The document provides details about Azeem Yousaf's internship report submitted for his B.Sc. (Hons) degree in Agri. Sciences. It includes details about the internship such as the dedication, certification, acknowledgements, contents, and introduction to the Ayub Agricultural Research Institute and Agronomic Research Institute where the internship was conducted. It also provides an overview of the Vegetable and Oil Seed Section where experiments were carried out during the internship.
I Rajiv Kumar Patel, student of BSc Hons Agricultural Sciences at Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi Uttar Pradesh India, presented my slide on Student READY Programme (SRP).
You can contact me through e-mail chlorophyllinhuman@gmail.com for any suggestion/claim.
Diallel Analysis of Cowpea Cultivar Ife Brown and its MutantsAI Publications
The present investigation of using half diallel analysis in Cowpea cultivar Ife Brown and its three mutants was conducted at Research plot of Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria during the rainy season of 2017. Four parents were used in this study consisting of three (3) mutants (Ife BPC, Ife Brown Yellow, Ife Brown Crinkled) and one (1) putative parent (Ife Brown) that were derived from the Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. The present study involves four parents and their seven resultant crosses were grown in a completely Randomized Design with five replications. Analysis of variance for general and specific combining ability(GCA and SCA) revealed that only SCA variances were significant for all the characters. Whereas, comparison of the error mean square of GCA in days to flowering, 100 seed weight and seed yield/plant was higher than the error mean square of SCA thus implying that additive gene action played a more important role in the inheritance of these traits than the non-additive (dominance and epistasis) gene action. Among the parents Ife BPC was observed to be the best general combiner for days to flowering and seed yield/plant. Among the crosses the crosses involving Ife Brown Yellow with Ife Brown in pod length and number of seeds/pod while with Ife Brown Crinkled for days to flowering were recorded. It is evident from present investigation that the hybrid combinations exhibited the high per se performance and sca effect for seed yield per plant and highly promising even in respect of other characters could be advanced by selecting desirable segregants and recombinants in each generation for funneling the new genotype or for using further advanced breeding programme. The present study based on two biometrical analysis (combining ability and genetic components of variances) revealed that the additive and non-additive were involved with preponderance of non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of seed yield and its attributes. It is, therefore, suggested that biparental mating, intermatting of elite segregants and selection at later generations should be followed which meets the requirement of utilizing both types of gene actions.
I Rajiv Kumar Patel, student of BSc Hons Agricultural Sciences at Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi Uttar Pradesh India, presented my slide on Student READY Programme (SRP).
You can contact me through e-mail chlorophyllinhuman@gmail.com for any suggestion/claim.
Diallel Analysis of Cowpea Cultivar Ife Brown and its MutantsAI Publications
The present investigation of using half diallel analysis in Cowpea cultivar Ife Brown and its three mutants was conducted at Research plot of Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria during the rainy season of 2017. Four parents were used in this study consisting of three (3) mutants (Ife BPC, Ife Brown Yellow, Ife Brown Crinkled) and one (1) putative parent (Ife Brown) that were derived from the Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. The present study involves four parents and their seven resultant crosses were grown in a completely Randomized Design with five replications. Analysis of variance for general and specific combining ability(GCA and SCA) revealed that only SCA variances were significant for all the characters. Whereas, comparison of the error mean square of GCA in days to flowering, 100 seed weight and seed yield/plant was higher than the error mean square of SCA thus implying that additive gene action played a more important role in the inheritance of these traits than the non-additive (dominance and epistasis) gene action. Among the parents Ife BPC was observed to be the best general combiner for days to flowering and seed yield/plant. Among the crosses the crosses involving Ife Brown Yellow with Ife Brown in pod length and number of seeds/pod while with Ife Brown Crinkled for days to flowering were recorded. It is evident from present investigation that the hybrid combinations exhibited the high per se performance and sca effect for seed yield per plant and highly promising even in respect of other characters could be advanced by selecting desirable segregants and recombinants in each generation for funneling the new genotype or for using further advanced breeding programme. The present study based on two biometrical analysis (combining ability and genetic components of variances) revealed that the additive and non-additive were involved with preponderance of non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of seed yield and its attributes. It is, therefore, suggested that biparental mating, intermatting of elite segregants and selection at later generations should be followed which meets the requirement of utilizing both types of gene actions.
Effect of growth and yield of different genotypes of tomato (Solanum lycopers...Nahid Ahmed
From my field of study, I have done One Major project in BARI
(Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute)
Under the supervision of Dr. M. Nazim Uddin (SSO) Senior Scientific Officer.
The project topic was
( Effect of growth and yield of different genotypes of tomato
(Solanum Lycopersicum L.) under organic conditions. )
Improving Grain Yield in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) by Estimation of Heterosis, G...Galal Anis, PhD
The recent approach for rice production includes the improvement of yield is necessary to cater for consumer demand. Therefore, a field experiment (diallel analysis) was conducted and Training Center, Egypt during 2014 and 2015growing season to estimate combining ability, heterosis and genetic parameters in ricefor improving the yield. Th and Sakha105 were recorded highest mean values for most traits. The crosses (Giza177 × Sakha106, Sakha101 × Sakha104 and Sakha101 × Gz7576-10-3-2-1) were recorded highest mean values for grain yield plant-1.Sakha106 and Sakha104 recorded the highest mean values for flag leaf area. evident from the result, a positive correlation was observed between flag leaf area and grain yield as well as, the results were recorded positively correlation coefficient between n to heading, number of filled grains panicle-1 and 1000-grain weight. cross Sakha 101/Sakha 104, Sakha 104/Sakha 106, Sakha 105/BL1 and Sakha 106/BL1 were identified as themost promising cross for developing high yielding rice varieties and could be further benefits to isolate superior transgressive segregants for breeding programs
Response of Nutrient Management Practices through Organic Substances on Rice ...AI Publications
The management of soil organic matter is crucial to maintain a productive organic farming system. No one source of nutrient usually fulfills to maintain productivity and quality control in organic system. In addition, the inputs to supplement nutrient availability are often not uniform presenting additional challenges in meeting the nutrient requirements of crops in organic system. With this concept, a field experiment was conducted at the research farm of ASPEE Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, at Nare, Taluka Wada, Dist. Palghar, Maharashtra, during Kharif 2018-19 in rice. Different treatments comprising organic amendments such as T1-FYM @ 5 t/ha (control), T2-T1 + vermicompost @2.5 t/ha, T3-T1+Neem cake @ 250 kg, T4- T1+ vermiwash @ 3% spray, T5-T1+ Jeevamrut @ 3 % spray, T6-T1+ Panchgavya @ 3 % Spray, T7-T1+ Enriched Bananpseudostem sap @ 3% spray and T8-T1+ Regular Banana sap @ 3% spray were tried in organic crop production. These treatments were compared with absolute control (FYM @ 5 t/ha + No biofertilizer+ No Spray). A Rice variety ‘GR-11’ was taken for study. Results revealed a significant enhancement in grain yield of rice over absolute control due to the application of different organic amendments applied alone or in combinations. The rice grain yield (3.19 t ha-1) obtained under combined application of FYM and vermicompost was at par with the yield recorded under neem cake, vermiwash and panchgavya. An interesting observation recorded was that there was no serious attack of any insects pest or disease in organically grown crop. The study revealed that addition of four organic amendments viz. vermicompost, vermiwash, neem cake&panchgavyacould give the optimum yield of organic rice var. GR-11.
The morpho-agronomic characterization study of Lens culinaris germplasm under...Shujaul Mulk Khan
The present research study evaluate and identify the most suitable and high yielding genotypes of Lens culinaris for the salt marsh habitat of Swat in moist temperate sort of agro climatic environment of Pakistan. A total of fourteen genotypes were cultivated and analyzed through Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). These genotypes were AZRC-4, NL-2, NL4, NL-5, NL-6, NARC-11-1, NARC-11-2, NARC-11-3, NARC-11-4, 09503, 09505, 09506, P.Masoor-09 and Markaz-09. Different parameters i.e., germination rate, flowering, physiological maturity, plant height, biological grain yield, seed weight, pods formation and its height, pods per plants and protein content were focused specially throughout the study. Preliminary the Lentil genotypes have significant variability in all the major morpho-agronomic traits. The days to germination, 50% flowering and 100 seed weight ranged from 7 to 9, 110 to 116 days, and from 5.4 to 7.3 gm respectively. Biological yield and grain yield ranged from 5333 to 9777 kg ha−1 and 1933 to 3655 kg ha−1 respectively. Whereas, protein contents ranged from 23.21% to 28.45%. It was concluded that the genotype AZRC-4 is better varity in terms of grain yield plus in 100 seed weight and moreover, 09506 genotype was significant under salt marsh habitat in early maturing for the Swat Valley, Pakistan.
Effects of Incorporated Green Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Amaranth Ama...ijtsrd
Four cowpea varieties Oloyin, Drum, Zobo and White Mallam , and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg N ha were applied at 2 weeks after planting WAP to the vegetable Amaranth between October 2018 to April 2019. The cowpea green manure was incorporated into soil 6 WAP and left for a week to decompose before planting the vegetable Amaranth. Growth of cowpea varieties used as green manure in 2018 showed no significant difference. However, in 2019 the canopy height and fresh weight at 3 WAP were significantly p 0.05 different among cowpea varieties. The canopy height of Oloyin, Drum and White Mallam were similar but significantly p 0.05 higher than that of Zobo variety. Similarly, application of 60 and 80 kg N ha significantly produced more yield relative to 0 and 40 kg N ha of inorganic fertilizer rates. Generally, higher significant yield p 0.05 was recorded in the second cycle of planting. This study concluded that green manure from Oloyin produced yield of Amaranth us 11.0 47.3 t ha which was similar to the yield obtained from 80 kg N ha 12.13 37.7t ha . Adeniji Azeez Adewale | Kumoye Deborah Etooluwa "Effects of Incorporated Green Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Amaranth (Amaranthus Caudatus. L) Vegetable" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33676.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/33676/effects-of-incorporated-green-manure-and-inorganic-fertilizer-on-amaranth-amaranthus-caudatus-l-vegetable/adeniji-azeez-adewale
advances in different cropping system in plantation crops.pptxGANGARAM RANA
advances in different cropping system in plantation crops.ppt,
cropping system of plantation crop by gangaram rana ppt,
gangaram rana recent advances in cropping system of plantation crop, Cropping system of plantation crop ppt by gangaram rana
— The study was conducted to evaluate the sensory and physicochemical properties of banana products .The tests were undertaken to ascertain the suitability of the solutions for preservation of sweet bananas as added-value foods and to reduce post-harvest losses. Prepared banana figs of both varieties were presented to a panel of judges for evaluation of organoleptic attributed. The maximum total soluble solids (22.84 and 12.30), Titratable acidity (0.0148 and 0.0403), non reducing sugar (11.250), Ash (1.1144 and 1.9346) were showed by variety giant in banana fig, whereas, the variety dwarf showed maximum pH, Vitamin C content, total sugar and reducing sugar. On other hand the maximum (24.48°Brix) total soluble solids was observed in banana figs prepared after 90 days. The maximum total sugar (20.36%), non-reducing sugar (14.08%) Ash (1.12%) were showed by the banana figs prepared after 90 days. Sensory evaluations of banana figs revealed that they exhibited significant difference in the score of all attributes among the two with exception of consistency .The results showed that the 90 days produced good results for frying and drying of banana figs.
Aeroponics a tool for food security.pdfkvsnprasad123
Aeroponics is the practice of growing plants without soil, with roots in a misty environment
Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to enough, safe & nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food
preferences for an active & healthy lifestyle
30th october ,2015 daily global regional local rice e newsletter by riceplus ...Riceplus Magazine
Riceplus Magazine shares daily International RICE News for global Rice Community. We publish daily two newsletters namely Global Rice News & ORYZA EXCLUSIVE News for readers .You can share any development news for readers.
Share your rice and agriculture related research write up with Riceplus Magazine contact riceplus@irp.edu.pk , mujahid.riceplus@gmail.com
For Advertisement & Specs mujahid.riceplus@gmail.com
Effect of growth and yield of different genotypes of tomato (Solanum lycopers...Nahid Ahmed
From my field of study, I have done One Major project in BARI
(Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute)
Under the supervision of Dr. M. Nazim Uddin (SSO) Senior Scientific Officer.
The project topic was
( Effect of growth and yield of different genotypes of tomato
(Solanum Lycopersicum L.) under organic conditions. )
Improving Grain Yield in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) by Estimation of Heterosis, G...Galal Anis, PhD
The recent approach for rice production includes the improvement of yield is necessary to cater for consumer demand. Therefore, a field experiment (diallel analysis) was conducted and Training Center, Egypt during 2014 and 2015growing season to estimate combining ability, heterosis and genetic parameters in ricefor improving the yield. Th and Sakha105 were recorded highest mean values for most traits. The crosses (Giza177 × Sakha106, Sakha101 × Sakha104 and Sakha101 × Gz7576-10-3-2-1) were recorded highest mean values for grain yield plant-1.Sakha106 and Sakha104 recorded the highest mean values for flag leaf area. evident from the result, a positive correlation was observed between flag leaf area and grain yield as well as, the results were recorded positively correlation coefficient between n to heading, number of filled grains panicle-1 and 1000-grain weight. cross Sakha 101/Sakha 104, Sakha 104/Sakha 106, Sakha 105/BL1 and Sakha 106/BL1 were identified as themost promising cross for developing high yielding rice varieties and could be further benefits to isolate superior transgressive segregants for breeding programs
Response of Nutrient Management Practices through Organic Substances on Rice ...AI Publications
The management of soil organic matter is crucial to maintain a productive organic farming system. No one source of nutrient usually fulfills to maintain productivity and quality control in organic system. In addition, the inputs to supplement nutrient availability are often not uniform presenting additional challenges in meeting the nutrient requirements of crops in organic system. With this concept, a field experiment was conducted at the research farm of ASPEE Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, at Nare, Taluka Wada, Dist. Palghar, Maharashtra, during Kharif 2018-19 in rice. Different treatments comprising organic amendments such as T1-FYM @ 5 t/ha (control), T2-T1 + vermicompost @2.5 t/ha, T3-T1+Neem cake @ 250 kg, T4- T1+ vermiwash @ 3% spray, T5-T1+ Jeevamrut @ 3 % spray, T6-T1+ Panchgavya @ 3 % Spray, T7-T1+ Enriched Bananpseudostem sap @ 3% spray and T8-T1+ Regular Banana sap @ 3% spray were tried in organic crop production. These treatments were compared with absolute control (FYM @ 5 t/ha + No biofertilizer+ No Spray). A Rice variety ‘GR-11’ was taken for study. Results revealed a significant enhancement in grain yield of rice over absolute control due to the application of different organic amendments applied alone or in combinations. The rice grain yield (3.19 t ha-1) obtained under combined application of FYM and vermicompost was at par with the yield recorded under neem cake, vermiwash and panchgavya. An interesting observation recorded was that there was no serious attack of any insects pest or disease in organically grown crop. The study revealed that addition of four organic amendments viz. vermicompost, vermiwash, neem cake&panchgavyacould give the optimum yield of organic rice var. GR-11.
The morpho-agronomic characterization study of Lens culinaris germplasm under...Shujaul Mulk Khan
The present research study evaluate and identify the most suitable and high yielding genotypes of Lens culinaris for the salt marsh habitat of Swat in moist temperate sort of agro climatic environment of Pakistan. A total of fourteen genotypes were cultivated and analyzed through Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). These genotypes were AZRC-4, NL-2, NL4, NL-5, NL-6, NARC-11-1, NARC-11-2, NARC-11-3, NARC-11-4, 09503, 09505, 09506, P.Masoor-09 and Markaz-09. Different parameters i.e., germination rate, flowering, physiological maturity, plant height, biological grain yield, seed weight, pods formation and its height, pods per plants and protein content were focused specially throughout the study. Preliminary the Lentil genotypes have significant variability in all the major morpho-agronomic traits. The days to germination, 50% flowering and 100 seed weight ranged from 7 to 9, 110 to 116 days, and from 5.4 to 7.3 gm respectively. Biological yield and grain yield ranged from 5333 to 9777 kg ha−1 and 1933 to 3655 kg ha−1 respectively. Whereas, protein contents ranged from 23.21% to 28.45%. It was concluded that the genotype AZRC-4 is better varity in terms of grain yield plus in 100 seed weight and moreover, 09506 genotype was significant under salt marsh habitat in early maturing for the Swat Valley, Pakistan.
Effects of Incorporated Green Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Amaranth Ama...ijtsrd
Four cowpea varieties Oloyin, Drum, Zobo and White Mallam , and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg N ha were applied at 2 weeks after planting WAP to the vegetable Amaranth between October 2018 to April 2019. The cowpea green manure was incorporated into soil 6 WAP and left for a week to decompose before planting the vegetable Amaranth. Growth of cowpea varieties used as green manure in 2018 showed no significant difference. However, in 2019 the canopy height and fresh weight at 3 WAP were significantly p 0.05 different among cowpea varieties. The canopy height of Oloyin, Drum and White Mallam were similar but significantly p 0.05 higher than that of Zobo variety. Similarly, application of 60 and 80 kg N ha significantly produced more yield relative to 0 and 40 kg N ha of inorganic fertilizer rates. Generally, higher significant yield p 0.05 was recorded in the second cycle of planting. This study concluded that green manure from Oloyin produced yield of Amaranth us 11.0 47.3 t ha which was similar to the yield obtained from 80 kg N ha 12.13 37.7t ha . Adeniji Azeez Adewale | Kumoye Deborah Etooluwa "Effects of Incorporated Green Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Amaranth (Amaranthus Caudatus. L) Vegetable" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33676.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/33676/effects-of-incorporated-green-manure-and-inorganic-fertilizer-on-amaranth-amaranthus-caudatus-l-vegetable/adeniji-azeez-adewale
advances in different cropping system in plantation crops.pptxGANGARAM RANA
advances in different cropping system in plantation crops.ppt,
cropping system of plantation crop by gangaram rana ppt,
gangaram rana recent advances in cropping system of plantation crop, Cropping system of plantation crop ppt by gangaram rana
— The study was conducted to evaluate the sensory and physicochemical properties of banana products .The tests were undertaken to ascertain the suitability of the solutions for preservation of sweet bananas as added-value foods and to reduce post-harvest losses. Prepared banana figs of both varieties were presented to a panel of judges for evaluation of organoleptic attributed. The maximum total soluble solids (22.84 and 12.30), Titratable acidity (0.0148 and 0.0403), non reducing sugar (11.250), Ash (1.1144 and 1.9346) were showed by variety giant in banana fig, whereas, the variety dwarf showed maximum pH, Vitamin C content, total sugar and reducing sugar. On other hand the maximum (24.48°Brix) total soluble solids was observed in banana figs prepared after 90 days. The maximum total sugar (20.36%), non-reducing sugar (14.08%) Ash (1.12%) were showed by the banana figs prepared after 90 days. Sensory evaluations of banana figs revealed that they exhibited significant difference in the score of all attributes among the two with exception of consistency .The results showed that the 90 days produced good results for frying and drying of banana figs.
Aeroponics a tool for food security.pdfkvsnprasad123
Aeroponics is the practice of growing plants without soil, with roots in a misty environment
Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to enough, safe & nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food
preferences for an active & healthy lifestyle
30th october ,2015 daily global regional local rice e newsletter by riceplus ...Riceplus Magazine
Riceplus Magazine shares daily International RICE News for global Rice Community. We publish daily two newsletters namely Global Rice News & ORYZA EXCLUSIVE News for readers .You can share any development news for readers.
Share your rice and agriculture related research write up with Riceplus Magazine contact riceplus@irp.edu.pk , mujahid.riceplus@gmail.com
For Advertisement & Specs mujahid.riceplus@gmail.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. 1
INTERNSHIP REPORT
BY
AZEEM YOUSAF 2019-Ag-5278
8th
semester
Internship report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCES (HONS)
IN
AGRI. SCIENCES (AGRONOMY)
DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, FAISALABAD SUB CAMPUS
DEPALPUR, OKARA
3. 2
DEDICATION
This report is dedicated to my parents, friends and family. This report is also
dedicated to my internship Supervisors, Dr. Naveed Akhtar, Dr. Babar Hussain
Babar, Muhammad Idrees and Hafiz Naveed Ramzan the honorable supervisory
committee. This report is further dedicated to the honorable management and
respected executives of the Agronomic Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural
Research Institute Faisalabad.
AZEEM YOUSAF
4. 3
CERTIFICATION
To,
The Principal,
University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad.
Its certified that AZEEM YOUSAF (2019-Ag-5278) student of B.Sc. (Hons)
Agri. Sciences 8th
semester Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad Sub Campus Depalpur (Okara) has completed his internship at Vegetable
and Oil Seed Section, Agronomic Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research
institute, Faisalabad under our supervision and completed his necessary
experiments. Student have been found satisfactory.
SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE
1. Dr. Naveed Akhtar _________________________
(Chief Scientist)
2. Dr. Babar Hussain Babar _________________________
(Scientific Officer)
3. Hafiz Naveed Ramzan _________________________
(Scientific Officer)
4. Muhammad Idrees _________________________
(Scientific Officer)
5. 4
Acknowledgement
All praises to Almighty Allah alone, the most merciful and the most
compassionate and his Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) the most perfect and
dignified, exalted one among and of ever borne on the surface of the earth, how is
forever torch of guidance and knowledge for the humanity. I feel great pleasure in
expressing my appreciation and gratitude to my worthy internship supervisor
supervisors, Dr. Naveed Akhter, Dr. Babar Hussain Babar, Hafiz Naveed
Ramzan, and Muhammad Idrees, Agronomic Research Institute, Ayub
Agriculture Institute, Faisalabad, for their help, valuable suggestions, sincere
advices, personal interest and supervision of this report. I thank with deep motion of
gratitude and great appreciation to all scientists of Agronomic Research Institute
Faisalabad, AARI Faisalabad, for their great support, sincere cooperation and kind
behavior during my internship. Cordial thanks are extended to my Best friends, my
colleagues and all other well-wisher for their consistent support and encouragement
during my studies. Last but not the least, I have deep appreciation and the best regard
for the affection and financial cooperation of my beloved Father_Muhammad
Yousaf and family members without whose sacrifice and prays, the present would
have been a mere dream, may Allah give them a long and happy life with me.
“Ameen”
AZEEM YOUSAF
6. 5
CONTENTS
Sr. No Topic Page No
1 Introduction of Ayub Agricultural Research Institute,
Faisalabad
06-08
2 Agronomic Research Institute, Faisalabad 09-14
3 Vegetable and Oil Seed Section, Faisalabad 15-16
4 Experiments 17-43
5 Visit/ Seminar /Conference
44-48
7. 6
Ayub Agricultural Research Institute (AARI), Faisalabad
Introduction
Agriculture bears great economic importance. It plays pivotal role in strengthening national
economy. Pakistan is an agricultural country and agriculture has been the single largest sector
playing main role in earning remarkable foreign exchange. This role can be further extended by
improving the existing farming sector. In rural areas that are located at a very distant place our
farmers still using old fashioned and traditional agricultural system, which results in poor
production and outcome. This is era of improved science and technology, which should be adapted
by our farming system according to the latest technologies. Ayub Agricultural Research Institute
(AARI), Faisalabad is the principal institution producing agricultural technology which is acting
as an engine for the economic growth of Pakistan. AARI was originated in 1962 after the division
of research and education working under the former Punjab Agricultural College and Research
Institute Lyallpur (Established in 1906), being one of the significant research organizations of the
country. Its objective is to develop technologies for food safety, sustaining generation, economic
safeguard, value addition and conservation of natural resources. AARI was the beacon to the green
revolution in the country in late sixties and since then constantly playing a key role in meeting the
post green revolution productivity challenges and safeguarding national food security.
Wheat, Rice, Sugarcane and Cotton are the most important crops that are mostly grown in Pakistan.
The performance of these four crops is very important for the sustainability of national economy.
8. 7
Pakistan consistently has attained more than 5% growth rate only in the years of good crops of
Wheat, Rice, Sugarcane and Cotton. Numerous studies have showed that agriculture research has
a positive and significant influence on agricultural output and yields high rate of return.
Research Institutes/Sections at AARI Faisalabad
1. Wheat Research Institute, Faisalabad
2. Sugarcane Research Institute, Faisalabad
3. Oilseeds Research Institute, Faisalabad
4. Pulses Research Institute, Faisalabad
5. Horticultural Research Institute, Faisalabad
6. Vegetable Research Institute, Faisalabad
7. Agronomic Research Institute, Faisalabad
8. Entomological Research Institute, Faisalabad
9. Post- Harvest Research Institute, Faisalabad
10. Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Faisalabad
11. Statistical Section AARI, Faisalabad
12. Agricultural Economics Section, Faisalabad
13. Plant Pathology Research Institute, Faisalabad
Main Library & IT Department, AARI, Faisalabad
Other Outstation/Institutes of AARI
1. Arid Zone Research Institute, Bhakkar
2. Barani Agricultural Research Institute, Chakwal
3. Cotton Research Institute, Multan
4. Citrus Research Institute, Sargodha
5. Fodder Research Institute, Sargodha
6. Maize & Millets Research Institute, Yosafwala, Sahiwal
7. Mango Research Institute, Multan
8. Potato Research Institute, Sahiwal
9. Regional Agricultural Research Institute, Bahawalpur
9. 8
10. Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku
11. Rapid Soil Fertility Research Institute, Lahore
12. Soil and Water Conservation Research Institute, Chakwal
13. Soil Salinity Research Institute, Pindi Bhattian
14. Institute of Soil chemistry and environmental sciences, Kala Shah Kaku
10. 9
Agronomic Research Institute, Faisalabad
Introduction
By every day, the lives of people around the world are made better by Agronomy. The
endless green fields of Wheat, Maize, Rice and the vast acres of cotton do not just happen. Hard
work on the part of the grower, scientific and technological input by the agronomic sciences is
required. Agronomists provide a wealth of information to farmers to assure the soundness of their
production programs. Agronomy makes this possible through the application of soil and plant
science for soil management and crop production, and incorporates the wise use of natural
resources and conservation practices. Very meticulously planned field experiment will give good
result only if it is supervised and executed well. Agronomic Research Institute, Faisalabad was
incepted during 1984 for precise and thoughtful research on crop and soil management. Its major
target was to tackle the farmer’s problems under varied agro-ecological conditions in the Punjab
for sustainable crop production.
Mission
To conduct research for improving the productivity and profitability of crop production through
efficient utilization of natural resources.
11. 10
Objectives
Testing of new genotypes developed at commodity research institutes for the formulation
of production packages on agro-ecological basis
On-farm research with farming system perspective under different agro-ecological zones
of the Punjab in order to develop technology appropriate to farmer’s resource
Determining water requirements, irrigation schedule and appropriate methods of irrigation
for major field and vegetable crops
Developing new cropping patterns or by bringing modest changes in the existing cropping
systems
Developing economically viable and technically feasible multiple cropping patterns i.e.
mixed, inter and relay cropping patterns keeping in view the farmer’s resource base
Standardization of integrated weed management methods screening of herbicides for
efficient weed control and to study their toxicity on field crops, vegetables, gardens and
lawns
Generation of independent data base for approval of varieties
Assessing the impact of climate change on production of major field crops
Testing of new high value crops for their acclimatization in agro-ecological conditions of
Punjab
To develop production packages for the cultivation of medicinal plants
Future Plan
Impact assessment of climate change on cropping systems
To develop production technologies of various medicinal plants
Research on seed physiology to increase germination of crops
To increase resource use efficiency without diminishing crop yields
Devising ways of mitigating ill effects of heat and drought stresses on major field crops
Rice stubble management for discouraging its burning to combat smog problems
Reducing allelopathic effects of canola and sarson on germination of subsequent crop
Promotion of organic farming in view of ill effects of chemical pesticides / weedicides
12. 11
Research Activities
Following are the research activities of the Institute:
Screening of wheat genotypes and sorghum-sudan grass hybrids for heat and drought
tolerance
Re-adjustment of planting times and densities
Introduction of new and high value crops in prevailing cropping systems
Use of Crop Simulation Models for adaptation to climate change
Varietal evaluation of new advance lines /genotypes of different field crops
Organic farming in wheat, garlic, canola, chickpea, mung, mash and turmeric
Relay/intercropping of different crops in cotton, maize, sunflower and September/autumn
planted sugarcane
Comparison of various weed control methods in different crops
Resource conservation practices in rice-wheat and cotton-wheat cropping system
Effective irrigation and nutrient management techniques for different field crops.
Achievements
Following are the achievements of the institute:
370 wheat and maize genotypes were screened for heat and drought tolerance
150 sorghum-sudan grass hybrids were screened for drought tolerance
Foliar spray of plant growth regulators such as salicylic acid, silicon, selenium, glycine
betaine, calcium chloride, potassium chloride and Jasmonic acid induced drought tolerance
and increased yield in wheat, potato, canola and maize
Better crop management by using Crop Simulation Models for adaptation to climate
change
Rearing of earthworms and collection of vermicompost is in progress
Initiation of organic production of wheat, mung bean, mash bean, turmeric, berseem,
garlic, canola, carrot and lentil by using organic sources
One drought tolerant cotton variety (FH-326) has got approval in collaboration with Cotton
Research Institute Faisalabad
13. 12
Jute variety “Golden Jute” Sisal Variety “Pak Sisal” medicinal plants varieties Stevia
“Honey” and Tulsi “FS-21” has approved
Relay cropping of wheat in cotton (increase in wheat yield ranging from 8-10 mounds per
acre)
Transplanting of rice on ridge and furrows improves water saving by 20%
Bed planting and broadcasting followed by furrow making enhanced yield up to 5-15% in
sesame by reducing the attack of Charcol Rot & 10-15% increase in yield in mungbean
Zero till sowing of wheat after rice increases yield in wheat by 10-12% & reduction in cost
of production by 15-20%
Direct seeding in rice (25-35% water saving; labor saving)
Wheat bed planting (save irrigation water up to 25%)
Bed planting of cotton (save more than 25% water & 50% seed rate; save crop during
uncertain rains)
Ridge planting in Maize (25-30% water saving)
Vertical trailing of vine crops/vegetables (improve crop yield & quality)
Inclusion of legumes in existing cropping system (increase farm productivity)
Intercropping of onion, garlic & pulses (mung& mash bean) in autumn planted sugarcane
increased the total remunerations up to 15-20% against sugarcane alone
Successful acclimatization and cultivation of Stevia, Tulsi, Quinoa, Babchi, Fennel,
Kalonji, Lemon grass and Jute in Punjab
Conducted many spot examinations for wheat, cotton, rice, sunflower, maize, chickpea,
olive, sugarcane, walnut, guar and pearl millet crops during current year as member of
Expert Sub Committee of PSC across the Punjab
Achieved certification for ISO-17025 of Seed Testing Laboratory
Recorded, compiled and circulated the metrological data among various institutes
220 Herbicides were tested during last ten years
1200 Seed germination test performed of various crops during last five years
14. 13
Initiatives
To develop low cost site-specific production technologies of major and minor field crops.
To conduct research on different agronomic practices to increase resource use efficiency
without diminishing crop yields.
To conduct research on means and methods of mitigating ill effects of biotic and abiotic
stresses on major field crops.
To start research on alternate high value crops e.g. medicinal plants and spices (Quinoa,
Stevia, Fennel, Psyllium, Nigella, Carom, Tulsi and Linseed)
To study the agronomic and physiological based measures to minimize the detrimental
effects of changing climate on growth, development and yield of major field crops.
To promote organic farming in view of ill effects of chemical inputs on human health
Facilities
Following are the facilities provided by the institute:
Data recording on physiological parameters like photosynthetic efficiency, leaf area,
stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, cell membrane thermo stability, water potential,
osmotic potential and protein extraction
Identification of weeds and their control
Testing of herbicides for their effectiveness to control weeds
Availability of meteorological data recorded at Faisalabad for facilitation of students and
researchers
Advisory services for farmers regarding production technologies of major field crops,
medicinal plants and jute crop
Facilitation for students of B.Sc., M.Sc. & Ph.D. in Agriculture regarding internship and
supervision of research work
Display of innovative technologies like relay cropping of wheat in standing cotton and
relay cropping of cotton in standing wheat, zero tillage wheat and cotton, bed planting,
broadcast augmented with furrow planting of different crops, direct seeded rice
Maintenance of weed bank and herbal garden for demonstration to visitors especially
students visiting from different institutes of Punjab
15. 14
Availability of sugar leaf (Stevia rebaudiana) plants to the farmers for multiplication in
punjab
Services
Following are the research services being provided by the Institute:
Germination test for seed of different crops and vegetables under Seed testing Laboratory
Technology transferred to farmers about crops management to get good production and
enhance their income
Advisory service for farmers regarding production technologies of major field crops
Facilitation for students of BSc. and MSc. in Agriculture regarding internship and
supervision of research work
Monitoring of activities to stakeholders of area
Development of resource use efficient production technology
Agronomic Sections in Faisalabad
Plant Physiology Section, Faisalabad
Cereals and Pulses Section, Faisalabad
Fiber Crops Section, Faisalabad
Vegetable and Oilseeds Section, Faisalabad
Out Stations
Agronomic Research Station, Khanewal
Agronomic Research Station, Karor, Layyah
Agronomic Research Station, Bahawalpur
Agronomic Research Station, Farooqabad
Seed Farms
Govt. Seed Farm, Faisalabad
Govt. Seed Farm, Dhakkar
16. 15
Vegetable and Oil Seeds Section
Vegetable and Oil Seeds section, was established during the year 1983-84 with the objective to
conduct agronomic research on vegetable and Oil Seeds crops. The objective of the section was to
test the new varieties/strains developed at commodity research institute for the formulation of
production packages, develop the techniques/technologies aimed at increasing farmer's income by
optimizing farm resource use, standardize integrated weed management methods, determine water
requirements, irrigation schedule and appropriate method of irrigation for vegetable and oilseed
crops. Generation of independent data base for the approval of varieties, optimum time of sowing,
sowing methods, standardization of suitable herbicide, determining fertilizer requirement,
appropriate method and time of application for vegetable and oilseed crops.
Objectives
Research on the vegetable and oilseed crops is conducted with the following objectives:
To test the new varieties/strains develop at commodity research institute for the
formulation of production packages.
To develop the techniques/technologies aimed at increasing farmer's income by optimizing
farm resource use.
To standardize integrated weed management methods.
To determine water requirements, irrigation schedule and appropriate method of irrigation
for vegetables and oilseed crops.
Generation of independent data base for approval of varieties.
To develop economically viable and technically feasible multiple cropping patter i.e. mixed
and intercropping patterns keeping in view the farmer resource base.
Determining fertilizer requirement, appropriate method and time of application for
vegetable and oilseed crops.
To evaluate the suitable time of sowing and sowing method for oilseed and vegetable crops.
17. 16
Research Activities
At present following research experiments are being carried out:
1. Effect of different Potassium levels on yield and quality of Peas (Pisum sativum L).
2. Biofortification of Peas (Pisum sativum L) with zinc and iron.
3. Effect of Phosphorus levels and PSB on yield and quality of Carrot (Daucus carota L).
4. Weed management in Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L).
5. Effect of different levels and application methods of Sulphur on yield and oil quality of
CANOLA.
18. 17
Assigned Experiment
Title Effect of Phosphorus levels and PSB on yield and
quality of Carrot (Daucus carota L).
Objectives To find out the most suitable Phosphorus level and PSB
in carrot to enhance yield and Quality
Research
workers
Dr. Naveed Akhtar, Muhammad Idrees, Dr. Babar
Hussain Babar and Muhammad Luqman
Project
Duration
2022-23
Location Agronomy (V&O) Section, Agronomic Research
Institute, Faisalabad
Treatments Factor A: Phosphorus
levels
1. 20 kg /ha (Soil
application
INOC- Seed
2. INOC- Seed
Factor B: PSB
1. PSB-1 @ 1:10
2. PSB-2 @ 1:10
METHODOLOGY
Design RCBD
Repeats 3
Variety T 29
Sowing date
Plot size 2.50m x 6.0m
Fertilizer 87-87-62 NP kg ha-1
Row x Row Distance 75cm
Plant x Plant Distance 10 cm
Data To be recorded Soil analysis before and after sowing, Fruit
length, Fruit weight, Diameter, Fruit Quality.
19. 18
Layout of The Experiment
T6
P160+B2
T2
P160+B2
T7
P160+B2
T8
P320+B2
T4
P320+B2
T5
P320+B2
T5
P80+B2
T1
P80+B2
T8
P80+B2
T7
P240+B2
T3
P240+B2
T6
P240+B2
T3
P240+B1
T7
P240+B1
T2
P240+B1
T1
P80+B1
T5
P80+B1
T4
P80+B1
T4
P320+B1
T8
P320+B1
T1
P320+B1
T2
P160+B1
T6
P160+B1
T3
P160+B1
R3 R2 R1
Field Road Main
Road
Garlic
Field
21. 20
Table 1.1: Length, Diameter (Top, center, bottom), Carrot weight, leaf weight, total
weight Replication 1, Treatment 3 of Carrot
Parameters Carrot 1 Carrot 2 Carrot 3 Carrot 4 Carrot 5
Length (cm) 33 22 26 22 31
Diameter
(Top)(cm)
5.1 4.6 3.2 1.9 3.9
Diameter
(Mid)(cm)
3 2.7 2.5 1.9 3.1
Diameter
(Bottom)(cm)
1 0.6 1 1.2 0.9
Carrot
weight (g)
222 132 108 70 189
Lea Wright
(g)
61 51 17 16 32
Total weight
(g)
283 183 125 86 221
Table1.2: No. of Carrot in 1m, Weight of Carrots in 1m.
No. of Healthy Carrots in 1m 76
No. of Weak Carrots in 1m 45
Weight of Healthy Carrots in 1 m 4.5 Kg
Weight of weak carrots in 1 m 0.5 Kg
22. 21
Table 2.1: Length, Diameter (Top, center, bottom), Carrot weight, leaf weight, total
weight Replication 1, Treatment 1 of Carrot
Table2.2: No. of Carrot in 1m, Weight of Carrots in 1m.
No. of Healthy Carrots in 1m 31
No. of Weak Carrots in 1m 52
Weight of Healthy Carrots in 1 m 2 Kg
Weight of weak carrots in 1 m 0.750 Kg
Parameters Carrot 1 Carrot 2 Carrot 3 Carrot 4 Carrot 5
Length (cm) 26 22 20 19 20.5
Diameter
(Top)(cm)
5.1 6.1 4.4 3.7 3.3
Diameter
(Mid)(cm)
3.9 4.2 3 2.5 2.9
Diameter
(Bottom)(cm)
1 1.9 1.3 1.5 1.3
Carrot
weight (g)
260 301 143 109 90
Leaf Wright
(g)
90 155 37 33 17
Total weight
(g)
350 456 180 142 107
23. 22
Table 3.1: Length, Diameter (Top, center, bottom), Carrot weight, leaf weight, total
weight Replication 1, Treatment 4 of Carrot
Parameters Carrot 1 Carrot 2 Carrot 3 Carrot 4 Carrot 5
Length (cm) 16 32 32 23 29
Diameter
(Top) (cm)
3.3 4.6 5.5 6.6 3.5
Diameter
(Mid) (cm)
2.9 3.2 4 4.8 3.1
Diameter
(Bottom)
(cm)
0.7 0.9 0.9 1.9 1
Carrot
weight (g)
75 209 299 352 229
Leaf Wright
(g)
38 51 91 70 65
Total weight
(g)
113 260 390 422 294
Table3.2: No. of Carrot in 1m, Weight of Carrots in 1m.
No. of Healthy Carrots in 1m 91
No. of Weak Carrots in 1m 31
Weight of Healthy Carrots in 1 m 7.5 Kg
Weight of weak carrots in 1 m 0.250 Kg
24. 23
Table 4.1: Length, Diameter (Top, center, bottom), Carrot weight, leaf weight, total
weight Replication 1, Treatment 2 of Carrot
Parameters Carrot 1 Carrot 2 Carrot 3 Carrot 4 Carrot 5
Length (cm) 25 24 20.5 25 17
Diameter
(Top) (cm)
5.5 4.5 4.9 4 3.5
Diameter
(Mid) (cm)
3 2.8 2.7 2.6 2
Diameter
(Bottom)
(cm)
1 1 0.7 0.9 1
Carrot
weight (g)
209 213 216 115 70
Leaf Wright
(g)
16 33 50 137 12
Total weight
(g)
225 246 266 252 82
Table4.2: No. of Carrot in 1m, Weight of Carrots in 1m.
No. of Healthy Carrots in 1m 74
No. of Weak Carrots in 1m 44
Weight of Healthy Carrots in 1 m 5 Kg
Weight of weak carrots in 1 m 0.250 Kg
25. 24
Table 5.1: Length, Diameter (Top, center, bottom), Carrot weight, leaf weight, total
weight Replication 1, Treatment 6 of Carrot
Parameters Carrot 1 Carrot 2 Carrot 3 Carrot 4 Carrot 5
Length (cm) 32 22 33 32 20
Diameter
(Top) (cm)
6.5 6.6 5.1 4.6 4.1
Diameter
(Mid) (cm)
4.5 4.4 3.3 3.5 2.8
Diameter
(Bottom)
(cm)
1.9 1.5 0.8 0.8 1.2
Carrot
weight (g)
353 323 220 230 130
Leaf Wright
(g)
122 197 35 60 50
Total weight
(g)
475 520 255 290 180
Table5.2: No. of Carrot in 1m, Weight of Carrots in 1m.
No. of Healthy Carrots in 1m 63
No. of Weak Carrots in 1m 55
Weight of Healthy Carrots in 1 m 4.5 Kg
Weight of weak carrots in 1 m 0.5 Kg
26. 25
Table 6.1: Length, Diameter (Top, center, bottom), Carrot weight, leaf weight, total
weight Replication 1, Treatment 8 of Carrot
Parameters Carrot 1 Carrot 2 Carrot 3 Carrot 4 Carrot 5
Length (cm) 31 25 25 27 16.5
Diameter
(Top) (cm)
5.3 4.7 4.3 4.7 3.6
Diameter
(Mid) (cm)
3.4 3.3 2.4 2.9 2.4
Diameter
(Bottom)
(cm)
1.1 1.4 1 1.1 1
Carrot
weight (g)
304 203 155 135 90
Leaf Wright
(g)
78 94 38 45 26
Total weight
(g)
382 297 193 180 116
Table6.2: No. of Carrot in 1m, Weight of Carrots in 1m.
No. of Healthy Carrots in 1m 51
No. of Weak Carrots in 1m 45
Weight of Healthy Carrots in 1 m 4.25 Kg
Weight of weak carrots in 1 m 0.350 Kg
27. 26
Table 7.1: Length, Diameter (Top, center, bottom), Carrot weight, leaf weight, total
weight Replication 1, Treatment 5 of Carrot
Parameters Carrot 1 Carrot 2 Carrot 3 Carrot 4 Carrot 5
Length (cm) 30 22.5 28 27 19.5
Diameter
(Top) (cm)
4.9 5.9 4 4.2 3.1
Diameter
(Mid) (cm)
3.1 3.5 2.8 2.5 2.7
Diameter
(Bottom)
(cm)
0.7 1.8 0.6 0.7 0.7
Carrot
weight (g)
245 268 168 158 68
Leaf Wright
(g)
39 58 38 51 23
Total weight
(g)
284 326 206 209 91
Table7.2: No. of Carrot in 1m, Weight of Carrots in 1m.
No. of Healthy Carrots in 1m 49
No. of Weak Carrots in 1m 22
Weight of Healthy Carrots in 1 m 5.25 Kg
Weight of weak carrots in 1 m 0.1 Kg
28. 27
Table 8.1: Length, Diameter (Top, center, bottom), Carrot weight, leaf weight, total
weight Replication 1, Treatment 7 of Carrot
Parameters Carrot 1 Carrot 2 Carrot 3 Carrot 4 Carrot 5
Length (cm) 21 24 23 21 14
Diameter
(Top) (cm)
5 4.9 3.6 4.6 2.6
Diameter
(Mid) (cm)
2.9 2.2 2 2.9 1.5
Diameter
(Bottom)
(cm)
0.9 1.1 2.7 1.3 0.6
Carrot
weight (g)
149 175 98 164 40
Leaf Wright
(g)
51 61 51 63 14
Total weight
(g)
200 236 149 227 54
Table8.2: No. of Carrot in 1m, Weight of Carrots in 1m.
No. of Healthy Carrots in 1m 47
No. of Weak Carrots in 1m 20
Weight of Healthy Carrots in 1 m 4.1 Kg
Weight of weak carrots in 1 m 0.5 Kg
29. 28
Table 9.1: Length, Diameter (Top, center, bottom), Carrot weight, leaf weight, total
weight Replication 2, Treatment 6 of Carrot
Parameters Carrot 1 Carrot 2 Carrot 3 Carrot 4 Carrot 5
Length (cm) 24 26 25 22.5 22
Diameter
(Top) (cm)
6.6 5.5 4.6 4.4 3.4
Diameter
(Mid) (cm)
4.4 3.7 3.2 3.1 2.9
Diameter
(Bottom)
(cm)
2.9 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.5
Carrot
weight (g)
373 282 181 156 117
Leaf Wright
(g)
193 140 21 52 35
Total weight
(g)
566 422 202 208 152
Table9.2: No. of Carrot in 1m, Weight of Carrots in 1m.
No. of Healthy Carrots in 1m 55
No. of Weak Carrots in 1m 23
Weight of Healthy Carrots in 1 m 5 Kg
Weight of weak carrots in 1 m 0.08 Kg
30. 29
Table 10.1: Length, Diameter (Top, center, bottom), Carrot weight, leaf weight,
total weight Replication 2, Treatment 8 of Carrot
Parameters Carrot 1 Carrot 2 Carrot 3 Carrot 4 Carrot 5
Length (cm) 27 21 26 16 23
Diameter
(Top) (cm)
5.6 4.7 4.2 4 4
Diameter
(Mid) (cm)
4.4 2.9 3.9 3.3 2.5
Diameter
(Bottom)
(cm)
1.6 1.2 1.3 2 1
Carrot
weight (g)
324 143 193 137 122
Leaf Wright
(g)
166 65 34 13 32
Total weight
(g)
490 208 227 150 154
Table10.2: No. of Carrot in 1m, Weight of Carrots in 1m.
No. of Healthy Carrots in 1m 53
No. of Weak Carrots in 1m 28
Weight of Healthy Carrots in 1 m 2.9 Kg
Weight of weak carrots in 1 m 0.05 Kg
31. 30
Table 11.1: Length, Diameter (Top, center, bottom), Carrot weight, leaf weight,
total weight Replication 2, Treatment 5 of Carrot
Parameters Carrot 1 Carrot 2 Carrot 3 Carrot 4 Carrot 5
Length (cm) 26 21 26 21 21
Diameter
(Top) (cm)
4.5 4.9 4.8 3.7 3.3
Diameter
(Mid) (cm)
3.5 3.8 2.5 2.6 2.1
Diameter
(Bottom)
(cm)
1.3 1.1 1 1.3 0.8
Carrot
weight (g)
215 195 188 105 78
Leaf Wright
(g)
119 50 52 73 22
Total weight
(g)
334 245 240 178 100
Table11.2: No. of Carrot in 1m, Weight of Carrots in 1m.
No. of Healthy Carrots in 1m 77
No. of Weak Carrots in 1m 40
Weight of Healthy Carrots in 1 m 5.7 Kg
Weight of weak carrots in 1 m 0.2 Kg
32. 31
Table 12.1: Length, Diameter (Top, center, bottom), Carrot weight, leaf weight,
total weight Replication 2, Treatment 7 of Carrot
Parameters Carrot 1 Carrot 2 Carrot 3 Carrot 4 Carrot 5
Length (cm) 23 30 21.5 22.5 21
Diameter
(Top) (cm)
5.5 4.4 3.8 3.8 3.6
Diameter
(Mid) (cm)
3.6 3.4 2.8 2.4 2.9
Diameter
(Bottom)
(cm)
1.8 1.8 1.2 1.1 1.1
Carrot
weight (g)
250 215 130 125 100
Leaf Wright
(g)
25 60 118 50 36
Total weight
(g)
275 275 248 175 136
Table12.2: No. of Carrot in 1m, Weight of Carrots in 1m.
No. of Healthy Carrots in 1m 56
No. of Weak Carrots in 1m 32
Weight of Healthy Carrots in 1 m 3.5 Kg
Weight of weak carrots in 1 m 0.05 Kg
33. 32
Table 13.1: Length, Diameter (Top, center, bottom), Carrot weight, leaf weight,
total weight Replication 2, Treatment 3 of Carrot
Parameters Carrot 1 Carrot 2 Carrot 3 Carrot 4 Carrot 5
Length (cm) 30 24.5 23 18 16
Diameter
(Top) (cm)
5.9 5.2 5.3 3.3 2.5
Diameter
(Mid) (cm)
4.2 3.3 3.5 2.3 2
Diameter
(Bottom)
(cm)
0.9 1 1.3 1.2 1
Carrot
weight (g)
410 247 259 99 64
Leaf Wright
(g)
92 50 83 38 13
Total weight
(g)
502 297 342 137 77
Table13.2: No. of Carrot in 1m, Weight of Carrots in 1m.
No. of Healthy Carrots in 1m 39
No. of Weak Carrots in 1m 28
Weight of Healthy Carrots in 1 m 3 Kg
Weight of weak carrots in 1 m 0.05 Kg
34. 33
Table 14.1: Length, Diameter (Top, center, bottom), Carrot weight, leaf weight,
total weight Replication 2, Treatment 1 of Carrot
Parameters Carrot 1 Carrot 2 Carrot 3 Carrot 4 Carrot 5
Length (cm) 24 24 17 25 17
Diameter
(Top) (cm)
5.9 4.9 4.6 3.8 4.2
Diameter
(Mid) (cm)
3.5 3.2 3.3 2.5 2.8
Diameter
(Bottom)
(cm)
1.9 1.4 1.9 1.9 1
Carrot
weight (g)
300 201 203 119 153
Leaf Wright
(g)
54 51 50 38 40
Total weight
(g)
354 252 253 157 193
Table14.2: No. of Carrot in 1m, Weight of Carrots in 1m.
No. of Healthy Carrots in 1m 55
No. of Weak Carrots in 1m 10
Weight of Healthy Carrots in 1 m 4.5 Kg
Weight of weak carrots in 1 m 0.02 Kg
35. 34
Table 15.1: Length, Diameter (Top, center, bottom), Carrot weight, leaf weight,
total weight Replication 2, Treatment 4 of Carrot
Parameters Carrot 1 Carrot 2 Carrot 3 Carrot 4 Carrot 5
Length (cm) 30 20 23 21 22
Diameter
(Top) (cm)
7 6.4 4.3 4.3 3.7
Diameter
(Mid) (cm)
3.3 4 3.1 2.5 2
Diameter
(Bottom)
(cm)
0.8 1.9 1.1 0.9 0.9
Carrot
weight (g)
353 312 167 125 89
Leaf Wright
(g)
178 155 28 39 13
Total weight
(g)
531 467 195 164 102
Table15.2: No. of Carrot in 1m, Weight of Carrots in 1m.
No. of Healthy Carrots in 1m 40
No. of Weak Carrots in 1m 22
Weight of Healthy Carrots in 1 m 4.5 Kg
Weight of weak carrots in 1 m 0.04 Kg
36. 35
Table 16.1: Length, Diameter (Top, center, bottom), Carrot weight, leaf weight,
total weight Replication 2, Treatment 2 of Carrot
Parameters Carrot 1 Carrot 2 Carrot 3 Carrot 4 Carrot 5
Length (cm) 21 15 22 21 16
Diameter
(Top) (cm)
5.7 5.1 4.4 4.2 3.8
Diameter
(Mid) (cm)
3.4 2.8 3.3 3.1 2.6
Diameter
(Bottom)
(cm)
1.6 1.5 1.1 1.2 1
Carrot
weight (g)
250 144 164 164 97
Leaf Wright
(g)
83 127 56 30 19
Total weight
(g)
333 271 220 194 116
Table16.2: No. of Carrot in 1m, Weight of Carrots in 1m.
No. of Healthy Carrots in 1m 48
No. of Weak Carrots in 1m 85
Weight of Healthy Carrots in 1 m 2.8 Kg
Weight of weak carrots in 1 m 0.22 Kg
37. 36
Table 17.1: Length, Diameter (Top, center, bottom), Carrot weight, leaf weight,
total weight Replication 3, Treatment 2 of Carrot
Parameters Carrot 1 Carrot 2 Carrot 3 Carrot 4 Carrot 5
Length (cm) 22 21 26 23 16
Diameter
(Top) (cm)
4.1 4.5 5.1 3.5 3.6
Diameter
(Mid) (cm)
2.8 2.8 2.8 2.1 2.4
Diameter
(Bottom)
(cm)
1.3 1 1.1 1.2 0.8
Carrot
weight (g)
140 147 209 116 90
Leaf Wright
(g)
30 23 35 25 23
Total weight
(g)
170 170 244 141 113
Table17.2: No. of Carrot in 1m, Weight of Carrots in 1m.
No. of Healthy Carrots in 1m 62
No. of Weak Carrots in 1m 91
Weight of Healthy Carrots in 1 m 3.95 Kg
Weight of weak carrots in 1 m 1 Kg
38. 37
Table 18.1: Length, Diameter (Top, center, bottom), Carrot weight, leaf weight,
total weight Replication 3, Treatment 4 of Carrot
Parameters Carrot 1 Carrot 2 Carrot 3 Carrot 4 Carrot 5
Length (cm) 25 25 22 17 15
Diameter
(Top) (cm)
5.4 4.9 4.8 4.1 3.9
Diameter
(Mid) (cm)
3.1 3 3.2 3.1 2.8
Diameter
(Bottom)
(cm)
1.4 1.2 0.9 1 1
Carrot
weight (g)
246 185 177 147 87
Leaf Wright
(g)
37 39 59 57 14
Total weight
(g)
283 224 236 204 101
Table18.2: No. of Carrot in 1m, Weight of Carrots in 1m.
No. of Healthy Carrots in 1m 69
No. of Weak Carrots in 1m 48
Weight of Healthy Carrots in 1 m 5.5 Kg
Weight of weak carrots in 1 m 0.3 Kg
39. 38
Table 19.1: Length, Diameter (Top, center, bottom), Carrot weight, leaf weight,
total weight Replication 3, Treatment 1 of Carrot
Parameters Carrot 1 Carrot 2 Carrot 3 Carrot 4 Carrot 5
Length (cm) 25 16 17 26 16
Diameter
(Top) (cm)
4.9 5.6 4.9 3.3 4.1
Diameter
(Mid) (cm)
3.8 3.9 2.3 2.4 2.7
Diameter
(Bottom)
(cm)
1.3 2.5 1.3 0.8 0.7
Carrot
weight (g)
250 264 160 120 110
Leaf Wright
(g)
153 109 30 59 34
Total weight
(g)
397 373 190 179 144
Table19.2: No. of Carrot in 1m, Weight of Carrots in 1m.
No. of Healthy Carrots in 1m 28
No. of Weak Carrots in 1m 11
Weight of Healthy Carrots in 1 m 2.3 Kg
Weight of weak carrots in 1 m 0.02 Kg
40. 39
Table 20.1: Length, Diameter (Top, center, bottom), Carrot weight, leaf weight,
total weight Replication 3, Treatment 3 of Carrot
Parameters Carrot 1 Carrot 2 Carrot 3 Carrot 4 Carrot 5
Length (cm) 21 25 24 26 16
Diameter
(Top) (cm)
6.2 5.6 5 3.7 3.8
Diameter
(Mid) (cm)
4 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.4
Diameter
(Bottom)
(cm)
1.6 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.1
Carrot
weight (g)
300 225 194 194 90
Leaf Wright
(g)
123 30 22 49 26
Total weight
(g)
423 255 216 243 116
Table20.2: No. of Carrot in 1m, Weight of Carrots in 1m.
No. of Healthy Carrots in 1m 96
No. of Weak Carrots in 1m 80
Weight of Healthy Carrots in 1 m 7.9 Kg
Weight of weak carrots in 1 m 0.2 Kg
41. 40
Table 21.1: Length, Diameter (Top, center, bottom), Carrot weight, leaf weight,
total weight Replication 3, Treatment 7 of Carrot
Parameters Carrot 1 Carrot 2 Carrot 3 Carrot 4 Carrot 5
Length (cm) 26 21 18 20 15
Diameter
(Top) (cm)
6.3 4.9 4 3.7 4
Diameter
(Mid) (cm)
4.2 2.1 3.4 2.3 2.5
Diameter
(Bottom)
(cm)
1.2 1.5 1.8 1.3 1.5
Carrot
weight (g)
283 173 160 112 133
Leaf Wright
(g)
141 37 33 8 22
Total weight
(g)
424 210 193 120 111
Table21.2: No. of Carrot in 1m, Weight of Carrots in 1m.
No. of Healthy Carrots in 1m 50
No. of Weak Carrots in 1m 26
Weight of Healthy Carrots in 1 m 5.5 Kg
Weight of weak carrots in 1 m 0.05 Kg
42. 41
Table 22.1: Length, Diameter (Top, center, bottom), Carrot weight, leaf weight,
total weight Replication 3, Treatment 5 of Carrot
Parameters Carrot 1 Carrot 2 Carrot 3 Carrot 4 Carrot 5
Length (cm) 21 27 16.5 16 26
Diameter
(Top) (cm)
6.1 4.3 3.9 4 2.8
Diameter
(Mid) (cm)
4.6 3.3 2.3 2.6 1.9
Diameter
(Bottom)
(cm)
3 1.8 1.3 1 0.7
Carrot
weight (g)
338 218 105 95 72
Leaf Wright
(g)
75 47 28 32 13
Total weight
(g)
413 265 133 127 85
Table22.2: No. of Carrot in 1m, Weight of Carrots in 1m.
No. of Healthy Carrots in 1m 61
No. of Weak Carrots in 1m 40
Weight of Healthy Carrots in 1 m 4 Kg
Weight of weak carrots in 1 m 0.05 Kg
43. 42
Table 23.1: Length, Diameter (Top, center, bottom), Carrot weight, leaf weight,
total weight Replication 3, Treatment 8 of Carrot
Parameters Carrot 1 Carrot 2 Carrot 3 Carrot 4 Carrot 5
Length (cm) 29 17.5 22 24 25
Diameter
(Top) (cm)
5.4 4.7 4.6 4.6 3.8
Diameter
(Mid) (cm)
3.3 2.8 3 2.7 2.5
Diameter
(Bottom)
(cm)
1.1 1.9 0.9 1.7 1.3
Carrot
weight (g)
283 143 176 127 140
Leaf Wright
(g)
63 13 28 33 36
Total weight
(g)
346 156 204 160 176
Table23.2: No. of Carrot in 1m, Weight of Carrots in 1m.
No. of Healthy Carrots in 1m 63
No. of Weak Carrots in 1m 45
Weight of Healthy Carrots in 1 m 5.15 Kg
Weight of weak carrots in 1 m 0.15 Kg
44. 43
Table 24.1: Length, Diameter (Top, center, bottom), Carrot weight, leaf weight,
total weight Replication 3, Treatment 6 of Carrot
Parameters Carrot 1 Carrot 2 Carrot 3 Carrot 4 Carrot 5
Length (cm) 22 21 17 16 16
Diameter
(Top) (cm)
6 5.2 4.3 3.7 2.4
Diameter
(Mid) (cm)
4 2.9 3.1 2.6 1.7
Diameter
(Bottom)
(cm)
1.3 1.4 1.3 1.2 0.8
Carrot
weight (g)
343 160 140 104 46
Leaf Wright
(g)
110 58 27 26 15
Total weight
(g)
453 218 167 130 61
Table24.2: No. of Carrot in 1m, Weight of Carrots in 1m.
No. of Healthy Carrots in 1m 61
No. of Weak Carrots in 1m 138
Weight of Healthy Carrots in 1 m 4.5 Kg
Weight of weak carrots in 1 m 1 Kg
45. 44
Visit/ Seminar/ Conference
V & O Section Visit with Supervisors:
On 8 February 2023 we started attendance at the V&O office. After attendance with sir
Hafiz Naveed Ramzan we went to V&O farm. Briefly Sir Hafiz Naveed Ramzan explained the
experiments under study. Dr Babar Hussain Babar briefly explained farm activities and
experiments under study and gave us layout of all experiments and told us how to take data of
experiments.
Figure 2: Discussion about layout & farm activities
46. 45
Study Tour of Agronomy Department UAF Main Campus:
On Monday 13 February 2023, a tour of the UAF main campus was attended by us at AARI
Faisalabad. A seminar was held in library hall. All Scientists explained their institutes, their works,
their experiences, stats about different crops in Pakistan and all around the world and their current
work in their Sections/institutes.
After seminar all audience was divided into three groups and went to visit the field experiments
of institute. Under the supervision Of Dr. Fahad Ihsan and Dr Babar Hussain Babar (Agronomic
Research Institute Faisalabad), we visited the Plant Physiology Section AARI. Scientist shared
their Experience about their Experiments of different crops. i.e (stevia, wheat, different medicinal
plants, different weeds).
Figure 3: introduction & visit of Ayub Agricultural Research Institute
47. 46
Then we visited the Oil Seeds Research Institute, Faisalabad. Mam Maryam who is scientist in
Oilseeds Research Institute explained us about her research on different varieties of Brasica Juncia
and Brasica Napus.
She explained us importance of CANOLA and other Oil Seeds Crops. She briefly explained the
Oil Seeds Crops importance and uses in our daily life. Present and future prospects of Oil Seeds
crop in Pakistan were also told by her.
Figure 4: Describing about canola, Brasica Juncia and Brasica Napus
48. 47
Wheat varieties data collection:
On Friday 31 march 2023, we were called by sir Hafiz Naveed Ramzan sb for taking data
(like Plant Height, Spike length, No. of Spikelet’s per spike, No. of grains/spike) of wheat
varieties/lines. We also seen that which variety completed its life cycle first or early and which
one is best variety according to yield parameter. AARI scientists are going to introduce new
varieties of wheat. This was the activity related to the latest wheat lines.
Figure 4: Data collection of Wheat
49. 48
Impact of AARI Varieties and Seed Development system on National Economy of Pakistan
On Monday 09 March 2023, A Seminar on “Impact of AARI Varieties and Seed Development
system on National Economy of Pakistan” was held in the Main Auditorium of D.G Office AARI
Faisalabad.
Scientists from different fields participated and addressed in this seminar. Apart from scientists,
farmers also participated in the seminar and got answers to questions from scientists. Scientists
from all the outstations of Ayub Research participated and informed about the research being done
at their stations. The speakers explained how a crop variety is developed and what problems are
encountered. Apart from this, the officers of the Federal Seed Corporation while addressing said
how the seed of any crop is certified and what are the accessories and what are the problems in the
certification. Addressing the scientists from various departments of Ayub Research, he told how
Ayub Research is playing an important role in crop varieties and seeds not only in Pakistan but
also in the whole world.
Figure 6: Certificate of seminar attendance