The document provides an overview of geography, defining it as the study of the Earth and its features, including cultural and physical phenomena. It outlines key themes such as location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, and region, while also discussing various traditions and tools used in geography, including maps, globes, and GIS. Overall, it emphasizes the importance of these concepts and tools for understanding spatial relationships and environmental impacts.

1. INTRODUCTION
GEOGRAPHY
Dr. Hafiz Kosar

2. MAIN
TOPICS
What is Geography?
Definition of Geography
Themes of Geography
Traditions of Geography
Tools of Geography

3. WHAT IS
GEOGRAPHY?
The word geography comes from two
GREEK words.
GEO = EARTH
GRAPHY = TO WRITE ABOUT SOMETHING.
Thus GEO + GRAPHY literally means "to
write about the Earth."
The American Heritage dictionary
defines geography as "the study of the
earth and its features, inhabitants, and
phenomena."

4. 2.DEFINITION OF GEO-
GRAPHY
Geography is the science of spatial
variation of cultural and physical
phenomena over the globe is called
geography.
With aspects of physical as well as social
science, is the study of the features of the
Earth's surface and of their relationships to
each other and to mankind is calle
geography.

5. THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY
Location – Location pertains to a place or position. The
instruction of geography usually begins with location.
Location can be two kinds: absolute location and relative
location. Absolute location is defined using its exact
address (latitude or longitude). Relative location
describes where a place is in relation to other locations.
Place – Place pertains to the physical and human attributes
or characteristics of a location. This concept allows us to
compare and contrast two places on Earth. The “place”
theme of geography illustrates clear image of a place in the
minds of the learners.
Human-Environment Interaction – In terms of the species
that inhabit the earth, no other species has left more of an
indelible mark than humans. The way that we have
adapted to the earth has allowed us to reign supreme over
the environment and other animals.
Movement – As humans, we move people,
goods, and ideas across the planet at will.
The theme of movement examines this
and is one of the most essential parts of
geographical exploration. It deals with the
examination of immigration, emigration,
populations, and distribution in the regions
and countries of the world.
Region: A region is an area of earth with a
unifying attribute, including formal,
functional, and vernacular regions, which
can be broken down into metropolitan
cities, districts, provinces, countries, and
continents.

6. TRADITIONS OF
GEOGRAPHY
1.An earth-science tradition, physical
(natural) geography; Physical
geography, descriptions according to
place, atmosphere, biosphere, geology.“
Study of the earth as a home to humans”
12. A man-land tradition; relationship between
human societies and natural environments. Human
impact on nature, impact of nature on humans,
perception of environment, environmentalism
Population, Cultural and Political Geography
A spatial-tradition, spatial unifying theme,
similar patterns between physical & human
geography includes: boundaries, densities,
movement, transportation, spatial patterns of
development, uniqueness of place, central place
theory
1.An area-studies tradition - regional
geography, Nature of places, character, regions,
areas, international relationships, regional
differentiation

7. Geographers use all sorts of tools to help them investigate
their questions. They commonly use maps, globes,
atlases, aerial photographs, satellite photographs,
information graphics, and a computer program called GIS.
TOOLS OF GEOGRAPHY
A map is a flat representation of a part of Earth.
Geographers use many different types of maps. Maps can
show lots of different information including the location of
places on the world. Maps use projection to try and display
a round object (Earth) on a flat surface (a map).
Cartographers (map-makers) have long struggled with
trying to find the most accurate projection to make maps
with.
MAP

8. ATLAS
An atlas is a book of maps. An atlas contains maps of the
world or a region of the world. Some atlases also include
more information about the places they include in the
maps. Atlases can be very helpful for traveling. Instead of
brining many maps, you can bring one atlas

9. GLOBE
A globe is a model of the Earth, used to
avoid distortions in spatial relations on
the world. Maps of the world are distorted
from trying to make a round object fit on
a flat surface. The globe is round, so it
remains accurate. The globe provides an
accurate scale of how far apart locations
are. You can also use a globe to get a
comparison of the size of different
locations.

10. AERIAL
PHOTOGRAPHS
Aerial photographs are
photographs taken from the sky
and used to take measurements
or create maps. Aerial
photographs can be taken from
airplanes, balloons, or even kites.

11. SATELLITE
PHOTOGRAPHS
Satellite photographs are like
aerial photographs, but they are
taken from space. Satellite
photographs can capture large
areas of the Earth, but they can
also zoom in pretty close.

12. INFORMATION GRAPHICS
Information Graphics are
visual symbols of data,
ranging from simple bar
graphs to complex images.
The infographic on the left
shows land cover change in
the Mid-Atlantic between
1996-2006, showing
decreased forests and
wetlands, and increased
developments.

13. GIS (GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION SYSTEM)
GIS is a computer-based
program used for data
storage, management, and
analysis. It aids geographers
in making decisions, such as
ensuring schools are not
near polluting factories. GIS
maps provide a
comprehensive view of
information related to
locations, aiding in decision-
making.

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