This document provides an overview of discourse analysis, including definitions, examples, and techniques. It defines discourse analysis as the study of language beyond the sentence in both texts and conversations. It discusses interpreting discourse to understand intended meaning in a social context. Examples of cohesion, coherence, parallelism, speech events, conversation analysis, turn-taking, implicatures, background knowledge, schemas, and scripts are also provided to illustrate discourse analysis techniques.
Discourse analysis (Linguistics Forms and Functions)Satya Permadi
Discourse analysis is an umbrella term for all those studies within applied linguistics which focus on units/stretches of language beyond the sentence level (Judit, 2012). We as the human is use a natural language utterance which language serves in the expression of 'content' described as transactional and that function involved in expressing social relations and personal attitudes we describe as interactional. Spoken and written language has relation each other. But written language and spoken language have different form. The book concerns with sentence which is 'text-sentence‘, so it will connected to behavior and involves contextual considerations. The data which is used in this book is based on the linguistic output of someone other than the analyst. Besides, discourse analyst discovers regularities in his data.
Discourse analysis (Linguistics Forms and Functions)Satya Permadi
Discourse analysis is an umbrella term for all those studies within applied linguistics which focus on units/stretches of language beyond the sentence level (Judit, 2012). We as the human is use a natural language utterance which language serves in the expression of 'content' described as transactional and that function involved in expressing social relations and personal attitudes we describe as interactional. Spoken and written language has relation each other. But written language and spoken language have different form. The book concerns with sentence which is 'text-sentence‘, so it will connected to behavior and involves contextual considerations. The data which is used in this book is based on the linguistic output of someone other than the analyst. Besides, discourse analyst discovers regularities in his data.
After examining the different expressions of context, this paper proposes that context is the interaction between all the elements about language communication activities, including the intra textual co-text, the environment in which communication occurs and the mutual interaction of the shared information, culture, background and world knowledge of the participants. Therefore, context is dynamic. Then, this paper illustrates theories of pragmatics, including the speech act theory, the indirect speech act theory, the cooperative theory and the relevance theory. Finally, it discusses about the significance of context to pragmatics from the perspectives of narrow context and narrow pragmatics, and dynamic context and generalized pragmatics
conversational implicature is a sort of inference that has been derived from speaker's said utterance, to say going deep to abstract what is meant by speaker rather what is being said.
it is like drawing inference with the help of non verbal cues, schemata of the situation as well.An utterance which conveys meaning beyond its proposition.what is said must be understood in terms of what philosophers define as meaning, that is, sense and reference, what is said is the result of a linguistic computation implying the description of a full proposition with a truth value.
After examining the different expressions of context, this paper proposes that context is the interaction between all the elements about language communication activities, including the intra textual co-text, the environment in which communication occurs and the mutual interaction of the shared information, culture, background and world knowledge of the participants. Therefore, context is dynamic. Then, this paper illustrates theories of pragmatics, including the speech act theory, the indirect speech act theory, the cooperative theory and the relevance theory. Finally, it discusses about the significance of context to pragmatics from the perspectives of narrow context and narrow pragmatics, and dynamic context and generalized pragmatics
conversational implicature is a sort of inference that has been derived from speaker's said utterance, to say going deep to abstract what is meant by speaker rather what is being said.
it is like drawing inference with the help of non verbal cues, schemata of the situation as well.An utterance which conveys meaning beyond its proposition.what is said must be understood in terms of what philosophers define as meaning, that is, sense and reference, what is said is the result of a linguistic computation implying the description of a full proposition with a truth value.
In recent years, the role of knowledge in discourse production and comprehension has been stimulated by findings in the field of Artificial Intelligence.
Artificial Intelligence tries to understand how knowledge and language interact and reproduce the process in computers.
we need to look more precisely at the role of KNOWLEDGE and how it interacts with language to create a DISCOURSE.
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Transcript
Wow! These numbers certainly suggest that listening with our eyes is even more important that listening with our ears. This sure puts a new spin on last week's discussions.
If you don't believe what you are reading, if you think these numbers are off base, look at the images below and take a minute to jot down what you think is going on in each of them.
Did you say any of the following?
1. The doctor has just received some really great news about a patient's condition.
2. The stressed out student realizes that he has no idea how to apply macroeconomic concepts.
3. The woman in the grey pantsuit and her coworker are in disbelief when the vendor tells them that he cannot meet their deadline.
4. The pregnant woman is excited to feel her baby kick.
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Body language is made up of several things, including facial expression, gestures, eye contact, and posture. The charades game you played as a kid that required you to use body language alone to get your teammates to guess the name of a movie or a well-known phrase, the era of the silent movie, and the talent of a mime all teach us that body language is powerful.
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2. Definition of Discourse Analyis
Originally the word “discourse” is taken from Latin “discursus” means
“language beyond the sentence” and the word “analysis” means the
method of preceding something. So, the analysis of discourse is typically
concerned with the study of of language, both in texts and conversation.
Example:
Trains collide, the two die and ten injured
No shoes, no services
3. INTERPRETING DISCOURSE
ANALYSIS
Discourse analysis is not only about method; it is also a
perspective on the nature of language and its relationship to
the central issues of the social sciences. It is an effort to
interpret what the writer or speaker intended to convey
with in a sensitive social context.
Example:
Father: Is that your coat on the floor?
Son : Yes (goes on reading)
4. Even if the utterances or sentences are
ungrammatical the Discourse Analysis makes up
grasp the intended meaning.
My natal was in a small town, very close to
Riyadh capital of Saudi Arabia. The distant
between my town and Riyadh 7 miles exactly.
The name of this Almasani that means in English
Factories. It takes this name from the people’s
5. DEVICES FOR DISCOURSE
ANALYSIS
1. Cohesion
Cohesion refers to the ties and connections which exist within
texts that link different partys of sentences or larger unit of
discourse.
Example:
My Father once bought a Lincoln convertible. He did it by saving
every penny he could. That car would be worth a fortune
nowadays. However, he sold it to help pay for my college
education. Sometimes I think I’d rather have the convertible.
6. Cohesive Devices
a) Anaphoric Relation
Example: He did that there
b) Cataphoric Relation
Example: Here is the 9 O’clock news
7. 2. Coherence
• The key to the concept of coherence is something which is
not exist in the language, but something which exists in
people.
• Example:
• Everything fitting together well
• Her: That’s the telephone
• Him: I am in the bath
• Her: O.K
8. 3. Parallelism
Parallelism means side by side. In some piece of
literature some comparisons or contrasts go side be
side wioth each other.
Example:
In Jane Austen’s ‘Pride and Prejudice’, good
marriages and bad marriages are compared and
contrasted on parallel levels
9. • Speech Events
• Speech events are mainly concerned what people say in
different environment e.g.
Debate, interview, discussions, quiz, etc are different Speech
Events.
• Conversation Analysis
• Conversation is an activity where for the most part two or more
people take turn at speaking. In these turn at speaking one has to
pick up the completion point to take his turn to speak.
10. Example
Summons—answer
Can I get some help here?
On my way.
Offer—refusal
Sales clerk: May I help you find something?
Customer: No thank you, I'm just looking.
Compliment—acceptance
Your hair looks very lovely today.
Thank you. I just had it cut.
11. Turn taking
Turn taking is a signal that we use to inform the
audience that we are still talking and intend to
continue our speech.
The purpose of turn taking is to prevent
interference in the middle of our speech.
The example: er, em, uh, but, and,
12. The co-operative principle
Co-operative principle can be divided into four
maxims, called the Gricean maxims:
1. The quantity maxim:
- Say no less than conversation requires
- Say no more than conversation requires
2. The quality maxim:
- Don’t say what do you believe to be false
- Don’t say things for which you lack evidence
3. The relation maxim:
- Be relevant
4. The manner maxim:
- Be clear - Don’t be obscure
- Be brief - Don’t be ambiguous
- Be orderly
14. Hedges
Hedges can be define as words or phase used to
indicate that we’re not really sure about what
we’re saying. Such as;
perhaps, may, can, could, possible, likely, and
etc.
Example of expression in conversation:
- I’m not pretty sure about …,
- As far as I know …,
16. Implicatures
To make something understood without expressing
it directly.
Example:
Carol: Are you coming to Jill’s birthday party
tonight?
Lara : I’ve got exam tomorrow.
18. Example of background knowledge
John was on his way to school last Friday.
He was really worried about the math lesson.
We inference these sentences that John is
probably a schoolboy.
19. Last week he had been unable to control the class.
From this sentence, most readers think that John
is a teacher, because he unable to control the
class.
We will quickly abandon the inference before, if it
doesn’t fit anymore.
20. It was unfair of math teacher to leave him in
charge.
Suddenly, John revert to his schoolboy status, and
the inference that he is a teacher is quickly
abandon.
The final sentence of the text contains a surprise.
21. After all, it is not normal part of a janitor’s duties.
22. Schema and Script
o Schema is conventional knowledge which exists
in memory.
o Script is essentially a dynamic schema in which
conventional action takes place.
23. Schema example
For instance, if you hear someone describe what
happened one day ‘in the grocery store’, you
don’t have to be told what can be normally found
there.
You already have a ‘grocery’ schema (many
stands, various kinds of vegetables and
fruits, sellers and customers and other
conventional features).
24. Example
Trying not to be out of the office, Suzy went into
the nearest place, sat down and ordered a
sandwich.
schema script
25. Schema tells us:
Suzy may be an office girl.
The nearest place is some restaurant.
26. Script tells us:
About the action she performed as:
Firstly, she unlocked the door.
Secondly, she walked to the nearest restaurant.
Thirdly, she opened the door of the restaurant.
etc.