This document discusses constituent materials used in concrete, including cement, aggregates, and water. It describes different types of cement and their properties, as well as tests performed on cement. It also covers the classification, properties, and testing of aggregates according to BIS standards. Water quality requirements for use in concrete are also mentioned.

1. UNIT-I CONSTITUENT MATERIALS
Cement - Different types - Chemical composition and Properties –
Hydration of cement - Tests on cement - IS Specifications -
Aggregates – Classification - Mechanical properties and tests as per
BIS - Grading requirements – Water - Quality of water for use in
concrete.

2. Cement

3. Portland Cement
• Born: 25th December 1778 @ Leeds
• Died: 20th March 1855 @ Age of 76 – Wakefield
(U.K.)

4. How Joseph Aspdin invented Cement
While experimenting in his kitchen, Aspdin found
that by heating clay and limestone at a very high
temperature, then cooling, grinding and mixing it
with water he had created a particularly strong
cement.

5. Top 10 Cement producing Countries
• China
• India
• USA
• Russia
• Vietnam
• Brazil
• Turkey
• Iran
• Indonesia
• Saudi Arabia

6. Top 12 Largest Cement Companies in India
• Ultratech Cement
• Ambuja Cement
• ACC Cement
• Shree Cement
• Ramco Cement
• Binani Cement
• Birla Cement
• India Cement
• Burnpur Cement
• JP Cement
• JK Cement
• Durgaguard Cement

7. Top 10 Cement Producers
1. Lafarge Holcim (Switzerland)
2. Heidelberg Cement (Germany)
3. Cemex (Mexico)
4. Ultratech Cement (India)
5. Votorantim (Brazil)
6. Intercement (Brazil)
7. CRH (Ireland)
8. Buzzi Unicem (Italy)
9. Eurocement (Russia)
10.Dangote Cement (Nigeria)

9. Raw Materials

11. Jaw Crusher

12. Stacker and Reclaimer

13. Manufacture Process of Cement
The manufacture procedures of Portland cement is
described below.
• Mixing of raw material
• Burning
• Grinding
• Storage and packaging

14. Rotary Kiln

15. Wet Process

16. Dry Process

17. Comparison of dry process and wet process
of Cement Manufacture

18. Types of Cement
1. ASTM Classification
2. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
a) Ordinary Portland Cement 33 Grade – IS269:1989
b) Ordinary Portland Cement 43 Grade – IS8112:1989
c) Ordinary Portland Cement 53 Grade – IS12269: 1987
3. Rapid Hardening Cement – IS8041:1990
4. Extra Rapid Hardening Cement - NA
5. Sulphate Resisting Cement – IS12330:1988
6. Portland Slag Cement – IS455:1989
7. Quick Setting Cement - NA
8. Super Sulphated Cement – IS6909:1990
9. Low Heat Cement – IS12600:1989

19. Types of Cement
10. Portland Pozzolana Cement – IS1489(Part I) 1991 – Fly Ash
IS1489(Part II) 1991 – Calcined clay
11. Air Entraining Cement – NA
12. Coloured Cement: White Cement – IS8042:1989
13.Hydrophobic Cement – IS8043:1991
14.Masonry Cement – IS3466:1988
15.Expansive Cement - NA
16.Oil Well Cement – IS8229:1986
17.Rediset Cement – NA
18.Concrete Sleeper grade cement – IRS-T 40:1985
19.High Alumina Cement – IS6452:1989
20.Very High Strength Cement - NA

20. ASTM Classification
• Type I
• Type II
• Type III
• Type IV
• Type V
• Type IP
• Type IA, IIA and IIIA
American Society for
Testing and Materials

21. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

22. Sulphate Resisting Cement
• To overcome the sulphate attack

23. Coloured Cement

24. White Cement

25. Ball Mill

27. Low Heat Cement

28. Masonry Cement

29. Oil Well Cement

30. Concrete sleeper grade cement

31. Setting & Hardening of Cement
'Setting' is used to describe the stiffening of the cement
paste. Setting of cement refers to changes of cement
paste from a fluid to rigid state.
'Hardening' refers to the gain of strength of a set
cement paste, although during setting the cement paste
acquires some strength.

32. Portland Slag Cement

33. Specific Surface Area

34. Air Entraining Cement

35. Composition of Cement

37. Physical Properties of Cement
Fineness of Cement
• The size of the particles of the cement is its fineness.
The required fineness of good cement is achieved
through grinding the clinker in the last step of
cement production process.
Soundness of Cement
• Soundness refers to the ability of cement to not
shrink upon hardening. Good quality cement retains
its volume after setting without delayed expansion,
which is caused by excessive free lime and
magnesia.

38. Physical Properties of Cement
Loss of Ignition
• Heating a cement sample at 900 - 1000°C (that is, until
a constant weight is obtained) causes weight loss. This
loss of weight upon heating is calculated as loss of
ignition.
Specific Gravity (Relative Density)
Specific gravity is generally used in mixture proportioning
calculations. Portland cement has a specific gravity of
3.15, but other types of cement (for example, portland-
blast-furnace-slag and portland-pozzolana cement) may
have specific gravities of about 2.90.

39. Chemical Properties of Cement
Tri calcium aluminate (C3A)
• Low content of C3A makes the cement sulfate-resistant.
Gypsum reduces the hydration of C3A, which liberates a lot of
heat in the early stages of hydration. C3A does not provide any
more than a little amount of strength.
Tri calcium silicate (C3S)
• C3S causes rapid hydration as well as hardening and is
responsible for the cement’s early strength gain an initial
setting.
Iron oxide/ Ferric oxide
• Aside from adding strength and hardness, iron oxide or ferric
oxide is mainly responsible for the color of the cement.

40. Chemical Properties of Cement
Di calcium silicate (C2S)
• As opposed to tri calcium silicate, which helps early
strength gain, di calcium silicate in cement helps the
strength gain after one week.
Tetra calcium alumino ferrite (C4AF)
• It reduces the melting temperature of the raw materials
in the kiln from 3,000°F to 2,600°F. Though it hydrates
rapidly, it does not contribute much to the strength of
the cement.
Sulphur trioxide
• Sulphur trioxide in excess amount can make cement
unsound.

41. Chemical Properties of Cement
Magnesia (MgO)
• An excess amount of magnesia may make the cement unsound
and expansive, but a little amount of it can add strength to the
cement.
Alkalis
• The amounts of potassium oxide (K2O) and sodium oxide
(Na2O) determine the alkali content of the cement. Cement
containing large amounts of alkali can cause some difficulty in
regulating the setting time of cement.
Alumina
• Cement containing high alumina has the ability to withstand
frigid temperatures since alumina is chemical-resistant. It also
quickens the setting but weakens the cement.

42. Tests on Cement
1.Field Testing
2.Laboratory Testing

43. Manufacturing Date on Cement Bag

44. Manufacturing Date on Cement Bag

45. Lumps in Cement

46. Lumps in Cement

47. Laboratory Testing
• Fineness test
• Setting time test
• Strength test
• Soundness test
• Heat of Hydration test
• Chemical composition test

48. Fineness test

49. Blaine Air Permeability Method

50. Vicat Apparatus

52. Soundness test

53. Soundness test

54. Strength test

55. Vibrating machine – Cement Mortar Cube

56. Standard Sand – Ennore Sand

57. Standard Sand – Ennore Sand

58. Indian Standard – Code books – Tests for Cement

59. Indian Standard – Code books – Tests for Cement

60. Indian Standard – Code books – Tests for Cement

61. Test Certificate of Cement

62. National Council for Cement and
Building Materials

63. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

64. Bogue Compounds

65. Hydration of Cement

66. Schematic illustration of the pores in
calcium silicate through different stages of
hydration.
a. Hydration has not yet occurred and the pores (empty spaces between
grains) are filled with water
b. Beginning of hydration
c. Hydration continues. Although empty spaces still exist, they are filled
with water and calcium hydroxide
d. Nearly hardened cement paste

67. Stages of Hydration of Cement

68. Heat of Hydration Apparatus

69. Lechatelier apparatus – Density - Cement

70. Soundness of Cement By Autoclave
Method

71. Robert Herman Bogue

72. Bogue Compounds
Tri-Calcium Silicate (C3S)
• Tri calcium silicate promotes cement to hydrate quickly and makes more
strength at early stages. Tri calcium silicate have a high heat of hydration
• eg-Rapid Hardening cement
Di-Calcium Silicate (C2S)
• Di calcium silicate strengthens the concrete from 7 days to 1 year.
• They have less heat of hydration
• eg: Low heat cement
Tri-Calcium Aluminate (C3A)
• Tri calcium aluminate has a small contribution to the strength of first 24
hours and they have a high heat of hydration.
Tetra Calcium Alumino Ferrate (C4AF)
• Very low contribution to Strength,
• Control setting time and Impart color to cement

73. Aggregate

74. Study of Aggregates1. Classification
2. Source
3. Size
4. Shape
5. Texture
6. Strength
7. Specific gravity and bulk density
8. Moisture content
9. Bulking factor
10. Cleanliness
11. Soundness
12. Chemical properties
13. Thermal properties
14. Durability
15. Sieve analysis
16. Grading

75. Classification
• Normal weight aggregate
Natural aggregate
Artificial aggregate
–Light weight aggregate
–Heavy weight aggregate

77. NaturalandArtificialNormalWeightAggregate

78. Source
• Igneous rocks
• Sedimentary rocks
• Metamorphic rocks

79. Size of aggregate
• Thickness of section
• Spacing of reinforcement
• Clear Cover
• Mixing, handling and placing techniques

80. Shape of Aggregate
1. Rounded Aggregate
2. Irregular or partly rounded aggregate
3. Angular aggregate
4. Flaky aggregate
5. Elongated aggregate
6. Flaky and elongated aggregate

82. Fine Aggregate

83. Aggregate Crushing Strength Test

84. Aggregate Impact Test

85. Los Angeles Abrasion Test

86. Aggregate Abrasion Value – Gradation

87. Deval Attrition Test

88. Dorry Abrasion Test

89. Specific gravity of Aggregate

90. Bulk Density of Aggregate

91. Bulk Density Comparison of Aggregate

92. Moisture content of Aggregate

93. Bulking of Aggregate

94. Calcium Carbide Method

95. Conditions for AAR

96. Reaction of Alkali Aggregate in
Concrete

97. Alkali Silicate Reaction (ASR)

98. Grading of Aggregate

99. Grading of Fine Aggregate

100. Sieve Shaker

101. Flakiness Index Gauge

102. Elongation Index Gauge

103. Dimensions of Length and Thickness
Gauge

104. Sedimentation Pipette Analysis – Clay,
Fine slit and fine dust content

105. Indian Standard for Aggregates

106. Indian Standard Methods of Test for
Aggregates for Concrete (IS2386-1963)

107. Effect of W/C Ratio

108. Brackish Water

109. Efflorescence on Concrete Floor

110. Dampness

111. Algae on Concrete

112. Water Quality Tests for Concrete
Construction
1. pH value test
2. Limits of Acidity test
3. Limits of Alkalinity test
4. Percentage of solids
1. Chlorides
2. Suspended matter
3. Sulphates
4. Inorganic solids
5. Organic solids

114. Algae in Water

115. Concrete in Sea water