The document explores the relationship between language interpretation and knowledge, emphasizing the importance of cohesion and coherence within texts. It discusses various aspects of conversation, including turn-taking, conversational maxims, and the role of context in understanding speech. Additionally, it defines key concepts such as implicature, schemas, and scripts that influence how we understand and create meaning in communication.

1. By:
Sri Wahyuni T.
Risa Rachmawati
Siti Nurjanah

2. The study of language in text and conversation

3. The interpretation of text is not only based on the
structure of the text itself, but also based on our
knowledge of the language itself.
Example:
“My natal was in small town, very close to Riyadh
capital of Saudi Arabia. The name of this Almasani that
means in English Factories.”

4. Cohesion Coherence Speech Events

5. • Cohesion is the connection within a discourse which is brought by
internal factors in language.
• It is also the ties or connections that exist within text.
• An appropriate number of cohesive ties may be a crucial factor in our
judgements wether something is well-written or not.
Example:
My father once bought a Lincoln convertible.
He did it by saving every penny he could.
That car would be worth a fortune
nowadays. However, he sold it to help pay
my college education. Sometimes, I think I’d
rather have the convertible.

6. The key to the concept of “coherence” is not
something that exists in words or structure, but
something that exists in people.
Example:
Her : That’s the telephone.
Him : I’m in the bath.
Her : O.K.
Explanation:
She makes a request of him to perform
action
He states reason why he cannot comply
with the request
She undertakes to perform action

7. The interpretation of
speech is depend on
the situations the
speech are occurred,
the speaker, the
hearer, and the
relationship between
speaker and hearer.
Example:
(Two great friends are joking
around while they are
enjoying a lunch)
Sri : Ana, you are such an
ass! (laughing)
Ana : Well, thank you.
(laughing)

8. Conversation :
/kɒnvəˈseɪʃ(ə)n/
A talk, especially an informal one,
between two or more people, in
which news and ideas are
exchanged (Oxford Dictionaries)
❶ Only one person speaks at a time
and there tends to be an avoidance of
silence between speaking turns.
❷ If more than one participant tries to
talk at the same time, one of them
usually stops.
❸ For most part, participants will wait
until one speaker indicates that he or
she has finished, usually by signaling a
completion point.
❹ A completion point is usually marked
in number of ways: by asking a
question, by pausing at the end of a
complete syntactic structure.
❺ The other participants can indicate
that they want to take the speaking turn;
by starting to make a short sounds while
the speaker is talking, and often use
body shift or facial expressions to signal
that they have something to say.
In simple part, English
conversation can be described as
an activity in which, for the most
part, two or more people take
turns at speaking.

9. ᴥ Rudeness
If one speaker cuts in on
another speaker.
ᴥ Shyness
If one speaker keeps waiting for
an opportunity to take a turn and no
one seems to occur
ᴥ Filled Pause
This strategy is usually used
when we are in a situation where
we have to work out what we are
trying to say while actually saying it.
→ Turn talking is a
situation where two
or more people
take turns to say
what they want to
say in a
conversation

10. • The Quantity Maxim : make
your contribution as informative
as is required, but not more, or
less, than is required.
• The Quality Maxim : do not say
that which you believe to be
false or which you lack
adequate evidence.
• The Relation Maxim : be
relevant.
• The Manner Maxim : be clear,
brief, and orderly.
“Make your conversational
contribution such as is
required, at the stage at
which it occurs, by the
accepted purpose or
directions of the talk
exchange in which you are
engaged.” (Grice, 1975:45)

11. • Example:
His hair was kind of long.
The book cover is sort of
yellow.
Another Example:
As far as I know…
Now, correct me if I am wrong,
but….
I’m not absolutely sure, but…
Hedges is type of
expressions which
concern about
following the
maxim while being
co-operative
participants in
conversation

12. • Example:
CAROL : Are you coming to the party
tonight?
LARA : I’ve got an exam tomorrow.
Implicature is
an additional
conveyed
meaning.

13. • Example:
John was on his way to school last
Friday. He was really worried about the
math lesson.
Last week he had been unable to
control the class.
It was unfair of the Math teacher to
leave him in charge.
After all, it is not part of a janitor’s
duties
We actually
create what the
text is about,
based on, our
expectations of
what normally
happens.

14. • Schemas is general term
for a conventional
knowledge structure that
exists in memory.
• Scripts is a conventional
knowledge which is exists
in the memory for the series
of actions