The document outlines the course objectives and outcomes for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), detailing methodologies for assessing the environmental and social impacts of development projects. It covers the evolution of EIA in India, including legislative frameworks, types of projects subject to EIA, and guidelines for conducting assessments. It also highlights the stages of EIA, the necessary components to address during assessments, and the benefits of implementing EIA processes.

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OCE751 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
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Agenda
 Course Objective
 Course Outcomes
 Overview of Syllabus
 Evolution of Environmental Impact Assessment
 EIA
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content/uploads/2019/08/06103047/agenda-810x540.jpg

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To impart the knowledge and skills to identify, assess and mitigate the
environmental and social impacts of developmental projects.
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COURSE OBJECTIVE
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puzzle.JPG

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• Carry out scoping and screening of developmental projects for
environmental and social assessments
• Explain different methodologies for environmental impact prediction and
assessment
• Plan environmental impact assessments and environmental management
plans
• Evaluate environmental impact assessment reports
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COURSE OUTCOMES
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Impacts of Development on Environment – Rio Principles of
Sustainable Development- Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) – Objectives – Historical development – EIA Types –
EIA in project cycle –EIA Notification and Legal Framework.
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UNIT – 1 INTRODUCTION

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Screening and Scoping in EIA – Drafting of Terms of
Reference, Baseline monitoring, Prediction and Assessment of
Impact on land, water, air, noise, flora and fauna - Matrices –
Networks – Checklist Methods - Mathematical models for
Impact prediction.
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UNIT – 2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

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Plan for mitigation of adverse impact on water, air and land,
water, energy, flora and fauna – Environmental Monitoring
Plan – EIA Report Preparation – Public Hearing-
Environmental Clearance
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UNIT – 3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

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Baseline monitoring of Socio economic environment –
Identification of Project Affected Personal – Rehabilitation
and Resettlement Plan- Economic valuation of Environmental
impacts – Cost benefit Analysis
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UNIT – 4 SOCIO ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

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EIA case studies pertaining to Infrastructure Projects – Roads
and Bridges – Mass Rapid Transport Systems - Airports -
Dams and Irrigation projects - Power plants.
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UNIT – 5 CASE STUDIES

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process of evaluating the
likely environmental impacts of a proposed project or development,
taking into account inter-related socio-economic, cultural and human-
health impacts, both beneficial and adverse.
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Definition of EIA

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Tool to identify environmental, social and economic impacts of a project
prior to decision making.
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Definition as per UNEP
https://www.unenvironment.org/

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The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was signed into law on
January 1, 1970. NEPA requires federal agencies to assess the
environmental effects of their proposed actions prior to making
decisions. The range of actions covered by NEPA is broad and includes:
• Making decisions on permit applications,
• Adopting federal land management actions, and
• Constructing highways and other publicly-owned facilities.
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National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
To date, more than 100
nations around the world have
enacted national environmental
policies modeled after NEPA

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It started in 1976-77 when the Planning Commission asked the DST to examine the
river-valley projects* from an environmental angle. This was subsequently extended
to cover those projects, which required the approval of the Public Investment Board.
Till 1994, environmental clearance from the Central Government was an administrative
decision and lacked legislative support.
On 27 January 1994, the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests (MEF),
Government of India, under the Environmental (Protection) Act 1986, promulgated
an EIA notification making Environmental Clearance (EC) mandatory for
expansion or modernization of any activity or for setting up new projects listed in
Schedule 1 of the notification. Since then there have been 12 amendments made in the
EIA notification of 1994.
The MoEF recently notified new EIA legislation in September 2006. The notification
makes it mandatory for various projects such as mining, thermal power plants, river
valley, infrastructure (road, highway, ports, harbours and airports) and industries
including very small electroplating or foundry units to get environment clearance (EC).
Certain activities permissible under the Coastal Regulation Zone Act, 1991 also require
similar clearance.
*-designed for the development of irrigation for agriculture and electricity through the construction of dams
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Evolution of EIA in India

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1. Which can significantly alter the landscape, land use pattern & lead to
concentration of working population.
2. Which need upstream development* activity like assured mineral and forest
products supply.
3. Which need downstream* industrial process development
4. Those involving manufacture, handling and use of hazardous materials
5. Those sites near ecologically sensitive areas, urban centers, hill resorts,
places of scientific and religious importance.
6. Industrial estates which could cumulatively cause significant environmental
damage.
* - Upstream refers to the material inputs needed for production, while downstream is the
opposite end, where products get produced and distributed.
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Which Project falls under EIA???

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Landscape Land use pattern
Hazardous materials Ecologically Sensitive Areas

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Hill resorts Places of Religious Importance
Industrial Estates Ramsar sites

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A Ramsar site is a wetland site designated to be of international importance under
the Ramsar Convention. Ramsar Convention, is an intergovernmental environmental
treaty established in 1971 by UNESCO, which came into force in 1975. It is named
after the city of Ramsar in Iran, where the Convention was signed in 1971.
Wetland:
A wetland is a place where the land is covered by water, either salt, fresh or somewhere
in between. Marshes and ponds, the edge of a lake or ocean, the delta at the mouth of a
river, low-lying areas that frequently flood
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Ramsar site

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As of February 2020 there are 37 recognized Ramsar sites in India. Some of
the ramsar sites in India are given below:
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Ramsar sites in India
Sundarban Wetland – West Bengal Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary –
Tamil Nadu
Bhitarkanika National Park - Odisha Keoladeo National Park - Rajasthan

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The following are things to be addressed during the environmental impact
assessment. They are as follows:
 Meteorology and Air quality
 Hydrology and water quality
 Site and its surroundings
 Occupational safety and health
 Details of the treatment and disposal of effluents and methods of alternative
uses
 Transportation of raw materials and details of material handling
 Control equipment and measures proposed to be adopted
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What to address in EIA???

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The following are the stages involved in environmental impact assessment.
They are as follows:
1. Screening
2. Scoping
3. Assessment & Evaluation
4. Report: Non-Technical summary for the general audience
5. Review: Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
6. Decision making: Whether to approve projects (or) not
7. Monitoring, Compliance, Enforcement
8. Environmental Auditing
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Stages involved in EIA

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The following are some of the benefits of EIA. They are as follows:
1. Environmental benefits
2. Economic benefits
3. Reduced cost and time of project implementation and design
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Benefits of EIA

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