.Muhammad Saad
The basic purpose of this ppt Presentation is to understand the following main topics in detail.
1. INTRODUCTION TO NATIONAL INTEREST.
2. NATURE OF NATIONAL INTEREST.
3. VARIOUS DEFINTIONS OF NATIONAL INTEREST
4. NINE MAIN TYPES OF NATIONAL INTEREST
(1. PRIMARY INTERESTS)
(2. SECONDARY INTERESTS)
(3. PERMANENT INTERESTS)
(4. VARIABLE INTERESTS)
(5. GENERAL INTERESTS)
(6. SPECIFIC INTERESTS)
(7. IDENTICAL INTERESTS)
(8. COMPLEMENTARY INTERESTS)
(9. CONFLICTING INTERESTS)
...That's all....
IF SOMEONE NEEDS A CUSTOM PPT PRESENTATION...FEEL FREE TO MESSAGE US ON WHATSAPP (+923104826711)
....Thank you.
The word ‘Research’ is comprised of two words Re + Search.
It means to search again. So research means a systematic investigation or activity to gain new knowledge of the already existing facts.
Hypothesis -Concept Sources Types
Hypothesis
It is a tentative prediction about the nature of the relationship between two or more variables.
It is a tentative explanation of the research problem
Hypotheses are always in declarative sentence form
An hypothesis is a statement or explanation that is suggested by knowledge or observation but has not, yet, been proved or disproved
Sources of hypothesis
Experience of researcher
Review of literature
Findings of the pilot study
Interaction with knowledgeable persons of the concerned field
Knowledge of culture and society
Creative thinking and imagination of researcher
Types of Hypotheses
Directional Hypotheses / One tailed Hypothesis
Non-Directional Hypotheses / Two tailed Hypothesis
Null Hypotheses
Directional Hypotheses / One Tailed Hypothesis
A directional hypothesis is a prediction made by a researcher regarding a positive or negative change, relationship, or difference between two variables /two groups or conditions
directional hypothesis predicts the nature of the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
It is often symbolized as H1
Non-Directional Hypotheses / Two Tailed Hypothesis
A non-directional simply states that there will be a difference between the two groups/conditions but does not say which will be greater/smaller, quicker/slower etc.
non-directional hypothesis predicts that the independent variable will have an effect on the dependent variable, but the direction of the effect is not specified.
Null Hypotheses
A null hypothesis is a hypothesis that says there is no statistical significance between the two variables.
null hypothesis states that there is no relationship between the two variables being studied (one variable does not affect the other).
It is the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to disprove.
the null hypothesis is a statement of
-‘no effect’ or ‘no difference’
It is often symbolized as H0.
Examples
“ In a clinical trial of a new drug with the current drug ”
We would write Null Hypotheses (H0):
H0 : there is no difference between the two drugs.
We would write Directional Hypotheses (H1):
H1 : the new drug is better than the current drug.
We would write Non-Directional Hypothesis:
the two drugs have different effects, on average.
Introduction to National Interest, it's Nature, Definition, and Types.Muhammad Saad
The basic purpose of this ppt Presentation is to understand the following main topics in detail.
1. INTRODUCTION TO NATIONAL INTEREST.
2. NATURE OF NATIONAL INTEREST.
3. VARIOUS DEFINTIONS OF NATIONAL INTEREST
4. NINE MAIN TYPES OF NATIONAL INTEREST
(1. PRIMARY INTERESTS)
(2. SECONDARY INTERESTS)
(3. PERMANENT INTERESTS)
(4. VARIABLE INTERESTS)
(5. GENERAL INTERESTS)
(6. SPECIFIC INTERESTS)
(7. IDENTICAL INTERESTS)
(8. COMPLEMENTARY INTERESTS)
(9. CONFLICTING INTERESTS)
...That's all....
IF SOMEONE NEEDS A CUSTOM PPT PRESENTATION...FEEL FREE TO MESSAGE US ON WHATSAPP (+923104826711)
....Thank you.
Created by Larry Treadwell. You can find the accompanying video on the library's tutorials page: http://www.stu.edu/lib/Research/CitationStyleManuals/Tutorials/tabid/3872/Default.aspx
32 rcm.org.ukmidwivesTh e latest step-by-step practical g.docxtamicawaysmith
32 rcm.org.uk/midwives
Th e latest step-by-step practical guide...
PRACTICE
32
Write a
research
proposal
HOW TO...
Valerie Finigan
covers all aspects
of what a research
proposal needs to
include and where to
begin when writing it.
Writing a research proposal may be the most challenging part of the research
process – the document must
systematically recommend how
your study will be conducted
(Hollins-Martin and Flemming,
2010). It is the key to gaining ethical
approval, grant application success
and academic qualifi cation.
Yet the question is often asked:
‘What will a research proposal
contain and what should it look like?’
First of all, it is important that you
are passionate about the research
topic, have a vested interest in it, and
that it will add to the profession’s
body of scientifi c knowledge.
Discuss your idea with an
experienced researcher too, prior
to starting your proposal.
Th e proposals must be succinctly
written and clearly chronicle facts,
it must craft a convincing line of
reasoning and an argument for study
approval (Marshall, 2012).
Ask the questions:
1. What is the research about?
2. Why is it important?
3. What is the process that will be
taken to accomplish project goals
and objectives?
4. What will the project cost?
5. Who is the best person to conduct
this study? (Marshall, 2012).
Simple steps to follow:
1 Read the criteria for your proposal
If a format for writing is
given, use it. Check grammar, word
count and remember format and
brevity are important (12-point font,
legible and with a generous margin
will make the proposal easier to
read and comment on) to keep the
reviewer more engaged. Find a peer
or colleague to proofread the proposal
before submission, they may fi nd a
fl aw that you have overlooked. Submit
on time, or the work may be declined.
2 Underpin the study with a
research question
Th is enables you to choose the title
and design for your project and
identify the appropriate methodology
to answer the question of interest.
While the idea of the subject may be
in your mind, the question must be
focused and manageable to enable you
a purposeful and planned approach.
Th e title you choose for the
study should be used consistently
throughout all regulatory documents
(ethical approval consideration,
proposal and any grant applications).
Th e title needs to draw the attention
of the reviewer, so make it succinct
and exciting.
3 The abstractA brief description of your
research proposal, the
abstract should be a summary of the
entire project. It includes a statement
of the purpose of your research and
a brief description of its study design
and methodology.
4 Introduction sectionWithin the introduction
you should include some
background information about your
topic that is appropriate and to the
point. Here you convey the main
032-033_MID_summer OPINION_Practice_How_to v2.indd 32032-033_MID_summer OPINION_Practic ...
A framework for the analysis of interview data from multiple field research s...Afzaal Ali
Anne Lillis is a Professor of Management Accounting and Head Department of Accounting and Finance, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Case Study: Business Management School at the Turkish Republic of North Cypru...journal ijrtem
Abstract : The global mega-trends as the case in the Business Management School (BMS) at Turkish Republic of North Cyprus (TRNC) are leading to increase the levels of their school, dynamism and uncertainty in the corporate environment and outside the country. In an uncertain economy, the BMS needs effective strategies that will enable it to prosper. Traditional leadership approaches have been recognized insufficient by the rapid changes in the knowledge economy. This business need to practice systemic innovation in this fast-changing, knowledge-driven global business landscape in order to remain competitive with the available Universities and Colleges. Strategic administration is random to the span of the association, however will probably happen in a violent business environment. Item separation and cost administration were additionally straightforwardly connected to vital authority. Finally, this study affirmed that viable vital administration practices could help business associations in BMS to upgrade their execution while contending in disorderly and cracked situations. Estimation instruments have additionally been produced, which might be utilized by administrators, experts and different specialists to quantify these marvels in future. Keywords: Strategic, Thinking, Planning, Disorder, Knowledge, TRNC, Leadership
This the paper thatS DUEAction Research Proposal Research .docxdivinapavey
This the paper that'S DUE
Action Research Proposal: Research Method
Due Date:
Mar 22, 2015 23:59:59
Max Points:
160
Details:
Select the population and sample that is the focus of the action research project.
Describe the method of research to be applied and why it is most appropriate for the study. Describe the population, the sample, and how you intend to gather data to address the research problem.
Develop a research instrument that will be used to collect data from the sample population.
For help with questionnaires, view “PSC 495: Questionnaire Examples.”
THIIS IS THE PROPOSAL ALREADY WRITTEN
Synopsis of the Problem
In the recent past, a number of organizations have been adversely affected by the turnover rates that have been increasing progressively as from 2009. This has witnessed an increment in the number of organizations closing shop from approximately 1.8 million to more than 2 million between 2009 and 2012
(Larson, Lakin, & Bruininks, 1998)
. Aspects that include workforce recruitment and training costs, team dynamics and time restrictions in discovering and hiring newer talents have been adversely affected by the increase in worker turnover rates and have resulted in increment in expenditures. The unconstructive effects of the elevated employee turnover rates , therefore, informs the study on why the workers opt to desert they jobs even as organizational administrators strive to enhance the employee retention rates through increment in salaries and establishment of more favorable work milieus.
Statement of Purpose
This paper is therefore, written with the objective of analyzing the effect of various aspects, for instance, increased employee turnover rates, on the organization as well as their contribution to the increasing rates of employees opting to desert their jobs.
Description of the Action Research Project
This study will make use of two key research methodologies, namely; qualitative and quantitative research methodologies
(Barton, 2006)
. Given that the two methods facilitates the acknowledgement of rationale behind the increment in dissertation rates in addition to giving insight on how organization suffering from reduced employee retention rates function.
Reasons for the Proposal
Studies on the factors affecting employee retention and impacts of increased turnover rates have indicated that managers in organizations that have been acquired by another tend to dessert their jobs as a consequence of not being offered an opportunity and ample time to align to the novel organization
(Allen & Bryant, 2012)
. Additionally, workers tend to desert their jobs as a consequence of lack of faith owing to instability experienced by the mangers leaving their positions. This, therefore, leads to the question of what factors inform the managers’ decision to leave their current employment following acquisitions and mergers and how this can be averted.
Some of the notable reasons behind desertion of jobs as noted b.
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Assignment on Research Methodology.
Research Methodology Essay
Title of ProjectImpact of home working on employee motivation. FTakishaPeck109
Title of Project
Impact of home working on employee motivation. Focus on the UK construction industry.
Name of Researcher
SECTION A
YES
NO
N/A
1
Will you describe the main research procedure to participants in advance, so that they are informed what to expect?
·
2
Will you tell participants that their participation is voluntary?
·
3
Will you obtain consent from participants?
·
4
If the research is observational, will you ask participants for their consent to being observed.
·
5
Will you tell participants that they may withdraw from the research at any time and for any reason?
·
6
With questionnaires/interviews, will you give participants the option of omitting questions they do not want to answer?
·
7
Will you tell participants that their data will be treated with full confidentiality and that, if published, it should not be identifiable as theirs?
·
If you have ticked No to any of questions 1-7, then your project is NOT low risk
8
Will your project involve deliberately misleading participants in any way?
·
9
Is there any realistic risk of any participants experiencing either physical or psychological distress or discomfort?
·
10
Will it be possible to link identities or trace information back to individual participants in any way?
·
11
Will the study involve discussion of sensitive topics (e.g. sexual activity, drug use, ethnicity, political behaviour, potentially illegal activities)?
·
12
Will financial inducements (other than reasonable expenses, compensation for time or a lottery / draw ticket) be offered to participants?
·
If you have ticked Yes to questions 8-12, then your project is NOT low risk
YES
NO
N/A
13
Does your project involve work with animals?
·
14
Do participants fall into any of the following special groups?
If they do, please outline on page 2 how you will take account of their needs.
Note that you may also need to obtain satisfactory Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) clearance
YES
NO
N/A
a) School Children?
·
b) People with learning or communication difficulties
·
c) Patients
·
d) People in custody
·
e) People engaged in illegal activities (e.g. drug-taking)
·
SECTION B
Please provide full details of your project below
(if insufficient detail is provided and the precise nature of the study is not clear your supervisor will NOT approve the project and your form will be returned)
State the aims and objectives of this research:
Research Aim
To investigate the impact of home working on employee motivation in the UK construction industry.
Research Objectives
· To explore literatures on the concept of home working and its effect on the level of employee motivation.
· To examine using questionnaires challenges of home working and its impact on employee motivation.
· To study the participants, view on the context of homeworking from the data collected from a range of quantitative data sets.
· To offer sensible recommendations on the merits and d ...
What is research?
Why managers should know about research?
Business research.
Types of business research.
Managers and research.
The manager and the consultant researcher
2. Standard Format for a Thesis
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Chapter 3: Research Methods
Chapter 4: Findings & Discussions
Chapter 5: Conclusions, Limitations &
Future Research
Note:
Refer to the PhD format to be discussed in the
class
3. Research Writing (publication)
Introduction- summary of the whole paper
Literature review (including conceptual & theoretical
frameworks)
Problem statement
Research question
Research objectives
Research Hypotheses
Research methods (including research design) –population,
operationalization of research, instruments, reliability,
validity, procedures for data analysis)
Research Findings & Discussions-highlights new discovery
Conclusions, limitations & future research
5. Step 1: Establish the Need for Research:
Why are you interested to
undertake the research?
Is there a specific issue or problem
you try to solve?
6. Step 2: Define the Problem
(problem statement)
This is the most important step
Determine the issue/problem
Problems may be either specific or general.
Problems stem from gaps between what is
supposed to happen and what did happen
and gaps between what did happen and
what could be happening.
What are the consequences/implications of
the problem(s)?
If the problem is incorrectly defined, all else is
wasted effort.
7. The problem statement describes the
central issue of the paper and persuades
the reader to continue reading the
paper.
Formulating a strong, clear problem
statement often represents the first step in
research.
8. How to Develop a Problem
Statement
Step 1: Describe the issue.
For example, if you are studying the
effectiveness of audit committee in
protecting the interest of shareholders,
briefly describe the current corporate
governance (fraud)/corporate crime
environment and statistics of fraud
(internationally and nationally)
9. Step 2: Clarify why the issue is important.
Using the same topic as an example, explaining
information about the current corporate governance
(fraud) environment and statistics of corporate crime
could clarify why effective audit committee could
contribute to safeguarding of shareholder interests. In
general, consider issues that affect a large population,
have serious impacts on a population/company/nation
or extend or challenge existing knowledge. For
example, studying the effectiveness of audit
committee in protecting the interests of company’s
shareholders is more important than ever due to several
large corporate scandals
(ENRON/WORLDCOM/SATYAM/BARRING BANK).
Really need to make sure the reader understands why
the issue matters
10. Step 3: Explain your proposed methodology
Explain how you will conduct or synthesize
research (research operationalization).
Include or clarify which variables you will
study and how you will measure them. For
example, an article about corporate fraud
might include tracking the frequency of
corporate crime etc.
11. Step 5: Sum up your research project in a
concise question that mentions the
independent variable (the factor you change)
and the dependent variable (the effect you will
measure).
For example: “How effective is the audit
committee in protecting the interests of the
company’s shareholders?
This question can often serve as your title as
well.
12. Example of Problem Statement 1
More people are seeking for diagnostic procedures. In order to provide
excellent patient care at a minimal cost, ABC Hospital needs diagnostic
procedures that are safe, efficient, and accurate. In addition, the
procedures should not be overly painful for the patient. Currently, the
hospital's main diagnostic tools are CAT scans and spinal taps. However,
the CAT scan fails to make clear diagnoses 60% of the time. When the
CAT scan fails, doctors must resort to the spinal taps. While the spinal
tabs are accurate, this procedure is very painful and sometimes
dangerous for the patient. If ABC Hospital continues to do the two
procedures, they will not only be wasting time and money (resources),
which jeopardizes their overall efficiency and earning potential. An
undue suffering could lead patients to choose another hospital with
more advanced facilities. Given this, a new diagnostic technique,
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) may surpass the CAT scan in
accuracy and reduce the need to resort to the spinal tabs. Hence, there
is an urgent need to research the feasibility of establishing an NMR lab at
ABC hospital. This research will investigate the accuracy, efficiency, and
safety of NMR as well as implementation issues.
13. Example of Problem Statement 2
In pursuit of socio-economic growth, the Malaysian government has
established a number of large government-linked companies (GLCs) since
the 1970s especially after the announcement of the New Economic Policy
(NEP). Although over the years the growth of GLCs has been phenomenal in
terms of investment, production, revenue and range of activities and they
constitute a significant part of the economic structure of the nation
(Putrajaya Committee on GLC High Performance, 2005), however, based on
several reports and publications concerning GLCs by PCG in 2005 and 2006
respectively and a recent study on state-owned enterprises in Malaysia
(Entebang, Puah & Abu Mansor, 2006) reveal that most GLCs have not
performed well. In view of the present performance of GLCs and their
strategic role in nation building (Putrajaya Committee on GLC High
Performance, 2006), GLCs need to be more entrepreneurial. In fact, scholars
have consistently found that the practice of corporate entrepreneurship and
the application of strategic entrepreneurial orientation in established
organisations appear to enhance organisational performance. Therefore,
this research seeks to investigate the extent to which EO affects CE
performance in GLCs and how this relationship will be influenced by internal
and external organisational factors.
14. Step 3: Establish the research
question
The research question is an organizing element for
the topic under study. It focuses your investigation
into a narrow topic area and guides every aspect of
the research project, including the literature search,
the design of the study, data collection, data
analysis, interpretation of results, and even the
direction of the discussion.
The research question responds to the inquiry What
do I want to know about by my topic?
A research question can also help identify the study's
methodology as qualitative or quantitative
15. Example of research question
Given the existing internal organisational and
external environmental factors in GLCs as well
as the present performance of GLCs in
Malaysia, the central question of the thesis is:
(1) to what extent does the entrepreneurial
orientation (EO) of GLCs contributes to their
entrepreneurial/CE performance i.e.
innovation, strategic renewal, and corporate
venturing activities and, (2) the extent to
which this relationship will be moderated by
organisational internal and external factors.
16. Step 4: Establish Objectives
Research objectives, when achieved,
provide the information necessary to
solve the problem identified in step 3.
Research objectives state what the
researchers must do (undertake).
17. Example of research objectives
Based on the proposed research question
of the thesis, the primary goal is to
investigate the unique relationships
between entrepreneurial orientation and
corporate entrepreneurship performance
as well as to determine the moderating
impact of organisational internal and
external factors on this relationship in
GLCs. In particular, this research attempts:
18. 1. to review and analyse the research on corporate entrepreneurship and its related
fields as well as the theoretical approaches applicable to the study
2. to conceptualise the specific elements of organisational entrepreneurial orientation,
corporate entrepreneurship activities and organisational internal and external factors
3. to generate a set of empirically testable hypothesis linking existing organisational
factors, environmental factors, entrepreneurial orientation, and entrepreneurial
activities in GLCs
4. to conceptualise, determine and develop the theoretical constructs, designing the
research instrument, identifying a suitable sample, designing and carrying out the
data collection and developing a new conceptual framework for corporate
entrepreneurship within the business environment of GLCs
5. to examine and determine the extent to which EO of an organisation is associated
with its entrepreneurial activities in GLCs using quantitative methods to statistically test
the proposed hypotheses. This is further supplemented by the results/findings obtained
from the semi-structured interview
6. to assess the extent to which the internal and external organisational factors
moderate the relationship between the EO and CE performance
7. to present conclusions regarding the significance, reliability, and validity of the results
of the study, to discuss the theoretical, empirical, and practical implications of the
findings, and to present suggestions for future research
19. Research Hypotheses
In order to achieve the proposed objectives of this research, the
following hypotheses are developed for testing;
H1 That EO will be positively associated with innovation performance in GLCs
H2 That EO will be positively associated with strategic renewal performance in GLCs
H3 That EO will be positively associated with corporate venturing performance in GLCs
H4 That internal CE factors will moderate the relationship between EO and innovation
performance in GLCs
H5 That internal CE factors will moderate the relationship between EO and strategic renewal
performance in GLCs
H6 That internal CE factors will moderate the relationship between EO and corporate venturing
performance in GLCs
H7 That external CE factors will moderate the relationship between EO and innovation
performance in GLCs.
H8 That external CE factors will moderate the relationship between EO and strategic renewal
performance in GLCs
H9 That external CE factors will moderate the relationship between EO and corporate venturing
performance in GLCs
20. Step 5: Determine
Research Design
Exploratory Research: collecting
information in an unstructured and
informal manner.
Descriptive Research refers to a set of
methods and procedures describing
research variables.
Causal Research (experiments): allows
isolation of causes and effects.
21. Step 6: Identify Information
Types and Sources
Primary information: information
collected specifically for the
problem at hand
Secondary information: information
already collected
22. Step 7: Determine Methods of
Accessing Data
Secondary data is relatively easy to
access; primary data is more complex.
Methods of
accessing data vary
around the globe
23. Step 7: Determine Methods of
Accessing Data
Three main choices for primary data:
Have a person ask questions
Use computer-assisted or
direct questioning
Allow respondents to answer
questions themselves without
computer assistance
24. Step 8: Design Data
Collection Forms
Questionnaire must be worded
objectively, clearly, and
without bias in order to
communicate with
respondents.
25. Step 9: Determine Sample
Plan and Size
Sample plan refers to the process used to
select units from the population to be
included in the sample. Gives you
representativeness!
Sample size refers to determining how
many elements of the population should
be included in the sample. Gives you
accuracy!
26. Step 10: Collect Data
Data collection is very important because,
regardless of the data analysis methods used,
data analysis cannot fix bad data.
Nonsampling errors may occur during data
collection.
Data collection errors may be attributed to
field workers or respondents.
Researchers must know the sources of these
errors and the controls to minimize them.
27. Step 11: Analyze Data
Data analysis involves entering data into
computer files, inspecting data for errors,
and running tabulations and various
statistical tests.
28. Datacleaning is a process by which raw
data are checked to verify that the data
have been correctly inputted from the
data collection form to the computer
software program.
29. Step 12: Prepare and Present
the Final Research Report
Thelast step is one of the most important
phases of any research.
Check the format used
Check the reference style