2. In this review, we will cover the following topics:
• Pragmatics
-Speech Acts
-Types of Force in Speech Acts
-Cooperative Principles
• Views about Language
• Parts of Newspaper
• Reading Fluency
• Grammatical Cohesion
3. 1. "Angelo's sister bought two apartments." In
this sentence, we can assume that Angelo has
a sister. What concept best explains this
phenomenon?
A. Preposition
B. Reference
C. Presupposition
D. Assumption
4. Presupposition
In pragmatics, presupposition is an implicit assumption about the
world or background belief relating to an utterance whose truth is
taken for granted in discourse. In short, it is an assumed-to-be-
true fact upon which an utterance is delivered.
Example: The dog no longer bark at the mailman.
(although it is unstated, the speaker presupposes the dog once
barked
5. Let's talk about Pragmatics
Pragmatics: Handles the aspects of meaning
and utterance that come from its use in a
particular context. It is concerned with utterance
meaning.
8. 1. Locutionary: The literal linguistic meaning of the
sentence, or the literal force of the act.
Example:
The child said to his mother: "I promise to do my
homework."
In this force, the question is what did the child say? And
NOT what did the child mean?
9. 2. Illocutionary: The speaker's intention of what is to be
accomplished in making an utterance.
Example:
The child said to his mother: "I promise to do my
homework."
In this force, the question is what did the child mean?
This lies in the intent of the child to make a promise.
10. 3. Perlocutionary: It is the perceived effect.
The reaction of the listener/hearer.
Example: The child said to his mother:
"I promise to do my homework."
In this force, the question is how did the mother
react?
12. It describes the principles that people
intuitively follow in order to guide their
conversations, in order to make their
communicative efforts effective...
13. 1. Maxim of Quantity (be informative):
Make your information as informative as required,
but no more (or less) informative than required.
Example:
When someone asks you:
"What is your name?"
Your answer should be: "I am Juan Dela Cruz."
(No more, no less)
14. 2. Maxim of Quality (be truthful): Make your contribution true;
do not say which you believe is false or for which you lack
evidence.
Example:
When someone asks you: "Where is the nearest supermarket
here?"
And then you answer: " think there's one around the corner, but I
am not so sure because I am not from this place.“
You violate the Maxim of Quality. You can tell the truth: "I do not
know the nearest supermarket in this area."
15. 3. Maxim of Relation (be relevant): Make sure that all the
information you provide is relevant to the current exchange; omit
irrelevant information.
Example:
When your friend asks you: "When can you visit us here in
Palawan?" Then you answer: "The weather is not good today.
I have to sleep all day!“
You violate the Maxim of Relation. Your response should
answer the "When" question, not about the weather which is not
relevant.
16. 4. Maxim of Manner (be clear): Avoid ambiguity,
prolixity, disorderliness, and obscurity.
Example:
When the wife asked: "Who broke the flower vase?"
Then husband answered: "it was one of your two
children“
The husband violated the Maxim of Manner. The
response should be clear and specific.
18. In semantics and pragmatics, entailment is the principle
that under certain conditions the truth of one statement
ensures the truth of a second statement. Also called strict
implication, logical consequence, and semantic
consequence. It can be thought of as a relationship
between one sentence or set of sentences, the entailing
expressions, and another sentence, what is entailed.
Example:
A is equal to B and B is equal to C.
Then the statement entails that C is equal to A.
Because A is equal to B.
20. Something that is meant, implied, or suggested
which is different from what is actually said.
Example:
When the wife asked: "Who broke the flower vase?"
Then husband answered: "it was one of your two
children"
Implicature: The father did not exactly know who
really broke the vase.
21. 2. Citing the study, the speaker in the conference said that
the earth's inner core has stopped spinning in the same
direction and might even be rotating the other way.
A. Expressive
B. Commissive
C. Representative
D. Declaration
22. 3. What principle is being violated in the situation?
"Where do you live?" James asked Ana while eating their
lunch. "I wake up at 5 AM every day for work and go home
at 11 PM. So, I do not have time for other things.“
A. Maxim of Quantity
B. Maxim of Relation
C. Maxim of Manner
D. Maxim of Quanlity
23. 4. They view language as regularities and patterns, a system of
systems, arbitrarily assigned to the objects, state of concepts to which
they refer, used for human communication.
A. Transformationalists
B. Structuralists
C. Functionalists
D. Interactionalists
24. 5. Which stylistic device is used in Shakespeare's speech?
All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players;
They have their exits and their entrances;
A. Simile
B. Metaphor
C. Metonym
D. Hyperbole
25. 6. It is a large headline in a newspaper that
stretches across the front page
A. Banner
B. Drophead
C. Nameplate
D. Lead
26.
27. 7. The following are the pillars of reading
fluency except:
A. Accuracy
B. Rate
C. Prosody
D. Vocabulary
29. Reading Fluency is defined as "accurate
reading at a minimal rate with appropriate
prosodic features and deep
understanding" (Hudson, Mercer, & Lane,
2000).
30. 4 Pillars of Reading Fluency
1. Accuracy: Reading words correctly is a key to developing
fluency. Never consider a reader to be fluent if she made many
errors. Nor would you expect a reader to never make a mistake.
Acceptable levels of accuracy in reading should range from 95%
to 98%.
2. Rate: When children read fluently, they read at an efficient
rate. This means that they read quickly. Rate does not mean that
children should read as fast as they possibly can. Rate needs to
be combined with accuracy, expression and comprehension to
produce fluent reading.
31. 4 Pillars of Reading Fluency
3. Prosody: Prosody means reading with expression - with
the appropriate rhythm, tone, pitch, pauses, and stresses
for the text.
4. Comprehension: Fluency is the bridge between being
able to read (or decode words and to comprehend or
understand what is read. The real goal of reading fluency is
to help children read a text with ease so they can focus on
understanding what they read.
32. 8. It is the planning and working out of the movements of
actors on stage, allowing actors to know exactly where
they are supposed to be at any given time, which avoids
confusion and enhances confidence.
A. Rehearsal
B. Blocking
C. Run-through
D. Position
33. 9. The mother was watching while her
child ____ the pain.
A. Bear
B. Bore
C. Bears
D. Born
34. 10. In a convention held in Manila, the scientist talked about how the
global warming is affecting the world. He brought up facts and figures on
severe droughts, increased flooding, and severe storms distressing
several countries in the world. What rhetorical element is manifested in
the statement?
A. Ethos
B. Logos
C. Pathos
D. Persuasion
35. 11. Maria drove to the park, but she was
disappointed to find it already closed. The
sentence contains reference.
A. Exophoric
B. Cataphoric
C. Anaphoric
D. Descriptive
36. Anaphoric, Cataphoric and Exophoric
Referencing
1. Anaphoric: An anaphoric reference happens
when a pronoun, word or phrase refers to a noun
mentioned earlier in the conversation or writing.
Example:
Maria drove to the park, but she was disappointed to find it already closed.
37. Anaphoric, Cataphoric and Exophoric
Referencing
2. Cataphoric: A cataphoric reference happens when a
pronoun, word or phrase refers to a noun mentioned later
in the writing or the conversation.
Example:
Although I phone her every week, my mother still complains that I don't keep in
touch often enough.
38. 3. Exophoric: An exophoric reference happens when a pronoun, word
or phrase refers to a noun not mentioned within the conversation or
writing. An exophoric reference requires shared knowledge between
the people within the conversation or between the writer and the
readers.
Example:
I told her that she could find it on a map, but you know how she is.
She and her refer to a person not ever mentioned within the sentence.
How this sentence is conveyed implies that she and it were previously
established prior to this sentence.
39. 12. "Would you like a coffee?" "Yes, I'd like one."
What method of grammatical cohesion is used in the
discourse?
A. Ellipsis
B. Substitution
C. Conjunction
D. Lexical
40. Grammatical Cohesion
The concept of cohesion basically refers to the
relationship of form, meaning that the elements of
both words and sentences are used to compile
paragraphs that have a unified and intact
relevance. Cohesion is an interrelationship within a
discourse, either in grammatical or in a particular
lexical structure.
41. Grammatical Cohesion
1. Reference: It can be identified as the situation in which one element
cannot be semantically interpreted unless it is referred to another
element in the text.
Two types:
1. Exophoric reference points to the situational context for the
interpretation of a specific item. It always refers to something that is
not part of a given text.
2. Endophoric reference points to other items within a given text or
discourse.
(Anaphoric and Cataphoric)
42. Grammatical Cohesion
2. Substitution: The process in which one item within a text
or discourse is replaced by another.
Example:
Jack's car is very old and ugly. He should get a nicer one.
43. Grammatical Cohesion
3. Ellipsis: It is simply characterized by "the omission of an
item.“
Example:
"ate" is omitted
Mary ate some chocolates, and Robert some candies.
A: Who is writing on the board?
B: Alice is. - "writing on the board" is omitted
44. Grammatical Cohesion
4. Conjunction: These words are linking devices between sentences or
clauses in a text. Unlike the other grammatical devices, conjunctions
express the 'logical-semantic' relation between sentences rather than
between words and structures.
Example:
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS) - Coordinating conjunctions
both/and, either/or, neither/nor, not only/but, whether/or
- Correlative conjunctions
after, although, as, as if, as long as, as much as, etc. –
- Subordinating conjunctions
45. 5. Lexical cohesion: It involves the choice of vocabulary.
It is concerned with the relationship that exists between
lexical items in a text such as words and phrases.
Example:
"Which dress are you going to wear?"
" will wear my blue polo shirt.“
Here, "blue polo shirt" is the hyponym of "dress"
Synonyms, Meronym, Holonym, etc.
46. .
LET takers, the road to success may be
challenging, but your determination and
perseverance will lead you to achieve your
dreams. Keep your eyes on the prize, believe in
yourself, and stay motivated. You have come this
far, and with your unwavering spirit, there's
nothing that can stop you. May you conquer the
LET and be one step closer to fulfilling your
aspirations. LABAN!
