intership report Punjab seed corporation khanewal

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Punjab Seed Corporation
Khanewal.
By
Bilal Haider(2016-ag-8321)
University of agriculture Faisalabad,sub campus Burewala-vehari.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD,
Sub campus Burewala-vehari
2020

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CERTIFICATE
It is certified that Hafiz M Asif with registration number 2016-ag-8221 is student
of Department of Agronomy, University Of Agriculture Faisalabad has completed
their internship at Punjab Seed Corporation, Khanewal under my supervision
completed all the pre requisite of their internship efficiently.
Director Farms: ____________________________
Zafar Iqbal
Director Farms
Punjab Seed Corporation.
Assistant Director Farms: ______________________________
Mam Sadia Sarwar
Assistant Director Farms
Punjab Seed Corporation.
Supervisor at University: _____________________________
Dr.Ahsan sb
Department of Horticulture,
University of Agriculture,Faisalabad.

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Acknowledgment:
All the praises and thanks for Almighty Allah, Who bestowed upon us the
potential and the ability to contribute a drop from our side to the existing ocean
of knowledge in the field of agriculture. From the core of our heart, we also thank
full to the messenger of Almighty Allah, Muhammad (S.A.W),who is a torch of
guidance and knowledge for humanity from his cradle to grave.
I will not give up the opportunity to express the heartiest gratitude and
deep sense of thanks to our veteran teachers’ Dr.Muhammad Naeem Mushtaq
sb,Dr.Shakeel Imran sb,Mr.Ismail Hashmi sb ,Mam Tabinda Tariq and all the
talented, efficient and hardworking teachers in Department of Agronomy,
university of agriculture Faisalabad,sub campus Burewala-vehari. Their skillful
guidance, enthusiasm, constructive criticism, art of making useful and sagacious
suggestions helped me at every nook and corner of my life. Their appropriate
advice and inspiring attitude made it very easy for us to understand this work and
to write this manuscript.
I deem it is our utmost pleasure in expressing the gratefulness to a sincere and
honest personalities Mr.Zafar Iqbal (Director Farms), Mr. Muhammad Zeshan
(Assistant Director Farms),Mam Sadia(Assistant Director Farms),Mr. Zahoor
Hussain and Mr. Nasir Jameel (Field Assistants) , Punjab Seed Corporation,
Pirowal, Khanewalfor guiding us with strategies to command at every step in field
or office. Their efforts towards the development of spirit of hard work and
maintenance of professional integrity besides other valuable suggestion will
always serve as a beacon of light throughout the course of our life.

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No acknowledgementand appreciation will sufficefor our beloved parents whose
hands always rise in prayers for us and without their moral and financial support;
we can’t find even a beam of ray in a full sunny day. No words can really express
the feelings that I have for our beloved parents. The names of my parents will
always be in front of my eyes, as I will look on the cover of my internship report,
even though my name may be printed on it.
May ALLAH bless all these people with long, happy and peaceful lives.
(Ameen)
Bilal Haider
Table of Contents
Sr.no. Particulars Page no.
1. Preface
2. Introduction and history of Khanewal
3. Introduction and history of PSC
3. Salient features of PSC

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4. Function and objectives of PSC
5. Objectives of foundation seed cell
6. Mission statement of PSC
7. Report of World Bank and FAO about PSC
8. What is seed?
9. Flow chart of seed multiplication
10. Types and classification of seed
11. Scientific seed production system of wheat
12. Scientific seed production system of cotton
13. Four pillars of PSC
14. Link of PSC with registered growers
15. Visits of different sections of PSC
16. Criteria for the detection of different varieties of wheat
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18. DUS trials
19. Production technology of wheat
20 Visit to 83-85/10-R farm
21 Visit to PSC workshops
22 Visit to procurement section
23 Visit to processing section
24 Visit to marketing section

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Preface:
It is a well-known fact that practical experience of the field is a weapon of a
person. Theoretical know-how can never overtake the practical knowledge. In
past, after completing their degrees, the students (Bachelor or Master Degree
holders) never had proper practical knowledge and experience of dealing the
things practically and failed to fulfill their duties properly. This was a big mark on
their degrees and bad impression for their institution.
Taking this into account, this program was launched especially for training
of students after completing their theoretical studies. Initially, this program was
started by University of Agriculture, Faisalabad with the help and financial aid of
USAID in 2000. In this internship program, the students of B.Sc(Hons) final
semester were placed in government, semi-governmentand private organizations
to learn practically and get experience in field. During program, the teachers of
relevant departments/disciplines visited the organizations and give feedback on
program of students working to relevant authorities in the University.
In order to perform this activity, we people on the direction of worthy Head
of department Dr.Muhammad Naeem Mushtaq sb , Dept. Of Agronomy,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,sub campus Burewala-vehari. we were
directed to render our services at the internship programmed (3 months) for
fulfilling the degree requirement, B.Sc. (Hons.) agriculture. For compliance, we
were sent to Punjab Seed Corporation

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We have comprehensively briefed about different sections, Farm management,
Procurement, Processing and Marketing in different sections and their
coordination with Headquarter at Lahore. We have learned about “Production
technologies of different crops, management of farms, steps involved in seed
production, procurement of seeds of different crops, seed certification,
certification standards for different crops, processing of seeds. seed Storage and
storage requirements
Hence, the internship was worthy practice launched by University
administration to build up practical knowledge and technical know-how. This
developed confidence level and we performed well in field. We learned the setup
of agriculture working in public and private sector and have know-how about
shortfall of current system working. After completing the program, we have
information and enough knowledge of field and our respective subject.

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Introduction and brief History of Khanewal:
Introduction to Khanewal:
Khanewalis one of the main city in the Punjab provinceof Pakistan. Itis notable
for being the host city to the second largesttrain station in Pakistan. Total area of
Khanewalis 46041 km2
(1056973 acres). Following map is sufficient to understand
the geographicaldistribution of its tehsils and the neighboring districts:

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Khanewalis cotton belt area. The district of Khanewalis comprises four tehsils
 Kabirwala
 Khanewal
 Jahanian
 MianChannu
About 63% of population of district speaks Punjabilanguage. Saraikiis the second
widely spoken languageby 26% of the population.
The Distribution of area of Khanewalis based on the canal by which the village is
irrigated. This was the systemmade by the Indian Company in British rule. Villages
are named as “CHAK” in Khanewal. Itconsists of 677 CHAKS. According to its
tehsils following is the distribution of these “CHAKS”:
 Jahanian has 88 Chaks.
 Khanewalhas 158 Chaks.
 MianChannu has 190 Chaks.
 Kabirwala has 241 Chaks.
CLIMATE:
The climate of Khanewal dries for about 8 months in the year. Averagerainfall is
15-20 cm. The averagemaximum temperature during summer remains 45-
50°C.Winter is cold the averageminimum temperature is 5-8 °C during month of
December.
SOIL:

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Itis highly productiveand its texture varies fromloam and clay loam.
Punjab Seed Corporation
History and Introduction:
The history of Punjab Seed Corporation is dated back to 1902, though its formal
and organizationalset up came into being in 1976. As a semi-autonomous body of
Governmentof Punjab, it was established under the Seed Act of 1976 with the
assistanceof World Bank. Its main purposewas quality seed production at
affordableprice.
Historically, production of seed was started in 1902, when an Agricultural
Department was established in every provinceof Sub-continentunder the British
Rule. The main purposeof this agriculture department was the production of seed
and its distribution. This department served its services till the bifurcation of Sub-
continent. Later on, in 1962, AgricultureDevelopmental Corporation in Western
Pakistan sworn in for doing the same role as was played by former Agricultural
Department in 1902. This was a big projectand started with 16249 acres along
with three processing plants in Khanewal.
William Roberts, the Professor of Lyallpur AgricultureCollege was firstperson
who indirectly started a seed corporation in that area. William was born in 1884
in Wales, UK. He got the degree of soil chemistry fromuniversity of Wales and
higher education fromthe Bon University of Western Germany. In 1906, hecame
to Hindustan and joined the Agriculture Instituteof Bihar. Later on he joined
another institute named IAS (Indian AgricultureServices).in thestart of 20th
century; Indians try to import and cultivate the high yielding American Cotton in
their fields. To help out this activity sir William signed an agreement with the

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governmentto take a farmof 7200 acres on lease at the cost of 1rupee per acre
for 20 years.
In 1904, in Punjab at Lyallpur, a projectfor the construction of an agricultural
college and a Research Institutewas approved. In 1909 thepresent Old Campus
of University of Agriculture Faisalabad was completed along with the Research
Institute. At that time the main aims of these two institutes werefollowing:
1. To provideman power to run the field of agriculture.
2. To educate the agricultural and technical knowhow to the farmers of
Punjab so that the provincemay prosper and develop on scientific basis.
3. Good cultivars of several crops should be maintained and their production
should be started.
William Roberts in 1912 joined the Lyallpur Agriculture College as a first
professor. Hepromoted to principal in 1916. After serving his valuable time at
the institute he retired in 1920.
Among the 7200 acres land which was leased to William Roberts, 6269 acres
was snatched back by the Governmentof Pakistan under the martial law
regulation of 1952 and 1972. On thatarea, under the Seed Act of 1976 a seed
farmwas established in Khanewalnamed Punjab Seed Corporation. This
corporation leveled the land, improved the irrigation systemand started the
production of basic seed. In the meantime another seed corporation named
Sindh Seed Corporation was also established in the provinceof Sindh. Along
with these seed corporation, many processing plants werealso established at
various places in the country. In firstphase, processing plants wereestablished
in Khanewal, Rahim Yar Khan and Sahiwal. While in second phase“Mini Plants”

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were established at Gujranwala, Jhang and Sargodha. Another plant was
established at Piplan in District Mianwali to enhance the per acre yield of
rainfed areas of Thal.
In Punjab Seed Corporation, at that time, 473 acres werecultivated directly by
the corporation own and the resting 5798 acres werecultivated by 489
tenants. Onetenant holds 12.5 acres and a programmed rotation of crops in
10 years were practiced. 1 year agreement was signed with tenants and 60%
of the produce was given to the respective tenant. All the cost of production
was paid by the Punjab Seed Corporation. On 3000 acres cotton was cultivated
while 3500 acres wereengaged by wheat. Leftover land was cultivated with
maize and vegetables. Punjab Seed Corporation with the aid of breeders,
plants researchers and foundation seed cell producethe quality seed of
international standard.
Unfortunately, now a day the Corporation has only 473 acres of direct
cultivation. Due to negligence of governmentall other land has captured by
the tenants. No abrupt measures havebeen taken to retrieve the land back to
Punjab Seed Corporation. This is repugnantto say that the corporation is doing
such a marvelous work notonly for farmers but for whole country, in vis- a- vis
no appreciation has received fromthe other end. If corporation would be
supplied with land in vicinity, the maximum production of quality seed will be
possible. This not only enhance the Gross Domestic Production of Pakistan but
also increasethe per acreyield. Till now no measures havebeen taken to
reiterate back the area fromthe tenants. I deem that Punjab Government

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must give due consideration to this issueto enhance its own revenue and to
boostup the country.
Salient features of PSC:
Basic foundation of everything in universeis sine-qua-non for its development
and establishment. For example, a brick is foundation baseof a palace. Without a
good quality brick an enchanting palace is impossibleto build up. Same case is
with the green plants. A uniformand lush green crop of healthy plants is
impossiblewithout good quality seed. Therefore, all the gratitude goes to Punjab
Seed Corporation which is producing international standard, ISO certified and
affordablerates, seed to the farmer community of Pakistan since 1976. This
means that Punjab Seed Corporation is basic foundation for the production of
good Quality seed in Pakistan.
Punjab Seed Corporation as a semi-autonomous body of the Government of
Punjab was established under Assembly Seed Act 1976 with the assistance of
World Bank.
It was established for the systemic seed production, procurement, processing,
and marketing of major and minor crop seed on scientific lines.
Punjab Seed Corporation is committed to supply sufficient quantity of high quality
seed of major and minor crops at an affordableprice to farmer community as well
as to make efforts for the promotion of overall seed industry in order to enhance
National per Acre yield of Agriculture.
At present about 95% of annual requirement of pre basic seed of major
agricultural crops such as cotton and wheat are being produced by Foundation
Seed cell at PSC seed farms which are even better in quality than the pre basic
seed being produced and supplied by the breeders.

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Punjab Seed Corporation facilitates the crop breeders in fair and impartial testing
of new strains / candidate varieties prior to their formalapprovaland release with
maximum assistance to the researchers / breeders. It supplies seed in far-flung
and distant localities such as Thal and Barani areas where the private sector is
generally reluctant to supply the seed due to huge cost on logistics.
Punjab Seed Corporation has no antagonistic effect on private sector. Its role is
rather complementary to private sector by facilitating in the supplies of basic seed
to the growers of private seed companies for further multiplication into certified
seed.
Punjab Seed Corporation is functioning on self-sustainability basis without taking
any grant or subsidy from the government. It is playing a pivotal role in the
development and growth of seed sector.
FUNCTIONS AND OBJECTIVES
OF PUNJAB SEED CORPORATION
1) Production and Procurement of pre-basic seed.
2) Production and proper multiplication of basic seed.
3) Multiplication, procurement, processing, bagging, and storage of certified seed.
4) Adequate marketing of certified seed through both the public and private
sector.
5) Export of certified seed when possible after meeting the national requirement.
6) Taking over and managing the seed farms as directed by the government.
7) Making suitable arrangements for multiplication of seed on private farms
under the supervision.

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8) Making suitable arrangements for the certification of seed in such a manner as
prescribed by FSC and RD.
9) Taking all measurements to promote the establishment of seed industry in the
province.
10) Imparting technical advice and other services to its registered growers.
Objectives of Foundation Seed Cell (1979)
1. To keep close co-ordination with breeders of various major and minor crops
including vegetables.
2. Collection of pre basic seed from breeders of various crops.
3. To produce early generation seed in sufficient quantity according to the
demand of variety.
4. To keep an eye on various incoming new strains and future prospects of
variety and seed production plan accordingly.
5. To feedback behaviors of variety to the breeders.
6. To pinpoint variation noted within the variety to breeders for its remedial
measure.
7. Conduction of varietals trials pest control trials and yield trials.
8. To provide technical support to Deputy Manager of farms according to the
advice of FSC&RD and breeder in the terms of rouging.
9. To play pivotal role between breeders, FSC&RD and PSCat various stages of
early generations of seed production
10. Production of Pre-Basic Seed of various agricultural crops with the
Coordination of respective Breeders and FSC & RD at Khanewal.
11. Collection of Pre-Basic Seed of various agricultural crops from the
concerned Breeders.

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12. Maintenance of crop and seed purity.
Mission statement of PSC
“Punjab Seed Corporation is committed to supply sufficient quantity of high
quality seeds of major and minor crops, at an affordable price to the farmers’
community, as well as to make efforts for the promotion of overall seed
industry, in order to enhance national per acre agricultural yield. The
Corporationwill strive for continuous improvement inthe quality of its products
by increasing dedication and devotion of its employees for the utmost
satisfaction of its consumers.”
Why PSC farms are essential?
1. As per provisions in the seed Act-1976 and charter given by the
Government, the production of basic seeds of various important
agricultural crops rests with the Public Sector i.e. PSC which under-takes its
production with the pre-basic seeds under the supervision of technical
experts of the FSC & RD & PSC officials and with intensive rouging of off-
types.
2. Laying down the basis for systematic quality seed production system being
a vital link in the country through adequate production of basic seeds for
further multiplication and production of certified seeds to cater for annual
replacement requirements of certified seeds of important agricultural
crops.
3. To take up the shortfall in the up to standard supply of pre-basic seeds by
the crop breeders with the purification of BNS seeds and putting them into
PSS and progeny rows under the supervision of respective crop breeders

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and FSC & RD. Presently about 95% of the annual requirements of pre-
basic seeds of major agricultural crops such-as cotton, paddy and wheat
are being produced by the Foundation Seed Cell at PSC Seed Farms.
4. Facilitating the crop breeders in fair and impartial testing of new strains /
candidate varieties prior to their formal approval and release.
5. Start of production of local hybrids of maize and fodders etc. with the
promising inbred / parental lines in close coordination / collaboration with
respective crop breeders.
6. Dissemination of latest agricultural technology to the farmers through
demonstration effect resulting into boosting up of agricultural production.
Motto of PSC
1. Honesty in Quality.
2. Quality with Affordability.
3. Supplies at Door-steps of Farmers.
TRUTH
1) Quality is never an accident. It is always the results of intelligent efforts.
2) Knowledge is my weapon (PBUH); a man is who he does.
3) An honest seed man is a blessing for existence of life on the earth.
WHAT IS SEED?
1. Botanically speaking, it is a ripened ovule.
2. Genetically speaking, it is a carrier of hereditary characters fromparents to
off-springs.

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3. Fromseed technology point of view, it is a part of the plant which
can be used for further propagation.
WHAT IS QUALITY SEED
1. Which is true to type
2. Which meets minimum prescribed seed standards
3. Which has required seed health status
CHARACTERISTICS OF PSC SEEDS
P= Pedigreed, Pure, Potent, Productive.
S= Scientific, sustainable, survivor, surmounting
C= Certified, crystal-clear, cute, cynosure.
Flow chart of Seed:
BREEDER

PSC FSC&RD
↓
PSS
↓
PROGENY ROWS
↓
PROGENY BLOCK

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↓
BREEDERS NUCLEAR SEED
↓
PRE BASIC SEED
↓
BASIC SEED
↓
CERTIFIED SEED
↓
APPROVED SEED
Types of seeds:
BNS:
 Produced by Breeders at Research Institutes
 Produced by Foundation Seed Cell of PSC at Khanewal Farms with the
Co-ordination of Crop Breeders and FSC & RD.
PRE-BASIC:
 Produced & supplied by Breeders.
 Produced by Foundation Seed Cell.
BASIC:
 Produced by PSC at PSC Farms.
 Produced by PSC with Selected Registered Growers of PSC.
CERTIFIED:

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 Supervised production with Registered Growers of PSC.
 ProcurementfromRegistered Growers after due certification & seed
testing by FSC& RD.
SCIENTIFIC SEED PRODUCTION SYSTEM OF WHEAT
Year–0 True to Type Ear Selection
Year–1 Ear to Row
Year–2 Row to Progeny
Year–3 Progeny to Block
Year–4 BNS
Year–5 Pre-basic
Year–6 Basic
Year–7 Certified
SCIENTIFIC SEEDPRODUCTION SYSTEMOF COTTON
Year–0 Single Plant Selection
Year–1 Plant to Row
Year–2 Row to Progeny
Year–3 Progeny to Block
Year–4 BNS
Year–5 Pre-basic

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Year–6 Basic
Year–7 Certified
PROCEDURETO PRODUCE BASIC SEED OF COTTONAND WHEAT:
1. Plant to Row.
2. Field Rejection.
3. Laboratory Rejection.
4. Bulk of Selected Single Lines.
5. Increaseof Selected Single Lines Bulk as B.N.S.
6. Crop Inspection / Seed Testing By (FSC&Rd).
7. Pre-Basic Seed (Foundation Seed Cell).
8. Pre-Basic Crop (PSC, Seed Farms).
9. Crop Inspection / Seed Testing By (FSC&Rd).
10. Basic Seed.
Departments of PSC:
Punjab Seed Corporation consists of four departments. These four departments
work altogether for the production, procurement, processing and marketing of
quality seed. These four departments are like the pillars of a building which by
supporting each other maintain the stability of the building by maintaining its
output to produce.
Following are the main departments of PSC:
1. Farms:

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PSC has 473 acres of farm land in Pirowal. This land is not in block form. Itis
divided in three fragments which are in vicinity to each other. Now a day PSC has
three farms mentioned below:
I. 81-82/10-R:
This farmconsists of 161 acres.
II. 86-87/10-R:
This farm has 300 acres of land.
III. 83-85/10-R:
This farm only consists of 12 acres.
2. Procurement:
The basic seed produced at PSC farms and Growers Farms is further multiplied
with the registered growers for production of certified seed by the procurement
division. The Procurementstaff provides necessary advisory services to the
registered growers as wellas to the general farmer’s community. Theproduce of
certified acreageof registered growers is procured at marketrate or government
fixed prices with additional benefits of premium as per procurementplan issued
each season. The tested and approved seed lots are lifted by PSC fromthe
growers fields bearing all expenditures of transportation and other incidentals
and delivered at the nearest seed plant
3. Processing:
The Processing Division deals with the requisite seed processing. It allows the
receipt of pure and un-processed stocks of various crop seeds. Here drying,
ginning, processing, delinting, grading, treating, testing, bagging, labeling &
sealing of seeds are also done. During the storage period, storage and seed

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protection arrangements against infestation of stored grain insect pests is also
available at PSC processing plant.
The produce of farm after procurementbrings in processing plant. A processing
plant, fully supplied with latest equipment’s for processing of seeds of various
major and minor crops is installed at PSCPirowal.
4. Marketing:
The marketing of certified seeds is done through PSC's own Direct Sale Points
which are situated at different locations and through a vast network of PSC
dealers spread through-out the Punjab Province. It is pertinent to mention here
that in-view of hard competition with the Private Sector.
Link of PSC with its RegisteredGrowers:
Punjab seed Corporation is highly reputable organization of Pakistan which
produces such a high quality seed which sells as hot cakes. Moreover, it has to
supply seed not only in Punjab provincebut in a whole country. Annually, seed
production target is such in high amount which is impossibleto produceon the
PSC now a day farms becausemost of land is captured by tenants. So to supply
the seed in a whole country it also works along with registered growers with set
standards. Following arethe criterion:
Criteriaof RegisteredGrowers:
 The farmer should havesufficient area with all the necessary implements
whereit has to cultivate the crop. Because the quality check is always at
top priority of PSC, so a regular visiting by PSC professionals is mandatory. If
area will suffice then it will be easy for them to keep an eye on production
fromgermination to harvesting of crop. Minimum limit of area is 50
acreages.
 The resources of farmers should always in hand to supply the crop to avoid
any stress injury which might be lowers the quality.

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 Area of farms mustbe in proper blocks so that mixing of different variety
seeds should be reduced.
 Growers should bein vicinity of processing unit and easily approachableso
that freight chargers should be minimum.
 Resources should be sufficient at farms.
 Availability of labor and modern day implements is also imperative.
 Number of growers depends upon the target PSCwants to achieve.
Punjab SeedCorporationgives a lot of benefits toits registeredgrowers:
 BARDANA is provided by the Punjab seed corporation at their door step.
 If the crop of growers gotselected, then they gets premium on their
produce.
 Premium is provided to the farmer to compensatethe losses which he
beard in case of roughing the field and its labor charges.
 Expenditure of transportation is beard by Punjab Seed Corporation.
 The produce of growers is purchased at supportpriceof the Govt. of the
Punjab.
Visits of different sectors of PSC and nearby organizations:
During the courseof our internship we visited the four sectors including farms
,procurement, processing, and marketing. Wealso visited other governmental
organizations with a proper schedule. Details are as follows:
Visit to PSC farms:
As described earlier PSCKhanewal comprises of 3 farms.
 81-82/10-R
 83-85/10-R
 86-87/10-R
Our main focus was on the 81-82/10-Rfarmbecauseit is situated near the
director office. Moreover, many national and provisionalvarietal trials are also
performed at this farm. Varieties of different major and minor crops are also

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grown in this field for checking their adaptability and multiplication for their seed
production. This farmalso contains an orchard of different fruits plants which
enhance our interest of learning. During the period of our internship, we visited
the other farms of PSCKhanewal many of times, yet our main concern was on 81-
82/10-R.
Visits to 81-82/10-R:
As mentioned earlier in the brief discussion of farms, 81-82/10-Rconsists of 161
acres. When we started our internship programat PSCthere was 61 acres
occupied by different varieties of wheat.
Wheat, the major crop of Rabi season was cultivated on 77 acres for seed purpose
at 81-82/10-R. Various categories of seed of different varieties weregrown via
their respective method of growing.
Varietal mixture in seed production is punishablecrime. So to avoid this hectic
phenomenon following criteria of purity is followed:
Criteria for detection of different varieties in wheat:
1. Red chaff and white chaff:
The color of spikeeither red or white is easily distinguishablecharacter of wheat.
Merely by a bird’s eye view you can identify the type of wheat either it is white or
red. Before starting the inspection, the crop inspector has a clear mind that
whether he is going to observered chaff or white chaff. Because these two
groups of wheat varieties are entirely different fromeach other. For example the
white chaff variety gives light greenish and waxy appearance after spike emerging
and whitish appearance on spike maturity stage. While red chaff has very shiny,
dark greenish, non-waxy and oily in appearance on spikeemergence stage.
Two exclusive point regarding redchaff and white chaff are that if in a red chaff
variety a white chaff spikemay appear becauseof its late maturity or stunted
growth and relatively it has longer beak than rest of the spikes.

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If redchaff appears in white chaff variety it may be due to early maturity and it
has relatively smaller beak than rest of the spikes.Onething to be kept in mind
those red chaff varieties is more susceptible to rustand smut diseases than white
chaff.
2) Spike length:
Spike length also varies in different varieties of wheat. Some varieties have long
and narrow spikes with less number of seeds distributed on the spike distantly. For
example a recently approved variety Galaxy has long and scattered spike. On the
other hand some varieties have very dense spike on which large number of grains
but on small spike. Likewise, the AARI has small and dense spike. Faisalabad has
medium spike.
3) Stem height:
Stem height is also distinguishablecharacter of wheatvarieties which vary
according to the varieties. For example Galaxy and Punjab has long stature while
Faisalabad has medium stature. AARI has shortstature.
4) Shape of glume:
Glume of spikelet consists of shoulder and beak. This shoulder and beak are also
distinguishablecharacter of every variety of wheat. When we fail to identify the
variety, this length of glumes beak and shoulder is last arrow in bow. Through this
we can identify the variety. For example the length of beak and shoulder of some
main varieties are as follows:
Variety Beak Length Shoulder Width
Glaxy 2013 Medium Narrow
Faisalabad-2008 Small Medium
PSC produces quality seed with maximum purity. Ithas a set standard and proper
method to keep it purity at summit. Following procedure is adoptedby PSC to
keepits seedpure:

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Single Head Selection:
1000 spikes of healthy and vigorous plants are selected among the field of that
variety to which we have to pure. Later on lines of these heads are made for
further purification.
Single lines selection:
The breeder nucleus seed is not always pure. It contains many variations. To
purify that kind of seed single line of 7 feet long is sown. The criterion of single
line selection is very strict. For example the variation in a single plant in line is
depicted either by in its height, spike length, spikecolor or spike geometry (dense
or scattered spike). No roughing is allowed in single rows.
Varietal difference may appear among the lines samevariety due mutation in
their genes. Each variety has its own character and different attributes which
varies fromother varieties.
Progenyblock:
The single lines which got selected, the seed of the same variety is bulked and
then in the next season is sown in progeny blocks. Each progeny block has an area
of 300 ft2
. 6 lines of 50 feet are usually sown in progeny blocks. Again the same
procedureis followed for selection of progeny blocks as followed in single row
selection. In progeny blocks roughing is not allowed.
BNS-BreederNucleus Seed:
The produce of selected progeny blocks of the same varieties is mixed and is
called BNS. This seed is further used for multiplication.
Pre-Basic:
Pre- basic seed is the produceof BNS and progeny blocks. Itis grown on larger
areas and it is again very pureseed with little bit adulteration. Roughing is very

29. 29
less frequent in this category of seed. The beak and shoulder of variety is checked
very precisely in pre-basic seed.
Basic:
Itis the next produceof pre-basic seed. This is very pure seed and almost near to
becomes the certified. It is grown on very large area. Frequently roughing is done
in basic seed production. At least 4-5 times roughing is recommended in basic
seed production.
Certified:
This is final type of seed used for selling purpose. Itis the produce of basic seed.
Approved:
Approveseed is the term which is introduced some 7 to 8 years ago. Itis a kind of
seed which is less purethan certified seed. This seed is sold out to avoid the
repugnanteffect of seed mafia.
From pre-basic tobasic seedproductionroughing of fieldis recommended.
Roughing:
Removal of off-typeplants from the field is simply called roughing. Off-typeplants
may be of various natures fromother variety or within the variety due to
genetically modification.
Rules for roughing:
 Removal of red chaff fromwhite chaff and white chaff fromred chaff.
 If a plant grows taller fromother then it must be removed.
 Plant of other variety is also get discorded.
 Diseased plants are also roughed out.
 At the time of roughing sun mustbe at your back side.
 If lodging occurs more than 10%, roughing is not recommended.

30. 30
Along with seed production, many kinds of national trials are also performed in
81-82/10-R. Wealso visited these trials and learned about them. These trials were
as follows:
 DUS trials:
DUS trials mean Distinctness, uniformity and stability trials. These trials were
headed by FSC& RD. following parameters are observed during their spot
examination:
 Botanical character
 Plant character
 Stem character (Anthocyanin)
 Flag leaf character
 Ear character ( waxy or non-waxy)
This snap was taken along with the officials of FSC & RD while taking the data of
DUS trials.
Productiontechnology of wheat:
Local name: kanak, Gandum
English name: Wheat
Scientific name: Triticum aestivum
Family: Poaceae
Wheat is a staple food of Pakistan. It is grown on most lands of Pakistan.
Time of sowing for different varieties:
S. No Variety Time of sowing
1 Faisalabad-2008 Nov 6_ Nov 30
2 Galaxy-2013 Nov 13
3 Gandam-5 Nov 17

31. 31
5 Gandam-1 Nov 14_Nov 27
6 Pakistan-13 Nov 17_Nov 19
7 Johar-2016 Nov 14
8 Ujala-2016 Nov 13
9 Borlaug-2016 Nov 16_Nov 19
10 Gandam-7 Nov 14
11 Fakhar-a-Bakhar Nov 17
12 Zincol-2016 Nov19_Nov22
13 Gold-2016 Nov_20
14 Anaj-2017 Nov_14
LandPreparation:
 Cultivate the fallow land 4-5 times before sowing
 Use land leveler if required
 Split the field into small portions before “Rouni”
 After “Rouni” at soil moisturecondition, use Planker to preservemoisture
 Use “Dab method” in early and mid-season cultivation of wheat to control
weeds
Seed Rate:
 50 Kg. – 16th
to 30th
November.
 60 Kg. – 1st
December to 15th
December.
SeedTreatment:
Treat the seed with good quality fungicide to avoid fungal diseases. For example
Amedachloprid (confidor) is used for this purpose.
Sowing:

32. 32
As PSC has to produce the seed of international standards so a modern method of
sowing is followed at the farms. Sowing is done by drill.
Fertilizer Requirements:
Element Source Dose/acre
Phosphorus DAP 2 bags
Nitrogen Urea 2.5 bags
Potash PotassiumSulfate 1 bag
All the phosphorus and potash is applied at the time of sowing. 1/3 of nitrogen is
applied at sowing time and remaining dose with subsequentirrigations. Potash
must be added in the soil whereirrigation sourceis tube well water.
Irrigation:
1st
irrigation:
Applying of firstirrigation depends upon temperature. If temperature goes on
increasing then apply irrigation after 18 days of sowing otherwise21-23 days after
sowing.
2nd
irrigation:
If the temperature is normal (30c°
) then apply 2nd
irrigation after 40 days of 1st
irrigation.
3rd
irrigation:
After 15-20 days of 2nd
irrigation depending upon the crop condition.
4th
irrigation:
Almost 4 irrigations are sufficient for wheat crop from germination to physiological
maturity. 4th
irrigation is applied after 15-20 days of 3rd irrigation.

33. 33
WeedManagement:
Weeds are very dangerous peers of main crop. They almost take about 30-70%
nutrition fromthe soil and compete with the main crop. Therefore, their
culmination is very important. As in wheat no plant to plant distance is maintained
and crop stand is very dense so culmination of weeds by manual method is not
possible. So for this purposeweedicides between 1st
and 2nd
irrigation is used.
There are many types of weedicides available in market. These are as follow:
 Bermoxinal:
Bermoxinal kills broad leaves weeds. Its doseis 500mL/acre. Ithas greater effect
on weeds having 3-4 leaves. Italso has effect on soil and plants.
 Axial :
Itis also for narrow leaves and only kills weeds plants. Its doseis 330mL/acre. If
only Phalarisminor is present then spray only narrow leaves weedicides.
 Also apply nitrogen after application of weedicides becausethey also effect
plant growth.
 There should be at least 8 days interval between applications of weedicides.
Two type of weeds:
 Broad leave weeds Chenopodium album ( Batho),Rumixdentatus
(JunglyPalik), Chenopodium murale (Karund), Circium arvense (Leh),
Euphorbia helioscopia(ChatriDhodak), Fumeria indica(Shahtra),Malilotus
alba(Sengi),Medicagopolymorpha(Maina), Carthamusoxyacantha (Pohli),
Vicia sativa (Rewari) etc.
 Narrow leave weeds Phalarisminor (DumbiSitti), Avena fatua (Wild oat) etc.

34. 34
Weedcontrol Measures:
 Use of Clean/weed free seed.
 Hand pulling (if manual labor available).
 Mechanical Methods i.e. hoeing, bar harrow etc.
 Chemical Control.
Insects and Pests:
Termite, Grass hopper, shootfly, Wheatweevil, Cut Worm, Aphid, Jassid, Black
ant Black ant.
ControlMeasuresforInsectsandpests:
 Use minimum pesticides.
 Grow few lines of muster crops around the wheat field for the biological
control of aphids on wheat.
 Irrigatethe field to control the cutworm.
Harvesting:
Combine harvesting:
Harvesting is done both manually and by combined harvester. Combine harvester
charge3000 Rs/acre. Itis economical, time saving, harvesting and postharvesting
losses are also minimal.
Manual harvesting:
Manual harvester charges = 120 kg
Threshing charges = 120 kg
Total =240 kg = 6 mounds = 6×1200=7200 Rs.

35. 35
Chopper:
Harvesting by harvester causes a loss of wheat straw. Itis very important for
livestock nutrition and other purposes. Now a day chopper has been made which
suck the remaining straws of wheat and by rotating knives in its mechanism, it
makes wheat straw.
Visit to workshops ofPSC farms:
There are two workshopsatPSCKhanewal. One is of 81-82/10-Rand other is 86-
87/10-Rfarms. Both these workshopshavemodern implements and a small
engineering workshop. Smallmodifications in implements are made in these
workshops. For example, wheat thresher is modified for threshing the crops of
reddish, turnip and carrot. Other modification in planter and other implements
are also made for their better functioning. Likewise, the cotton planter is modified
in such a way that it forms such a fine bed that I have had never seen such fine
bed in vicinity area. Other implements for carrying on the working at farms are
also presentin these farms. Following arethe implements which wesaw at these
workshops:
 ExcelFlow Pump:
Itis used to suck the excess water fromthe field.
 Front Blade:
Used to clear the corner of the field
 Blow Fan:

36. 36
Some commodities are produced in small quantities and some are very light
in weight. For this purposeblow fan is used to clean this type of
commodity.
 Ridger Cum Fertilizer Drill:
Itis used for both, the sowing and application of fertilizer simultaneously
and later on as ridger for hoeing purpose.
 ScraperBlade:
Itis drawn frombehind of the tractor and is used for leveling the field.
 Chiselplough:
Ithas 3 tines of 1.5 feet and it ploughs deeper to break the hard pan.
 Fertilizer spreader:
Itis used for the spreading of fertilizer if commodity of fertilizer is large.
 Disc harrow:
Itis used to cut and invert the soil for bed preparation.
 Maize Sheller:
Itis used for the threshing of maize grains fromthe cob.
 Rotavator:
Itis used to make soil very fine.
 Bar harrow:
Itis used to removethe weeds fromwheat.
Hoeing In PSCGarden:
What is hoe?
A hoe is a great tool for controlling weeds. You can hoe weeds in your
flowerbeds, gardens, or fields. Make sureyou hoe weeds when the soil is
dry. To keep weeds under control, use a hoe frequently and upon firstsight
of a weed.
What is hoeing?
Hoeing is best done when the weeds are very small seedlings or newly
emerged shoots of perennial weeds. This allows shallow hoeing to kill the
weeds without bringing new seeds to the soil surface. Shallow hoeing also

37. 37
reduces root damage to the crop. Stirrup hoes (shufflehoes) are ideal for
shallow weeding.
Advantages:
When hoeing or weeding, the top soil of the garden is broken up. The soil is
better aerated and water can easily reach the roots.Loosesoilencourages
plant growth and eases the taking on of water. Itis importantto only work
the surfaceof the soil in order to avoid damage to the roots of shrubs and
trees.
Disadvantages:
Ploughing can destroy soil structureand cause soil erosion. Itcannot be
carried out in wet weather. It is not suitable when crops are present.
Forking and digging land over and removing weed roots and shoots by hand
can be an effective way of clearing weeds, if it is done thoroughly.
Six Tips for Effective Weed Control:
The best time to hoe is when the soil in your field or garden is as dry as
possible. This creates what some gardeners refer to as dust mulch, which
can help prevent new weeds fromgerminating. Try hoeing your garden
early in the morning, beforeyou water the plants. Stay as uprightas
possible.
Know when to hoe:
Hoeing weeds is an important part of managing flowerbeds, vegetable
gardens, and fields. You should always hoe weeds at firstsight. Waiting
until the weeds take over your garden will make hoeing moredifficult
Hoe when the soil is dry:
The best time to hoe is when the soil in your field or garden is as dry as
possible. This creates what some gardeners refer to as dust mulch, which
can help prevent new weeds fromgerminating. Try hoeing your garden
early in the morning, beforeyou water the plants.
Stay as uprightas possible:

38. 38
Before you begin to hoe, stand tall. Pick up the hoe by its handle and stand
it on the ground beside you. Take notice of your uprightposition. Try to
maintain as close to an upright position as possiblewhile you hoe. This will
make the process easier on your back.
Use a sweeping motion to slice off weed tops:
Grab the hoe and make sweeping motions over the tops of weeds, much
like you would do if using a broomto sweep a floor. Make broad, fluid
sweeping motions to slice the tops off the weeds.
Cut the weed stem justbelow the soil:
You should aim to sweep your hoe justbelow the surfaceof the soil. This
will result in cutting off the tops of the weeds at this level, which can
prevent futureweed growth.
Exercise caution and aim for accuracy:
Itis important that you are precise and cautious while hoeing weeds. An
accidental sweep to the right might result in an accidental chop to your
favoriteflowers. Make surethe hoe passes easily and precisely between
the rows of plants and does not disturb your flowers or crops.
Change hands frequently while hoeing:
Hoeing weeds can be hard on your hands, arms, and back. Try to evenly
distribute the labor on both sides of your body. You can easily do this by
switching hands and arms frequently while hoeing.
You can wear gloves while hoeing to protect your hands.
Make surethe hoe is the right height:
You should be able to stand uprightwhile you hoe weeds. Make surethe
handle of your hoe is long enough to allow you to stand while using it. If the
hoe forces you to hunch over while hoeing, try to find a hoe with a longer
handle.
Control young weeds with a lightweight scuffle hoe:

39. 39
If you want to control young weeds that are popping up in a large area or
amongstyour rows of plants, try a lightweight scuffle hoe. A diamond,
triangle, or stirrup hoe will work beston young weeds
Keep large weeds under control with a field or grub hoe:
If you are dealing with large weeds, you can usea variety of hoes to get the
job done. Try a field or grub hoe. You can also use a Warren hoe or a
standard American garden hoe. These hoes can also be used to make
furrows and chop compost.
Use a shorthandle hoe in tight spaces. If you need to performspot
weeding, or if you need to remove weeds froma tight space, a hoe with a
shorthandle will work well. You can also try using a circular hoe, collinear
hoe, or any other hoe that is mounted on a shorthandle.
Objectiveof Hoeing:
Hoeing should be the creation of a dust mulch. This is a layer of very loose
soil crumbs, typically 0.5 to 1.5 inches thick. It can be achieved with most
tools that work the soil shallowly including a rake, garden claw or stirrup
hoe.
Introduction
Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) is an important disease of wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.),
especially in cool climates. Evidence of increased aggressiveness of the disease in the United
States has
been reported recently. Stripe rust is an emerging disease in the state of Georgia and has been
more
prevalent in the southern part of the state since 2003.
Rusts are the most economically important group of wheat diseases. More than $5 billion is lost
to cereal
rusts (leaf rust, stem rust and stripe rust) worldwide each year. The capacity of rusts to develop
into
widespread epidemics is well documented. Rusts have complex life cycles that involve alternate
hosts and
several spores stages. Adding to this complexity are the numerous “physiological races”
separable by
patterns of pathogenicity and virulence on differential hosts. New races continually surface due
to the rusts’
ability to mutate and sexually recombine.
Pathogen and Hosts

40. 40
Stripe rustof wheat is caused by the basidiomycete fungus Puccinia
striiformis Westend f. sp. tritici Eriks &
Henn (Syn. P. glumarumErik. and Henn.) in the order Uredinales. Itis
considered to be an obligate
parasite. The fungus produces brightyellow to orange urediniospores 20 to
30 um in diameter (Fig. 1a-b).
These spores havethick and echinulated walls and are contained in sorior
pustules on the plant (Fig. 2).
Urenidiosporeproduction usually is followed by teliospore production late
in the growing season. No
alternate hostis known. The pathogen survives in wheatas dormant
mycelium in cooler climates.
Early season infections in the southeastare thought to be initiated by
spores carried on wind currents from
the south-centralU.S. and Mexico. P. striiformis f. sp tritici primarily attacks
wheat. A separateformae
specialis (P. s. f. sp. hordei) attacks barley. Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici
has numerous physiological
races.

41. 41
Symptoms
The first sign of stripe rustis the appearance of yellow streaks (pre-
pustules), followed by small, bright
yellow, elongated uredial pustules arranged in conspicuous rows on the
leaves, leaf sheaths, glumes and
awns (Fig. 3a-d). Maturepustules will break open and release yellow-
orangemasses of urediniospores. In
some varieties, long, narrow yellow stripes will develop on leaves. The
infected tissues may become brown
and dry as the plant matures or becomes stressed (Fig. 4a-b). Severeearly
infection can result in plant
stunting.

42. 42

43. 43
Conditions Favoring the Disease
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici can survive as dormant mycelium on wheat. Urediniospores can
perpetuate
the disease on green host tissue, such as volunteer wheat or susceptible wheat growing in
other fields.
Stripe rust is most common in higher elevations and cooler climates. The pathogen is best
sustained when
nighttime temperatures are <60ºF (15ºC). Stripe rust can develop on wheat at lower
temperatures than
other rusts. Optimum urediniospore germination occurs at 44-59ºF (7-15ºC). Infection and
disease
development is most rapid between 50-60ºF (10-16ºC). Urediniospores are spread via wind
currents to
healthy plants where they can initiate new infections. Heavy dew or intermittent rains can
accelerate the
spread of the disease. Infection tends to cease when temperatures consistently exceed 71-73ºF
(21-23ºC).
In Georgia, stripe rust on winter wheat is first observed in late winter or early spring
(February to March).
Control
Field Monitoring
Become familiar with stripe rust symptoms and anticipate environmental conditions that are
conducive for
the disease. Check fields periodically and early in the season. Use a hand lens to look for
symptoms on all
parts of the plant and examine a number of plants throughout the field. Rub your fingers over
the leaf
blade and look for yellow powdery residues. Field symptoms may not be sufficient to identify
the disease
and a physical sample might be needed for identification. Information on how and where to
submit a
sample is located at http://plantpath.caes.uga.edu/extension/clinic.html or by calling your
county Extension
office.
4
Genetic Control
Use of resistant varieties is the best way to control wheat losses to stripe rust. Two types of
genetic
resistance to stripe rust are known: a) seedling resistance and b) adult plant resistance.
Seedling
resistance, which is controlled by a single gene, is highly effective and lasts throughout the
wheat life cycle.

44. 44
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is a highly variable pathogen and new pathotypes are
continually being
discovered. The development of wheat varieties resistant to stripe rust makes use of resistant
genes
termed Yr. There are more than 40 Yr genes designated so far.
Adult plant resistance develops as the plants mature. Expression can occur at different growth
stages
ranging from boot to early head emergence, depending on the variety.
Because new races of the fungus can develop, it is important to know the susceptibility of a
given wheat
variety. Table 1 summarizes stripe rust reactions and three-year yield averages of common
wheat varieties
planted in Georgia (see annual CAES Small Grains Performance Tests Research Report
or th
Chemical Control
In Georgia, several fungicides are currently labeled for stripe rust on wheat. Due to constant
changes in
fungicide labeling, check the entire product label and/or contact your local county Extension
agent for the
most up-to-date information. Guides for fungicide use can also be found in the annually-
updated CAES
Wheat Production Guide and the Georgia Pest Management Handbook (UGA Cooperative
Extension Special
Bulletin 28). Always follow product labels for recommendations, precautions and
restrictions.

45. 45
Cultural Control
Cultural measures can reduce the loss caused by stripe rust to some degree; however, wind
dispersal of
spores up to hundreds of miles can initiate seasonal epidemics of the disease. Weather systems
that travel
across northern Mexico and the southeastern U.S. could bring in rust spores and allow the
disease to
establish where environmental conditions are favorable for its development. Genetic resistance
and
constant monitoring when conditions are conducive for stripe rust are imperative for adequate
stripe rust
management.
Rust Attack On Following Varities
 Galaxy-13
 Faislabad-2008
 Gandam-1,5,7
 Akbar
 Burlag
 Gold-2016
 Ujala
 Fakhr-e-Bakhar