The present research study evaluate and identify the most suitable and high yielding genotypes of Lens culinaris for the salt marsh habitat of Swat in moist temperate sort of agro climatic environment of Pakistan. A total of fourteen genotypes were cultivated and analyzed through Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). These genotypes were AZRC-4, NL-2, NL4, NL-5, NL-6, NARC-11-1, NARC-11-2, NARC-11-3, NARC-11-4, 09503, 09505, 09506, P.Masoor-09 and Markaz-09. Different parameters i.e., germination rate, flowering, physiological maturity, plant height, biological grain yield, seed weight, pods formation and its height, pods per plants and protein content were focused specially throughout the study. Preliminary the Lentil genotypes have significant variability in all the major morpho-agronomic traits. The days to germination, 50% flowering and 100 seed weight ranged from 7 to 9, 110 to 116 days, and from 5.4 to 7.3 gm respectively. Biological yield and grain yield ranged from 5333 to 9777 kg ha−1 and 1933 to 3655 kg ha−1 respectively. Whereas, protein contents ranged from 23.21% to 28.45%. It was concluded that the genotype AZRC-4 is better varity in terms of grain yield plus in 100 seed weight and moreover, 09506 genotype was significant under salt marsh habitat in early maturing for the Swat Valley, Pakistan.
Hidden diversity for abiotic and biotic stress tolerances in the primary gene...FOODCROPS
FOODCROPS.VN. Hidden diversity for abiotic and biotic stress tolerances
in the primary gene pool of rice revealed by a large
backcross breeding program
Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus amendment on the yield of a Chlorella sp. s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A strain of microalgae was isolated from phytoplankton samples collected from the sea coast of Amsheet, North Lebanon. Molecular diagnosis based on ribosomal RNA genes showed it to be most closely related to Chlorella sp. (GenBank accession KC188335.1) with over 90 % nucleotide identity. It was then evaluated whether N and P amendments of seawater fertilized with Guillard’s f/2 medium would improve algal growth and production. Addition of nitrogen (30 ppm) and/or phosphorus (2 ppm) to microalgae grown under laboratory conditions in 3L bioreactors resulted in improved biomass yield (mg dry matter/ L) by approximately 48%, and increased protein yield by approximately 56%, from 19.5% to 30.6% of DM content. Total protein yield/L of culture medium was therefore increased by approximately 83%. Total lipid content and carotenoid levels of the microalgal culture were not affected by the N+P amendement, whereas chlorophyll content was almost doubled. When lower levels of N+P supplementations, 10 and 20 ppm N, were tried, the biomass yield was also improved. The experiment was repeated in 20 L bioreactors in a plastic greenhouse, under normal environmental conditions, with an average temperature of 28°C and a maximum temperature of 36°C. At these relatively high temperatures, the growth rate was slowed down, but N supplementations at 10 and 20 ppm resulted in improved dry matter yield by 25 and 45% respectively, and protein content by 17 and 35%, respectively. Knowledge of the optimal culturing conditions of this local Chlorella strain is essential for its efficient production and is expected to serve future environmental and biotechnological purposes.
Hidden diversity for abiotic and biotic stress tolerances in the primary gene...FOODCROPS
FOODCROPS.VN. Hidden diversity for abiotic and biotic stress tolerances
in the primary gene pool of rice revealed by a large
backcross breeding program
Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus amendment on the yield of a Chlorella sp. s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A strain of microalgae was isolated from phytoplankton samples collected from the sea coast of Amsheet, North Lebanon. Molecular diagnosis based on ribosomal RNA genes showed it to be most closely related to Chlorella sp. (GenBank accession KC188335.1) with over 90 % nucleotide identity. It was then evaluated whether N and P amendments of seawater fertilized with Guillard’s f/2 medium would improve algal growth and production. Addition of nitrogen (30 ppm) and/or phosphorus (2 ppm) to microalgae grown under laboratory conditions in 3L bioreactors resulted in improved biomass yield (mg dry matter/ L) by approximately 48%, and increased protein yield by approximately 56%, from 19.5% to 30.6% of DM content. Total protein yield/L of culture medium was therefore increased by approximately 83%. Total lipid content and carotenoid levels of the microalgal culture were not affected by the N+P amendement, whereas chlorophyll content was almost doubled. When lower levels of N+P supplementations, 10 and 20 ppm N, were tried, the biomass yield was also improved. The experiment was repeated in 20 L bioreactors in a plastic greenhouse, under normal environmental conditions, with an average temperature of 28°C and a maximum temperature of 36°C. At these relatively high temperatures, the growth rate was slowed down, but N supplementations at 10 and 20 ppm resulted in improved dry matter yield by 25 and 45% respectively, and protein content by 17 and 35%, respectively. Knowledge of the optimal culturing conditions of this local Chlorella strain is essential for its efficient production and is expected to serve future environmental and biotechnological purposes.
Groundnut is one of the most important cash crops in our country. It is a low- priced commodity but a valuable source of all the nutrients. Groundnut is the sixth most important oilseed crop in the world. It contains 48-50% of oil and 26-28% of protein and is a rich source of dietary fiber, minerals, and vitamins. The production of groundnut is concentrated in Asia and Africa with 56% and 40% of the global area and 68% and 25% of the global production, respectively
Breeding for yield potential and stress adaptation in riceAshish Tiwari
With resources such as land being limited, increasing yield potential holds an important place for feeding the growing population. Stress is one of the main reasons for hindering the full flourish potential of any crop. Thus, breeding for increasing yield potential as well as stress adaptability goes hand in hand. Various conventional as well as advanced breeding methods along with the understanding of crop physiology can help us achieve the goal
Phenotypic Correlation and Heritability Estimates of some Quantitative Charac...Premier Publishers
Heritability and phenotypic estimates of some quantitative traits and its influence on different nitrogen fertilizer levels give the room for recombinants which become a prerequisite for any breeding study. Genetic variation in quantitative traits for the development for new variety of crop plant with different nitrogen fertilizer levels. Base on this background, the study was conducted in order to evaluate the quantitative traits from advanced blast-resistant rice varieties in order to establish relationship between yield and yied components using genetic variances.To achieve this objective, two field studies were carried out in Malaysia during the cropping season 2017/2018. Sixteen advanced blast-resistant rice genotypes were studied in order to find out phenotypic correlation and heritability in some quantitative characters to determine the effect of various levels of Nitrogen fertilizer. The field experiment was conducted in a split-plot design replicated three times in a plot of 35 × 28.5 m2. The planting distance was 25 × 25 cm and the plot size was 2 × 1.5 m2 unit for genotype in each replication. There was a highly significant variation among the genotypes in response to to nitrogen levels, high PCV, GCV, heritability, relative distance and genetic advance which indicated that different quantitative traits especially tonnes per hectare (Tha), grain weight per plot (GWTPP) and kilogram per plot (kgplot) significantly influence the yield trait. . Similarly, high heritability (>60%) was observed indicating the substantial effect of additive gene more than the environmental effect. Yield per plant showed strong to low positive correlations (푟 = 0.99 - 0.09) at phenotypic level for grain weight per plot (GWTPP), number of tillers per hill (NTH), number of panicle per hill (NPH) and kilogram per plot (kg/plot).
Intercropping of maize and climbing bean: fodder yield, quality and nutrient ...Innspub Net
A study was conducted to examine fodder yield and silage quality of maize (Zea mays L.) and climbing bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) intercropping with different planting structure. Maize was cultivated alone and intercropped with climbing bean as follows;1 row maize to 1 row climbing bean (1M1K), 1 row maize to 2 rows climbing bean (1M2K) and 2 rows maize to 1 row climbing bean (2M1K). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with four treatments and three replications. The crops were harvested when the maize reached at milk stage and climbing bean at R7 stage. The results indicated significant increase in fresh biomass and dry matter production of maize fodder alone as compared to maize intercropped with climbing bean fodder. However, no difference (p>0.05) was observed in ether extract (EE), and ash (%) of nutrient composition of fodder among the four treatments After 45 days of ensiling period, silage samples were analysed for pH, organic acids (lactic, acetic, and butyric), ammonia-N(NH3-N), dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), water soluble carbohydrate (WSC), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na) and potassium (K). All intercropped silages had higher CP values (1M1K, 12.0%; 1M2K, 12.3%; 2M1K, 11.1%) than the monocrop maize (SM, 8.9%) silage. Higher organic acids and ammonia-N (p<0.05) were produced in the 1M2K silages as compared to others silages. The study showed that among all intercropped silages the 1M2K (1 row maize to 2 rows climbing bean) was preferable according to nutrient composition than other intercropped silages.
Yield potentials of recently released wheat varieties and advanced lines unde...Innspub Net
An experiment was conducted to study the varietals /genotypic potentiality in producing maximum yield under
different soil and environmental conditions and N-use efficiency of different genotypes and to support wheat
breeding program in selecting the genotype with relatively higher yield potential. The experiment was conducted
in split plot design with three replications to evaluate the two soil management practices: (i) Recommended
fertilizer (N100P30K50S20) with all the production package of Wheat Research Center (WRC) (timely sowing, one
weeding, 3 irrigations) (ii) Treatment (i) plus soil treatment (application of granular fungicide in moist soil before
seeding) with plant protection (foliar application of tilt at anthesis and grain filling). One additional irrigation
(schedules: 17-21, 35-40, 55-60, 75-80 DAS) in the main plot and eight varieties/lines, varities: i) Shatabdi ii)
Prodip iii) Bijoy iv) BARI Gom-25 v) BARI Gom-26, lines: vi) BAW 1051 vii) BAW 1135 and viii) BAW 1141 in subplot were adopted. The results conclude that best management practice with Prodip, Bijoy and BAW 1141 are best performance among the genotypes/varieties and will give a new concept on identification of the strategy for the improvement of wheat cultivation and yield.
Mini core collection – a means to enhance utilization of germplasmICRISAT
Plant genetic resources (PGR) are the basic materials for progress in crop improvement and an insurance against unforeseen threats to agricultural production. Greater use of germplasm in crop improvement is needed for sustainable conservation of genetic resources, to protect the natural ecosystems and simultaneously enhance agricultural production for food security.
Indian agriculture feels the pain of fatigue of green revolution.
In the past 50 years, the fertilizer consumption exponentially increased from 0.5 (1960’s) to 24 million tonnes (2013) that commensurate with four-fold increase in food grain output (254 million tonnes) In order to achieve a target of 300 million tonnes of food grains and to feed the burgeoning population of 1.4 billion in 2025, the country will require 45 million tonnes of nutrients as against a current consumption level of 23 million tonnes. The sustainable agriculture and precision farming both are the urgent issues and hence the suitable agro-technological interventions are essential (e.g., nano and biotechnology) for ensuring the safety and sustainability of relevant production system.
Soil is precious natural resource equally as important as water and air. The proper use of soil greatly determines the capability of a life-support system.The agriculture era has been changed from resource degrading to resource conserving technologies and practices which will enable help for increasing crop productivity besides maintaining soil health for future generations. Green revolution besides achieving food security, imposes several threats like deterioration of the soil organic carbon stock, decreasing factor productivity, imbalances in NPK and micronutrient use and disparity in fertilizer consumptions etc.
Evaluation of Soya Bean Varieties at Moisture Stress of Eastern Harerghe Zone...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Soya bean is a multi-purpose crop. The area of production for soybeans is expected to increase due raised demand of domestic processing industries and boosted demand for use in animal feed. This experiment were conducted with the objective of identify superior genotypes in terms of yield, insect pest & disease tolerance/resistance and with desirable agronomic traits for the last two years of (2014 & 2015). Analysis of variance showed that there were significant difference among the varieties in terms of disease reaction, grain yield and yield related attributes. Korme, Ethio-eugoslavia and Didesa provided about 32.67%, 29.11%, 22.55%, yield advantages over the standard check (Clark), respectively. Therefore, the three high yielding varieties (Korme, Ethio-eugoslavia, and Didesa) were selected and recommended for further production at Fedis and similar agro-ecologies.
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on Agronomy open access journals please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Weed species composition and distribution pattern in the maize crop under the...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Weeds are unwanted plant species growing in ordinary environment. In nature there are a total of 8000 weed species out of which 250 are important for agriculture world. The present study was carried out on weed species composition and distribution pattern with special reference to edaphic factor and farming practices in maize crop of District Mardan during the months of August and September, 2014. Quadrates methods were used to assess weed species distribution in relation to edaphic factor and farming practices. Phytosociological attributes such as frequency, relative frequency, density, relative density and Importance Values were measured by placing 9 quadrates (1 × 1 m2) randomly in each field. Initial results showed that the study area has 29 diverse weed species belonging to 27 genera and 15 families distributed in 585 quadrats. Presence and absence data sheet of 29 weed species and 65 fields were analyzed through PC-ORD version 5. Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analyses initiated four different weed communities with significant indicator species and with respect to underlying environmental variables using data attribute plots. Canonical Correspondence Analyses (CCA) of CANOCO software version 4.5 was used to assess the environmental gradients of weed species. It is concluded that among all the edaphic factors the strongest variables were higher concentration of potassium, organic matter and sandy nature of soil. CCA plots of both weed species and sampled fields based on questionnaire data concluded the farming practices such as application of fertilizers, irrigation and chemical spray were the main factors in determination of weed communities.
Groundnut is one of the most important cash crops in our country. It is a low- priced commodity but a valuable source of all the nutrients. Groundnut is the sixth most important oilseed crop in the world. It contains 48-50% of oil and 26-28% of protein and is a rich source of dietary fiber, minerals, and vitamins. The production of groundnut is concentrated in Asia and Africa with 56% and 40% of the global area and 68% and 25% of the global production, respectively
Breeding for yield potential and stress adaptation in riceAshish Tiwari
With resources such as land being limited, increasing yield potential holds an important place for feeding the growing population. Stress is one of the main reasons for hindering the full flourish potential of any crop. Thus, breeding for increasing yield potential as well as stress adaptability goes hand in hand. Various conventional as well as advanced breeding methods along with the understanding of crop physiology can help us achieve the goal
Phenotypic Correlation and Heritability Estimates of some Quantitative Charac...Premier Publishers
Heritability and phenotypic estimates of some quantitative traits and its influence on different nitrogen fertilizer levels give the room for recombinants which become a prerequisite for any breeding study. Genetic variation in quantitative traits for the development for new variety of crop plant with different nitrogen fertilizer levels. Base on this background, the study was conducted in order to evaluate the quantitative traits from advanced blast-resistant rice varieties in order to establish relationship between yield and yied components using genetic variances.To achieve this objective, two field studies were carried out in Malaysia during the cropping season 2017/2018. Sixteen advanced blast-resistant rice genotypes were studied in order to find out phenotypic correlation and heritability in some quantitative characters to determine the effect of various levels of Nitrogen fertilizer. The field experiment was conducted in a split-plot design replicated three times in a plot of 35 × 28.5 m2. The planting distance was 25 × 25 cm and the plot size was 2 × 1.5 m2 unit for genotype in each replication. There was a highly significant variation among the genotypes in response to to nitrogen levels, high PCV, GCV, heritability, relative distance and genetic advance which indicated that different quantitative traits especially tonnes per hectare (Tha), grain weight per plot (GWTPP) and kilogram per plot (kgplot) significantly influence the yield trait. . Similarly, high heritability (>60%) was observed indicating the substantial effect of additive gene more than the environmental effect. Yield per plant showed strong to low positive correlations (푟 = 0.99 - 0.09) at phenotypic level for grain weight per plot (GWTPP), number of tillers per hill (NTH), number of panicle per hill (NPH) and kilogram per plot (kg/plot).
Intercropping of maize and climbing bean: fodder yield, quality and nutrient ...Innspub Net
A study was conducted to examine fodder yield and silage quality of maize (Zea mays L.) and climbing bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) intercropping with different planting structure. Maize was cultivated alone and intercropped with climbing bean as follows;1 row maize to 1 row climbing bean (1M1K), 1 row maize to 2 rows climbing bean (1M2K) and 2 rows maize to 1 row climbing bean (2M1K). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with four treatments and three replications. The crops were harvested when the maize reached at milk stage and climbing bean at R7 stage. The results indicated significant increase in fresh biomass and dry matter production of maize fodder alone as compared to maize intercropped with climbing bean fodder. However, no difference (p>0.05) was observed in ether extract (EE), and ash (%) of nutrient composition of fodder among the four treatments After 45 days of ensiling period, silage samples were analysed for pH, organic acids (lactic, acetic, and butyric), ammonia-N(NH3-N), dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), water soluble carbohydrate (WSC), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na) and potassium (K). All intercropped silages had higher CP values (1M1K, 12.0%; 1M2K, 12.3%; 2M1K, 11.1%) than the monocrop maize (SM, 8.9%) silage. Higher organic acids and ammonia-N (p<0.05) were produced in the 1M2K silages as compared to others silages. The study showed that among all intercropped silages the 1M2K (1 row maize to 2 rows climbing bean) was preferable according to nutrient composition than other intercropped silages.
Yield potentials of recently released wheat varieties and advanced lines unde...Innspub Net
An experiment was conducted to study the varietals /genotypic potentiality in producing maximum yield under
different soil and environmental conditions and N-use efficiency of different genotypes and to support wheat
breeding program in selecting the genotype with relatively higher yield potential. The experiment was conducted
in split plot design with three replications to evaluate the two soil management practices: (i) Recommended
fertilizer (N100P30K50S20) with all the production package of Wheat Research Center (WRC) (timely sowing, one
weeding, 3 irrigations) (ii) Treatment (i) plus soil treatment (application of granular fungicide in moist soil before
seeding) with plant protection (foliar application of tilt at anthesis and grain filling). One additional irrigation
(schedules: 17-21, 35-40, 55-60, 75-80 DAS) in the main plot and eight varieties/lines, varities: i) Shatabdi ii)
Prodip iii) Bijoy iv) BARI Gom-25 v) BARI Gom-26, lines: vi) BAW 1051 vii) BAW 1135 and viii) BAW 1141 in subplot were adopted. The results conclude that best management practice with Prodip, Bijoy and BAW 1141 are best performance among the genotypes/varieties and will give a new concept on identification of the strategy for the improvement of wheat cultivation and yield.
Mini core collection – a means to enhance utilization of germplasmICRISAT
Plant genetic resources (PGR) are the basic materials for progress in crop improvement and an insurance against unforeseen threats to agricultural production. Greater use of germplasm in crop improvement is needed for sustainable conservation of genetic resources, to protect the natural ecosystems and simultaneously enhance agricultural production for food security.
Indian agriculture feels the pain of fatigue of green revolution.
In the past 50 years, the fertilizer consumption exponentially increased from 0.5 (1960’s) to 24 million tonnes (2013) that commensurate with four-fold increase in food grain output (254 million tonnes) In order to achieve a target of 300 million tonnes of food grains and to feed the burgeoning population of 1.4 billion in 2025, the country will require 45 million tonnes of nutrients as against a current consumption level of 23 million tonnes. The sustainable agriculture and precision farming both are the urgent issues and hence the suitable agro-technological interventions are essential (e.g., nano and biotechnology) for ensuring the safety and sustainability of relevant production system.
Soil is precious natural resource equally as important as water and air. The proper use of soil greatly determines the capability of a life-support system.The agriculture era has been changed from resource degrading to resource conserving technologies and practices which will enable help for increasing crop productivity besides maintaining soil health for future generations. Green revolution besides achieving food security, imposes several threats like deterioration of the soil organic carbon stock, decreasing factor productivity, imbalances in NPK and micronutrient use and disparity in fertilizer consumptions etc.
Evaluation of Soya Bean Varieties at Moisture Stress of Eastern Harerghe Zone...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Soya bean is a multi-purpose crop. The area of production for soybeans is expected to increase due raised demand of domestic processing industries and boosted demand for use in animal feed. This experiment were conducted with the objective of identify superior genotypes in terms of yield, insect pest & disease tolerance/resistance and with desirable agronomic traits for the last two years of (2014 & 2015). Analysis of variance showed that there were significant difference among the varieties in terms of disease reaction, grain yield and yield related attributes. Korme, Ethio-eugoslavia and Didesa provided about 32.67%, 29.11%, 22.55%, yield advantages over the standard check (Clark), respectively. Therefore, the three high yielding varieties (Korme, Ethio-eugoslavia, and Didesa) were selected and recommended for further production at Fedis and similar agro-ecologies.
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on Agronomy open access journals please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Weed species composition and distribution pattern in the maize crop under the...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Weeds are unwanted plant species growing in ordinary environment. In nature there are a total of 8000 weed species out of which 250 are important for agriculture world. The present study was carried out on weed species composition and distribution pattern with special reference to edaphic factor and farming practices in maize crop of District Mardan during the months of August and September, 2014. Quadrates methods were used to assess weed species distribution in relation to edaphic factor and farming practices. Phytosociological attributes such as frequency, relative frequency, density, relative density and Importance Values were measured by placing 9 quadrates (1 × 1 m2) randomly in each field. Initial results showed that the study area has 29 diverse weed species belonging to 27 genera and 15 families distributed in 585 quadrats. Presence and absence data sheet of 29 weed species and 65 fields were analyzed through PC-ORD version 5. Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analyses initiated four different weed communities with significant indicator species and with respect to underlying environmental variables using data attribute plots. Canonical Correspondence Analyses (CCA) of CANOCO software version 4.5 was used to assess the environmental gradients of weed species. It is concluded that among all the edaphic factors the strongest variables were higher concentration of potassium, organic matter and sandy nature of soil. CCA plots of both weed species and sampled fields based on questionnaire data concluded the farming practices such as application of fertilizers, irrigation and chemical spray were the main factors in determination of weed communities.
Microbiological and Physicochemical Properties of Wholegrain Millet Sourdough...Premier Publishers
This study enumerates the bacterial and fungal isolates responsible for the fermentation of millet sourdoughs, evaluates the antimicrobial safety of the sourdough starters and the quality of bread produced thereafter. The individual flours were spontaneously fermented in the ratio 1:1 (w/v) for 48 h. At the end of the fermentation, the microbial consortium of the sourdough meals obtained were determined and also screened for antagonistic activity against selected pathogens. All the sourdough starters revealed strong clearance zones against the selected food borne pathogens with values ranging from 5.00 to 16.1 mm. The proximate compositions of the breads were improved by the sourdough fermentation process compared with the raw flour. The moisture content of flour determined ranged from 7.48 to 11.20% while the protein, fat, ash, crude fibre and carbohydrate were 9.53 to 12.4%; 2.13 to 2.78%; 0.82 to 2.87%; 2.10 to 4.67% and 71.83 to 76.33% respectively. The carbohydrate content of the breads reduced with fermentation and ranged from 63.10% to 73.33% while the protein, ash, crude fibre and fat content increased and ranged from 11.57 to 15.31%; 2.39 to 3.08%; 1.76 to 3.62% and 7.15 to 12.32% respectively. The highest value for calcium 48.86 mg/100 g was exhibited by pearl millet bread. Sensory evaluation showed significant difference (P < 0.05) in the appearance, taste, colour, aroma and texture of the bread samples. The findings have suggested that indigenous wholegrain cereals could be employed for bread production, which has the potential to improve the nutritional profile and safety of cereal fermented foods which forms the bulk of the diet of rural dwellers in sub-Saharan Africa.
Estimate of Genetic Variability Parameters among Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea ...Premier Publishers
Sixteen groundnut genotypes (including local check) were evaluated for quantitative parameters. The crop was sown during 2015 wet season in Ethiopia across four locations. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Twelve quantitative parameters were studied. The analysis of variance revealed the prevalence of significant difference among the genotypes for all studied parameters. Based on mean performance of genotypes Beha gudo, Manipeter and Werer-962 were found to be best for grain yield in kg/ha. High to moderate estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were exhibited by all characters except for SHP and NSP indicating that those characters could be used as selection indices for crop improvement. High heritability was observed for 100SW (91.2%), AGBP (90.3%), NBP (90.2%), PH (89.4%), NMP (86.8%), NSPOD (85.7%), HI (83.7%) and KY (79.7%) accompanied by high genetic advance indicating the predominant role of additive gene action and the possibilities of effective selection for the improvement of groundnut genotypes based on these characters. Low broad sense heritability and low genetic advance was observed only for SHP and NSP indicating low genetic potentials for these characters and non-additive gene effect prevails.
The present study was carried on Abelmoschus esculentus (A. esculentus) by using the vermicompost. The decoction tea powder is wasted wet garbage and discarded on the dumping ground. It generally creates environmental pollution. This wet garbage can used as a good source of nutrients to the vegetable crop plants. The research is carried out by preparing vermicompost using 75% decoction tea powder and 25% mixture of black soil, cow dung, leaf litter and little vermicompost. The compost prepared by using decoction tea powder has increased concentration of necessary nutrients such as pH, minerals, organic carbon (O.C.), total phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sodium required for vegetable crop plants for its development. In present investigation by applying this compost, Electrical conductivity was decreased by 9.51%, O.C. 89.30%, total phosphorus 26.09%, potassium 1.0%, Mg and Na by 43.17% shows a significant increase in absorption. It is also observed that germination period decreases whereas height of stem, leaf area, flowering and fruits were developed earlier than control soil. Key-words- Decoction tea powder, Vermicompost, A. esculentus, Green revolution, Biological resistance
Effect of cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield of h...Premier Publishers
The high cost of inorganic fertilizer and continuous decline in soil fertility results to low crop yield hence, the need to supplement mineral fertilizer with organic manure. Field experiments were conducted in 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Gubi, Bauchi State, Nigeria, to investigate the effects of different levels of cattle manure, CM, (0, 5 and 10 t/ha) and NPK (0, 200 and 400kg/ha) on the growth, yield and yield components of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.). These treatment combinations were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. CM levels had significant effect (P≤0.05) on number of leaves per plant and plant height. However, NPK levels also had significant effect on many characters in both 2013 and 2014 but lower mean values were recorded in 2013. In 2014, significant interactions were observed in mean number of leaves, plant height, husk weight and yield (t/ha). The highest seed yield (5.65t/ha) was obtained when 5t/ha CM was used, which was statistically similar (5.60t/ha) to 400kg/ha inorganic fertilizer used. The application of 5t/ha CM or 400kg/ha NPK is recommended for improved production of hybrid maize in the study area.
Phosphate solubilizing potential of Rhizobium and Bacillus species for enhanc...Innspub Net
By International Network For Natural Sciences INNSPUB in Agronomy and Horticulture.
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the separate and integrated effect of Rhizobium and Bacillus spp. on the growth of maize (Zea Mays L.). Inocula of Rhizobium and Bacillus were applied as seed coating. Recommended dose of fertilizer (120-60 kg NP ha-1) was applied at sowing. The treatments were implied according to Randomized Complete Block Design with three repeats. Inoculation had no significant effect on the leaf length (84cm) and internodal distance (18.3cm) compared to their respective control (80cm and16.5cm) but the photosynthetic rate (105.3μ mol-2s-1) , transpiration rate (13.2 mmolm-2s-1), plant height (259.3cm), leaf width (7.7cm), stem diameter (15.43mm), leaf area (644cm-2) and shoot fresh weight (79.6 tones ha-1) were significantly improved by co-inoculation. Effect of Bacillus was statistically at par with co-inoculation regarding transpiration rate (11.47 m mol m-2s-1), plant height (249.3 cm) and stem diameter (14.87 mm). Response of leaf width, stem diameter, leaf area and shoot fresh weight were significantly higher by Rhizobium application compared to the Bacillus inoculation, however, positive influence was observed by all the inoculation treatments over the control.These findings indicated that inoculation of Rhizobium and Bacillus has positive effect on the maize growth and their co-inoculation (Rhizobium+ Bacillus) showed more pronounced results. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-4-number-1-january-2014-2/
Annual Biomass Production, Chemical Composition and In- sacco Degradability o...IJEAB
Types of plant cultivars and seasons often affect production and productivity of fodder biomass and nutritional quality to animals. Selection of suitable cultivars and better understanding of year round biomass production are indispensable for improving quality feed supply to animals. Black Seed Moringa (BSM-L) and White Seed Moringa (WSM), the two local cultivars and Black Seed Moringa (BSM-T) cultivar of Thailand origin of Moringa oleifera were cultivated in the fodder research field of the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) during the period of 19 August 2014 to 23 December 2015. An agronomical trial was conducted to determine the biomass yield of the three cultivars in different seasons of a year under common agronomical practices. The effect of the cultivars on the daily relative growth rate (RGR), chemical composition and in-sacco dry matter (DM) degradability were also evaluated. The cultivar response to biomass production performances, chemical composition and nutritional values were analyzed in an ANOVA of a Randomized Block Design (RBD), while the differences in the rate and extent of the DM degradability in-sacco determined using three rumen cannulated bulls were analyzed in an ANOVA of 3x3 Latin Square Design. The annual biomass yield of BSM-L tops (114.5 t/ha fresh; 22.7 t/ha DM) was significantly higher than that of WSM (29.0 t/ha fresh; 5.80 t/ha DM) or BSM-T (83.5 t/ha fresh; 16.0 t/ha DM). No significant difference in chemical composition (224.9, 222.4 & 223.8 g.kg-1 DM of crude protein (CP), respectively, and 450.9, 455.3 & 435.4 g.kg-1 DM of neutral detergent fiber, respectively) or nutritional value (47.4, 46.7 & 45.3% of potential, and 62.8, 64.2 and 63.6% of effective degradability of dry matter) was found for the cultivars. BSM-L had a significantly higher survivability (97.2%), prune number per plant (3.50) and RGR (15.6 mg DM/day) than WSM (25.0%, 2.30 & 4.20 mg DM/day) or BSM-T (55.6%, 3.10 & 10.8 mg DM/day) respectively. The hot and dry, and hot and humid climate having a Heat Index (HI) range of 25o to 35o F and monthly total rainfall of 130 mm to 332 mm were suitable for cultivation of all the Moringa cultivars. It was concluded that considering biomass production and its quality in terms of chemical composition and nutritional values, Black Seed Moringa (Moringa oleifera) may be cultivated as a plant fodder crop for the production of feed for ruminant animals.
Impact of nitrogen fertilizer from organic and conventional sources on seed y...Innspub Net
Niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.), a minor oil seed crop cultivated on marginal and sub marginal lands under poor or neglected nutrient management practices in India has a good production potential even under low nutrient input conditions. However, not much study has been made on nutrient management practices for optimising plant growth and thereby seed yield. The study was undertaken to determine the growth and seed yield response of Niger to different nitrogen sources in rainfed acid lateritic uplands. Nitrogen was applied through chemical (Urea) and organic sources (Vermicompost, Mustardoilcake and Bonemeal) separately and in combination of these at two levels (30 and 60 kg ha-1) in consecutive two years (2013-’14 and 2014-’15). Maximum seed yield (580 kg ha-1) and dry matter yield (4530 kg ha-1) of Niger were obtained where oilcake was applied in combination with chemical nutrients. However, varying sources or level of nitrogenous nutrients had no impact on oil content in seeds of Niger. Among the various sources of Nitrogen, combination of oilcake and chemical provided sufficient amount of Nitrogen to the soil which was observed through highest uptake as well as leftover available Nitrogen in soil. Get the full articles at: http://bit.ly/2eoky3A
Banana plantlet production through tissuecultureAbed Hawas
Banana plantlet production through tissueculture
Banana plantlet production through tissuecultureBanana plantlet production through tissuecultureBanana plantlet production through tissuecultureBanana plantlet production through tissuecultureBanana plantlet production through tissuecultureBanana plantlet production through tissuecultureBanana plantlet production through tissueculture
Methods of grapes cultivation انگور کی کاشت کے طریقےShujaul Mulk Khan
This presentation explains in a comprehensive way, how to cultivate Table Grapes nursery and establish its gardens. Preparation of demonstration blocks, nurseries, arrangement of training workshops and handing over the mother plants to the local farmers of the selected agencies of Bajaur, Kurram, Orakzai and FR Region of Bannu will be done according to the standard protocols. Keeping in mind the arrangement of the seven pillars of Vision 2025 new opportunities could be created via viticulture development. Horticulture is a fast growing sector with rising exports and increasing demand in domestic and international markets. Pakistani fruits, both fresh and dry, have great potential for exports. So, the present project will also contribute in the vision of 2025 (One nation One vision) not only to help in the development of FATA but also in the development of adjacent region. It will give rise to development of industries related to Grapevines products like raisins, juices, jams etc. that will be source of new jobs and development in the region. For the alleviation of poverty by enhancing the socioeconomic status of FATA people through viticulture development, we will further extend our work via developing a new project to extend our work to the remaining agencies like Khyber, Mohmand and Waziristan etc. The selected potential and successful varieties of grapes will be introduced for nurseries development and handing over to farmers of the FATA region in future as mother plants.
Environmental determinants of plant associations and evaluation of the conser...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Hindu Kush is the largest mountain range of Central Asia that forms part of a vast alpine zone that stretches across the Eurasia from east towards the South Asia. We studied vegetation structure and the role of edaphic and topographic factors on distribution and formation of plant associations with specific emphais on Parrotiopsis species of the Districts Dir regions in the Hindu Kush Mountains. We also assessed the conservation status of Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana, an endemic species of the western Himalayan floristic province. We hypothesized that edaphic and climatic factors were responsible for the formation of different plant associations each with distinct indicators. A combination of transect and quadrat based methods were used for sampling. We used two way cluster analysis (TWCA), cluster analysis (CA), indicator species analysis, detrended correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis to analyze and elaborate the vegetation pattern and formation. We used Google Earth Path software (V 1.4.6) for the calculation of extant of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for evaluation of conservation status of P. jacquemontiana. A total of 142 plant species were reported belonging to 62 families. CA and TWCA clustered four plant associations within altitudinal range of 1556–2313 m. Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana should be designated as endangered species under ‘EN A2acd; B1B2 bc (i, ii, iii) of IUCN red list categories and criteria in the region. We found that high phosphorous and potassium concentration, elevation, aspect, slope, lower pH, electrical conductivity and soil texture were significant environmental variables that play an important role in the determination of vegetation structure, formation of plant associations and its indicators in the region. This information will be useful for conservation and management practices for endemic and rare plant taxa, and evaluation of vegetation structure.
Mazri (nannorrhops ritchiana (griff) aitch.) a remarkable source of manufact...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Background: Mazri palm (Nannorrhops ritchiana (Griff) Aitch.) is a member of the family Arecaceae, native to Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Oman, and Saudi Arabia. In Pakistan, it is used since long time for various purposes. This species plays a significant cultural and economic role in the daily lives of many rural areas in Pakistan and adjacent countries. However, the handcrafted products made up of this palm are often mainly known by specific local communities rather than by a broader range of people.
Methods: Eighty-six structured and semi-structured interviews were conducted from Mazri growing areas, villages, and markets of urban centers during the fieldwork that was conducted in diverse regions of Pakistan. Interviewees
included 27 Mazri farmers, 17 locals retaining Traditional Knowledge in handcrafting Mazri palm (12 were men and 5 were women), 23 handicrafts experts (21 were men and 2 were women), and 19 sellers. The age of the informants ranged from 14 to 83 years. Study participants shared detailed information about various traditional utilizations of the Mazri palm.
Results: Mature leaves of Mazri palm are used to produce mats, baskets, hand fans, hats, cages, hot pots, salt pots, brooms, etc. in the sudy area. Hot pots, salt pots, mats, baskets, and ropes represent highly used items. The mats are used for various purposes like drying grains, performing prayers, sitting, and sleeping. As a whole, 39 different kinds of handcrafted products from the leaves were found. Our findings revealed also that other parts of the plant, ie. petioles, fruits, and bark, have been used, although more rarely, by the locals. The palm uses differ accordingly to the different cultural areas of Pakisitan, thus demonstrating that local cultural heritage significantly informs
Traditional Knowledge and practices related to the use of Mazri palm. The findings suggest also that this plant represents a crucial resource for the livelihood of the local communities in dry areas of the western borders of Pakistan, starting right from the coastal areas of Baluchistan up to District Bajaur in the North, where other farming activities there are difficult due to drought conditions.
Conclusions: Traditional Knowledge about the sustainable utilization of Mazri palm is eroded in Pakistan among the younger generations due to rapid globalization and industrialization processes and appropriate strategies for
revitalizing this heritage in a sustainable way should be urgently fostered.
Characterization of cobalt oxide and calcium aluminumShujaul Mulk Khan
The Cobalt Oxide and Calcium-Aluminum Oxide nano-catalysts were analyzed using Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) techniques. Preliminary results showed that the particles of Cobalt Oxide exhibit sponge like morphology and homogenous distribution as per confirmation via SEM. Its average particle size ranges to 30.6 nm demonstrating enormous number of pores and aggregative in nature. Its various peaks were ranging
from 19.2 to 65.4 after XRD analysis. The highest intensity was observed at 36.9 position. The energy dispersive spectroscopy techniques were used to calculate the elements present in sample according to their weight and atomic percentage. The
cobalt oxide contain cobalt as the most abundant element with 46.85 wt% and 18.01 atomic percent. It contain oxygen with 30.51 wt% and 43.19 atomic percent. Whereas, SEM of calcium aluminum oxide showed random morphology. According to the calculation of Scherrer equation regarding XRD analysis, it was distributed homogenously with particle size ranges from 30 to 40 nm. Its porous morphology was due to the interconnecting gaps between different particles. It result the eight peaks ranging from 18.1 to 62.7 in XRD spectrum. The highest intensity observed at 35.1 with average crystallite particle size of 25.6 nm. The calcium aluminum oxide contain aluminum 7.45 wt% and 6.93 atomic percent. The calcium was the most abundant element with54.7 wt% and 34.24 atomic percent followed by oxygen with 37.26 wt% and 58.42 atomic percent. It was concluded that the SEM, XRD, and EDX are the most significant techniques to characterize nano-catalysts in particular and other compounds generally.
Phytogeographic classification using multivariate approachShujaul Mulk Khan
Phytogeography is concerned with the past and present distribution of vegetation on the earth surface. The distribution
of plants is neither even nor random on earth surface but follow a definite geographic pattern. The present study was aimed
to find out phytogeographic pattern of plants distribution and subsequent classification of plant species of the Jambil Valley,
District Swat Pakistan using multivariate statistic techniques. Sampling of vegetation was done using quadrats of 1 × 1 m2
for herbs, 5 × 5 m2 for shrubs and 10 × 10 m2 for trees. The data were analyzed by PCORD v. 5 and CANOCO 4.5. The
studies revealed that the vegetation of Jambil valley belongs to eighteen different phytogeographic elements. The highest percentage of elements (19.4%) belongs to Western-Himalayan region, followed by Cosmopolitan (13.9%), Eurasian (10.6%), Irano-turanian (10%), Paleotropical (9.4%), Eastern Asiatic and Mediterranean (6.7% each), Euro-Siberian (5.6%),
Holoarctic (3.9%), Pantropical (3.3%), Sub-cosmopolitan 2.8%), Saharo-Arabian (2.2%), Eastern-Himalayan (1.7%),
Central Asian and Neotropical (1.1% each), Pantemperate, Australian and Sudano-Zambezian (0.6% each). CANOCO correlated phytogeographical data with environmental factors, which showed significant effect of environmental variables on phytogeographical patterns. It is clear from our results that higher pH, electrical conductivity, moderate sand and silt, phosphorous and nitrogen have great impact on distribution of phytogeographical elements. The Western Himalayan elements having narrow geographic range require immediate attention and conservation efforts.
The indispensable bond between mazri palm (nannorrhops ritchiana) and the ind...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Keeping in mind the economic importance of this palm, the Government of Pakistan passed an act on the conservation of Nannorrhops namely “Kohat Mazri Control Act 1953” (http://kp.gov.pk/page/the-kohat -mazri -contr olact-
1953/page-type/rules ) in 1953 where laws and rules were devised for the conservation of Nannorrhops in Pakistan in general and for the Kohat Division in particular (which then
covered the whole southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). Regionally, it has been categorized as Endangered (EN) under the IUCN criteria. Murad et al. (2011) reported that in the Hazar
Nao Forest of Malakand Nannorrhops ritchiana is on the verge of extinction due to over exploitation by the local population for commercial purposes.
Pollen morphological variation of berberis l. from pakistan and its systemati...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Due to overlapping and diverse morphological characters, Berberis is among the most taxonomically complex genera. Palynology is one of the taxonomic tools for delimitation and identification of complex species. In this study, pollens of 10 Berberis species were analyzed through light and scanning electron microscopy. Qualitative as well as quantitative
features (pollen shape, size, presence or absence of colpi, colpi length and width, exine thickness, ornamentation, pollen class, aperture, and polar–equatorial ratio) were measured. Five species were observed to have colpate (pantocolpate) with elongated ends, radially symmetrical, isopolar, monads, and psilate-regulate pollens. In polar view, six pollen were spheroidal, two were ovoid, one spherical, and one oblate. Similarly, variation in pollen length was prominent and the largest pollen on polar view was recorded for B. psodoumbellata 60–65 μm (62.4 ± 0.9), while the smallest one was observed for B. lycium 29–35 μm (32.2 ± 1). The observed variation in both quantitative and qualitative features were important in taxonomic identification. This shows that palynological haracters
are helpful in identification of Berberis genus at the species level.
A new ethnobiological similarity index for the evaluation of novel use reportsShujaul Mulk Khan
Similarity Indices are widely applied in the field of ecology to measure species diversity as well as to map patterns of conservation and monitor threats to biodiversity. Among the known, Jaccard’s and Sorensen’s indices are the most frequently employed similarity Indices. Here, we propose a new and efficient statistical approach in the field of ethnobiology and validate its efficacy by comparing the results with predefined similarity Indices used in previous studies. The core objective was to propose a new index for quantitative ethnobiological analyses and to find out solutions for sorting the plants having
similar ethnobiological uses in allied, aligned, national and global regions; as the pre-existing indices like Jaccard’s and Sorensen’s indices provides best estimates in the field of ecology but not in ethnobiological studies. In comparative ethnobiological studies, ethnobiologists use conventional ecological tools for evaluation of similarities and dissimilarities. Our proposed similarity index is based on the quantification
of similar uses of common medicinal plants via comparing present study with previously published reports from various areas where, the author(s) have used the Sorensen’s index and/or Jaccard’s index. To assess the significance and validity of this newly developed index, similarities and differences in
ethnomedicinal studies on medicinal plants in different regions were evaluated. Data regarding medicinal plants usage here was compared with 20 previously published studies and then analyzed through preexisting indices as well as Rahman’s index to examine the novelty in the study. Our preliminary results
revealed noteworthy coherence with the existing similarity indices, albeit, the new index was more efficient than the previous. Our comparison revealed, that as far as common vegetation and floral levels are concerned, the existing ecological coefficients of similarity are efficient and precise; but for similarities in the field of medicinal plant studies certain constraints are overcome by the proposed similarity index. Inferences derived from Rahman’s similarity index (RSI) are as reliable as the previously known and well-established similarity indices. Further, RSI specifically targets the ethnobiological similarities, a limitation in Jaccard’s and Sorensen’s indices. Thus, RSI would be a useful tool/index in the assessment of rigorous quantitative ethnobiological data.
Hec news and views august 2017- Participation of Pakistani Researchers in the...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Dr. Shujaul Mulk Khan, Assistant Professor of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan and Dr. Zia-ur-Rahman Mashwani, Assistant Professor of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi Pakistan presented their research papers in the World’s largest botanical event ‘XIX International Botanical Congress (IBC 2017)’ that held at Convention and Exhibition Centre, Schenzhen China http://ibc2017.cn/. This event is organized after an interval of five years over the last two centuries. There were 6856 participants from 110 countries in this congress. Presentations of both the Pakistani speakers were highly appreciated by the participants.
Ecological assessment of plant communities along the edaphic and topographic ...Shujaul Mulk Khan
A study was conducted to explore the plant biodiversity and vegetation structure of Biha Valley, District Swat, Pakistan. On the basis of the physiognomy of the vegetation the study area was divided into 19 stands. Line transect (50 m) method was used to sample the phytosociological attributes of the study area. PCORD software (version 5) was used to recognize communities by two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and CANOCO software (version 5) for ordination analysis was done for detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to find variation directories of different plant species. Different life-form classes and leaf size spectra were recorded according to the Raunkiaer classification. The floristic composition of the area consists of 203 plant species belonging to 154 genera and 70 families. The biological spectrum of the area indicated that
Therophytes was dominant with 46.60% among the life-classes, followed by Hemicryptophytes having 15.53%. Leaf spectra of study area revealed that Microphylls was dominant (41.26%) followed by Nanophylls (32.04%). Seven plant communities were recognized by TWINSPAN classification, which showed that species diversity decreased with altitude. Moreover, the result indicates the importance of soil organic matter in top soil layers for plant species distribution. The increases in soil nutrients (OM, P, N, and K), improvement in site conditions (community cover, depth of litter, depth of humus, soil water
content) and decrease in soil bulk density indicated the natural habitat restoration following abandonment.
Eco-floristic studies of the Beer Hills along the Indus River in the district...Shujaul Mulk Khan
The present study was conducted to elaborate vegetation composition structure to analyze role of edaphic and topographic factors on plant species distribution and community formation during 2013–14. A mixture of quadrat and transect methods were used. The size of quadrat for trees shrubs and herbs were 10 × 5, 5 × 2, 1 × 1 meter square respectively. Different phytosociological attribute were measured at each station. Primary results reported 123 plant species belong to 46 families. Asteraceae and Lamiaceae were dominant families with 8 species each. PCORD version 5 were used for Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analyses that initiated 4 plant communities within elevation range of 529–700 m from sea level. Indicator species analyses (ISA) were used to identify indicator species of each community. CANOCO Software (version 4.5) was used to measure the influence of edaphic and topographic variables on species composition, diversity and community formation. Whereas Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to measure the effect of environmental variables which showed elevation and aspect were the stronger environmental variable among topographic and CaCO3 contents, electric conductivity, soil pH were the stronger edaphic factors in determination of vegetation and communities of the Bheer Hills. Grazing pressure was one of the main anthropogenic factors in this regard.
Ecological gradient analyses of plant associations in the thandiani forests o...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Abstract: In the summers of 2012 and 2013, vegetation of Thandiani in the Western Himalayas of Pakistan was surveyed and quantified. We took evidence from relationships between 252 species and 11 measured environmental factors as well as changes in the associations’ structure among 50 analysed stations with 1500 m2 plots. We analysed how the plant associations differ and develop under the influence of their respective ecological gradients. Preliminary results showed that the family Pinaceae was the most abundant family with a
family importance value (FIV) of 1892.4, followed by Rosaceae with FIV = 1478.2. Rosaceae, represented by 20 species, was the most dominant family, followed by Asteraceae and Ranunculaceae with 14 and 12 species each, respectively. Analyses via CANOCO software version 4.5 and GEO database demonstrated strong correlations among species distributions and environmental variables, i.e. elevation, topography, and edaphic factors. Our findings show an increase in species diversity and richness from lower elevation (1290 m at sea level (m asl) to higher elevation (2626 m asl). It is evident that aspect, elevation, and soil factors were the decisive variables affecting qualitative and quantitative attributes of vegetation in the study area. The P value ≤ 0.002 confirms a significant impact of abiotic factors that bring variation in vegetation. A 3D view of the study area was generated in ArcScene showing all the five plant associations. Graphs of scatter plot, point profile, and 3D line profile were added to the layout of plant association maps. The habitats of the five association types overlapped broadly but still retained their specific individuality. The execution of GIS framework gave spatial modelling, which ultimately helped in the recognition of indicator species of specific habitat or association type. These findings could further be utilised
in devising the forest policy and conservation management. This study also opens new doors of research in the field of biogeography, systematics, and wildlife.
Plant species and communities assessment in interaction with edaphic and topo...Shujaul Mulk Khan
The current analyses of vegetation were aimed to study the different effects of environmental variables on plant species and communities and their combined interactions to these variables, identified threats to local vegetation and suggestion for remedial measures in the Mount Eelum, Swat, Pakistan. For assessment of environmental variability quantitative ecological techniques were used through quadrats having sizes of 2 × 2, 5 × 5 and 10 × 10 m2 for herbs, shrubs and trees respectively. Result of the present study revealed 124 plant species in the study area. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to analyze the ecological gradient of vegetation. The environmental data and species abundance were used in CANOCO software version 4.5. The presence absence data of plant species were elaborated with Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analysis techniques using PC-ORD version 5 to show different species composition that resulted in five plant communities. Findings indicate that elevation, aspect and soil texture are the strongest variables that have significant effect on species composition and distribution of various communities shown with P value 0.0500. It is recommended to protect and use sensibly whole of the Flora normally and rare species particularly in the region.
Weed species distribution pattern in maize crop of mardan, pakistanShujaul Mulk Khan
Weeds are unwanted plant species growing in the domesticated crops. Like other crops maize also faces the problem of competition with weeds. Severe loses in yield up to 70% of maize have been reported in small scale farming due to weeds. Composition and abundance of weeds is influenced by a number of environmental variables as well as farming practices in an ecosystem. Present study was formulated to measure the effect of environmental variables on weed species composition, abundance, distribution pattern and formation of various weeds communities in District Mardan, Pakistan. Phytosociological attributes such as density, frequency, relative density, relative frequency and Importance Values were measured for each field.Presence absence data of 29 species and 65 fields were analyzed using Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analyses via PC-ORD version 5 that resulted in four major weed communities. CANOCO software version 4.5 was used to evaluate the environmental gradients of weeds through Canonical Correspondence Analyses (CCA). Results showed that among all environmental variables the strongest variables were CaCO3, high phosphorous concentration, and higher electric conductivity.
Ecological assessment of plant communities in the peochar valley of the hindu...Shujaul Mulk Khan
This study quantified the effect of environmental variables on plant species composition in the Peochar Valley, located in the Hindu Raj mountains of the Hindu Kush. A mixture of quadrat and transect methods were used. Quadrat sizes were 10 × 10 m, 2 × 5 m, and 1 m2 for trees, shrubs, and herbs, respectively, determined using the minimal area method. Twenty-seven stations were established along 6 elevation transects on slopes with various aspects. Density, cover, and frequency were recorded for all species in each quadrat. Aspect, elevation, rock types, soil nature, and grazing pressure were also considered as edaphic and topographic variables. Preliminary results showed that the Peochar Valley hosts 120 species. Presence/absence data for these species were analyzed with cluster and 2-way cluster techniques to elaborate species composition in the study area; this resulted in 4 plant communities. Species abundance and environmental data matrices were developed to evaluate the ecological gradient of vegetation through canonical correspondence analysis. Of the environmental variables, elevation, aspect, grazing pressure, soil depth, and rock type showed a significant effect on species composition and diversity. We also identified the dominant and rare plant species in each plant community based on their low importance value indexes. Conservation measures are recommended for all flora of this valley and for rare species in particular.
Ethnobotany of the balti community, tormik valley, karakorum range, baltistan...Shujaul Mulk Khan
BACKGROUND:
Limited health facilities and malnutrition are major problems in the Karakorum Range of Northern Pakistan, often resulting in various human disorders. Since centuries, however, local communities in these areas have developed traditional methods for treating various ailments and local foods capes that can be significant for devising public health and nutritional policies. This study was intended to document the ethnobotanical knowledge of the local peoples in the Tormik Valley, especially in the medical and food domains.
METHODS:
Field trips were undertaken in 14 different villages of the study area from 2010 to 2012. Ethnobotanical data were gathered using semi-structured interviews and group conversation with 69 informants. Details about local uses of plant species were recorded along with demographic characteristics of the visited communities. Relative frequency citation index (RFCi) and preference ranking index (PRi) tools were applied to determine the cultural significance of the reported species.
RESULTS:
Sixty-three plant species, with a predominance of Asteraceae and Fabaceae family members, as well as their detailed folk uses were documented. Forty-three percent of the species were used to treat various diseases, 21 % were consumed as wild fruits and vegetables and 53 % of the species had multipurpose applications. Thymus linearis Benth, Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. turkestanica L. and Convolvulus arvensis L. were found to be the most utilized medicinal plant species, i.e. those with significant RFCi values (0.54, 0.51 and 0.48, respectively). Betula utilis D. Don was the most versatile taxon (seven different ways of utilization); being this species a common and easily accessible subalpine tree and then under anthropogenic pressure, the implementation of concrete strategies aimed at its in-situ and ex-situ conservation is strongly recommended.
CONCLUSION:
The valleys in the Karakorum Mountains in the Northern Pakistan host significant Traditional Knowledge on local food and medicinal plant species, which need to be reconsidered and cautiously re-evaluated by ethnopharmacologists, and public health/nutrition actors. Furthermore, germane trans-disciplinary investigations are suggested to ensure the dynamic conservation of precious local knowledge systems, as well as plant diversity in Pakistani mountain regions.
KEYWORDS:
Ethnobotany; Indigenous knowledge; Karakorum; Medicinal plants; Pakistan
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
The morpho-agronomic characterization study of Lens culinaris germplasm under salt marsh habitat in Swat, Pakistan
1. Original article
The morpho-agronomic characterization study of Lens culinaris
germplasm under salt marsh habitat in Swat, Pakistan
Rabia Noor a
, Shujaul Mulk Khan b,⇑
, Fayaz Ahmad c
, Murtaza Hussain b
, Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah d,⇑
,
Abdulaziz A. Alqarawi d
, Abeer Hashem e,f
, Abdullah Aldubise d
a
Department of Botany, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan
b
Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
c
Agriculture Research Institute, Swat, Pakistan
d
Department of Plant Production, Collage of Food & Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
e
Department of Botany and Microbiology, Collage of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
f
Mycology and Plant Disease Survey Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, ARC, Giza 12511, Egypt
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 27 March 2017
Revised 6 July 2017
Accepted 17 July 2017
Available online 20 July 2017
Keywords:
Lens culinaris
Salt marsh habitat
Protein
Grain yield
Genotype
a b s t r a c t
The present research study evaluate and identify the most suitable and high yielding genotypes of Lens
culinaris for the salt marsh habitat of Swat in moist temperate sort of agro climatic environment of
Pakistan. A total of fourteen genotypes were cultivated and analyzed through Randomized Complete
Block Design (RCBD). These genotypes were AZRC-4, NL-2, NL4, NL-5, NL-6, NARC-11-1, NARC-11-2,
NARC-11-3, NARC-11-4, 09503, 09505, 09506, P.Masoor-09 and Markaz-09. Different parameters i.e., ger-
mination rate, flowering, physiological maturity, plant height, biological grain yield, seed weight, pods
formation and its height, pods per plants and protein content were focused specially throughout the
study. Preliminary the Lentil genotypes have significant variability in all the major morpho-agronomic
traits. The days to germination, 50% flowering and 100 seed weight ranged from 7 to 9, 110 to 116 days,
and from 5.4 to 7.3 gm respectively. Biological yield and grain yield ranged from 5333 to 9777 kg haÀ1
and 1933 to 3655 kg haÀ1
respectively. Whereas, protein contents ranged from 23.21% to 28.45%. It
was concluded that the genotype AZRC-4 is better varity in terms of grain yield plus in 100 seed weight
and moreover, 09506 genotype was significant under salt marsh habitat in early maturing for the Swat
Valley, Pakistan.
Ó 2017 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1. Introduction
The Lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) is one of the oldest annual
leguminous crops belongs to family Papilionaceae. It was origi-
nated from salt marsh habitat in the South Western Asia in
6000 B.C. It was cultivated in 31 thousand hectare with
40,000 tones annual production with an average rate of
657 kg haÀ1
(Erskine and Saxena, 1993). It is mostly grown in
rain-fed areas, receiving 300–400 mm rain falls.
Due to high level of Protein content, other dietary products and
minerals, it was very suitable for human utilization with a lower
level of anti- nutritional factors (Rozan et al., 2001; Sharma and
Banik, 2015). It is considered as poor’s meat due to cheapest source
of vegetable protein (22–34.6%) for under privileged group of peo-
ple in the developing countries (Hariyappa, 2006). It contains 44.3%
crude fiber and 63.1% starch (Sahi et al., 2000; Bhatty and Wu,
1974). Regarding its consumption in vegetarian cultures, it is con-
sumed as soups, pies, snack and curries. Its leaves and young pods
are used as vegetable in various part of the world. Furthermore, it
is occasionally used as fodder, as green manure crop and the straw
plus pods residues from thrashing have good feed value containing
huge amount of proteins (Aman and Hatam, 2000). Regarding its
cultivation, the most important cause of the low production of
lentil was the cultivation in marginal land without application of
fertilizer, poor management practice and cultivation of local vari-
ety as well as sub consciousness of farmers. For high productivity,
the soil must be enriched with organic matter, mineral nutrient
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.07.007
1319-562X/Ó 2017 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
⇑ Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: smkhan@qau.edu.pk (S. Mulk Khan), eabdallah@ksu.edu.sa (E.
F. Abd_Allah).
Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.
Production and hosting by Elsevier
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 24 (2017) 1639–1645
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences
journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com
2. through development and adaptation of suitable agronomic man-
agement practices (Sadiq et al., 2001). It requires nitrogen in less
quantity as compared to non-legume crops but phosphorus and
potassium were essential nutrients for its higher and quality yield.
Furthermore, lentil crop is grown to improve soil fertility by fixing
atmospheric nitrogen through bacterial symbiosis (Mahmood
et al., 2010). The factor that effect the yields of lentil were delayed
maturity, lowered harvest index, disease infestation and frost dam-
age (Whitehead et al., 2000). Lentil maturity is initiated by leaf
senescence like other annual crops, which were triggered by plant
hormones, drought and insufficient supply of nutrients especially
Nitrogen (Conley et al., 2009). Because soil water availability and
sites of soil Nitrogen mineralization were not controlled in dry-
land agriculture, soil nitrogen management and desiccant applica-
tions were the practical strategies to induce maturity in undefined
crops (Gan et al., 2009; Menalled, 2015). Extensive vegetative
growth, lodging and pod abortion due to limited light interception
in the lower part of the canopy, excessive flower, pod shedding,
competition between pods and vegetative parts for photosynthesis
were all the consequences of indeterminacy and late maturity.
Improved cultivars contributed to increase lentil production in
yield. In most lentil production regions yield resulted to be no
more than one half of the potential cultivar yield and far below
theoretical mix yield. This difference reflects a production con-
straint that prevents the realization of true genetic yield potential
(Sabaghnia et al., 2008).
The present study is conducted to evaluate the morphological
and biochemical traits of various lentil genotypes seed types to
germination, days to Physiological maturity, 50% flowering, Pods
formation, No of Pods per plant and Lowest pod Height from
ground level. Furthermore, it also investigates the biological yield
(kg haÀ1
), grain yield (kg haÀ1
), 100 seed weight and protein
content.
2. Materials and methods
A total of 14 genotypes and 3 replicates for each genotype were
observed through Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)
under salt marsh habitat. The distance between plants and rows
were kept 5cm and 30cm respectively. Each plot comprised of 4
rows with 4 meter length. Lentil crop was reserved free from
weeds, insects and pests. In order to know the soil chemistry of
the field, soil samples were analyzed i.e., pH, electrical conductiv-
ity, Lime percentage, organic matter concentration, nitrogen, phos-
phorus and potassium concentration through various parameters
before sowing (Ahmad et al., 2016; Bibi et al., 2016; Iqbal et al.,
2015; Khan et al., 2016, 2014; Khan 2012). The recommended
morpho-agronomic traits were recorded, which includes Germina-
tion data, Days to physiological maturity and 50% flowering was
collected after the sowing date. The physiological data were col-
lected, when 70–80% plants become matured. Pods per plant were
calculated from each plot from 10 randomly selected plants and
then mean values were calculated. Biological yield of two matured
central rows were randomly selected and weighted kg/ha. While
the Grain yields kg haÀ1
two central rows of each plot in all the
replications were harvested, sundried and weighed. The obtained
data were then changed into kg/ha by means of formula given
below:
Grain Yield
kg
ha
¼
Economic yield
2a Plot Size
10000 m2
From each plot randomly 100 Seeds were taken, weighted and
its mean values were calculated. While height of the lowest pod
above ground level was measured in centimeter. Chemical analysis
of Crude protein was calculated from the N content, using the 6.25
coefficient. True protein was determined following the Bernstein
method Nitrogen content, determined by the Kjeldhal method
and expressed with reference to the dry matter of the sample
(Seline and Johein, 2007). Each sample was twice analyzed. The
amino acid was analyzed by HPLC after hydrolysis of the flour sam-
ples with 6 N HCl at 110 °C under vacuum for 24 h on an amino
acid analyzer (Applied Bios stems 421 amino acid analyzer).
3. Results
A total of fourteen genotypes were studied to evaluate the most
suitable high yielding genotypes of Lens culinaris for agro climatic
environment under salt marsh habitat of Swat, Pakistan. These
genotypes were AZRC-4, NL-2, NL4, NL-5, NL-6, NARC-11-1,
NARC-11-2, NARC-11-3, NARC-11-4, 09503, 09505, 09506, P.
Masoor-09 and Markaz-09. The results obtained during research
work, summarized and parameter-wise details are presented as:
3.1. Days to germination
The total 14 genotypes of lentil for various yields related to
morpho-agronomic traits were studied. Initially data regarding
number of days to germination (seedlings) was statistically signif-
icant. Maximum days to 50% germination were observed in geno-
types NL-2, NARC-11-1 and 09503, whereas minimum numbers of
days were observed in all remaining genotypes (Fig. 1).
3.2. Days to physiological maturity
The days to physiological maturity were extensively affected by
many lentil genotypes. The recorded time for physiological matu-
rity were ranged from 149–169 days. Among the tested genotypes,
three genotypes i.e., 09506, Markaz-09, 09505 and P. Masoor were
observed early matured availing 149, 150 and 150 days respec-
tively. The lentil genotypes AZRC-4, NL-4 and NL-6 show late
maturity taking 169 days correspondingly (Fig. 2).
3.3. Days to 50% flowering
The days to 50% flowering among the tested lentil genotypes
ranged from 110 to 116 days. Maximum number of days to 50%
flowering (116.33) were taken by genotypes NARC-11-1 followed
by genotypes NARC-11-2 (116), while minimum days to 50% flow-
ering (110) were recorded in genotypes NL_6 respectively (Fig. 3).
3.4. Days to pods formation
The present research work showed that the pods formation was
significantly affecting among lentil genotypes. The maximum days
for pods formation were observed in genotype NARC-11-2 fol-
lowed by genotype NL-2 whereas minimum days were recorded
in genotype Markaz-09 (Fig. 4).
3.5. No of pods per plant
The significant variations in number of pods per plants were
investigated in various genotypes i.e., genotype AZRC-4 produces
highest number of pods (123 per plant), which is followed by
NL-2 that producing 104 pods per plant. Poor performance was
shown in the genotype NARC-11-4 and NARC-11-1 respectively
(Fig. 5).
1640 R. Noor et al. / Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 24 (2017) 1639–1645
3. Fig. 2. Days to Physiological maturity of various lentil genotypes in study area.
Fig. 3. Days to 50% flowering of various Lens culinaris genotypes.
Fig. 1. Number of days to germination of 14 various lentil genotypes in Swat, Pakistan.
R. Noor et al. / Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 24 (2017) 1639–1645 1641
4. 3.6. Lowest pod height from ground level
In the genotype AZRC-4 maximum height of the lowest pod
were observed, which is 2.97cm from the ground level, followed
by NL-5 having 2.23cm height of the lowest pod. While minimum
height of the lowest pod (0.793) was obtained in the genotype NL-
2 (Fig. 6).
3.7. Biological yield (kg haÀ1
)
Regarding biological yield, the genotype 09503 produces maxi-
mum yield up to 9777 kg haÀ1
which is followed by genotypes
Markaz-09 having 9555 kg haÀ1
, while the genotype NL-2 have
minimum biological yield up to 5333 kg haÀ1
(Fig. 7).
3.8. Grain yield (kg haÀ1
)
The grain yield data revealed significant effect of lentil geno-
types. The maximum grain yield was recorded from genotypes
AZRC-4 up to 3655.6 kg haÀ1
, followed by genotypes 09506 with
3455.6 kg haÀ1
production. The P.Masoor-09 was the deprived
genotype among all regarding the grain yield having
1933.3 kg haÀ1
production (Fig. 8).
3.9. Weight of 100 seeds
The 100 seed weight in various lentil genotypes ranging from
5.4 to 7.3 g. The genotype AZRC-4 was the heaviest seed with
7.3 g/100 seeds weight, followed by 09503 recording 7.1 g/100
seeds while genotype markaz-09 show lowest seed weight with
5.4 gm per 100 seeds weight (Fig. 9).
3.10. Protein content
The statistical analysis of protein content shows that the geno-
type Markaz-09, containing maximum amount of protein (28.45%),
followed by genotypes NL-2 (28.24%). Whereas genotype NL-5
shows minimum amount of protein contents [23.21%] (Fig. 10).
Fig. 4. Diagram represents number of days to pods formation of lentil genotypes.
Fig. 5. Variations in number of pods per plants in 14 various lentil genotypes in swat, Pakistan.
1642 R. Noor et al. / Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 24 (2017) 1639–1645
5. Fig. 6. Height of the lowest pod from ground surface.
Fig. 7. Biological yield (kg/ha) of lentil genotypes in study area.
Fig. 8. Average values of grains yield of different lentil genotypes.
R. Noor et al. / Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 24 (2017) 1639–1645 1643
6. 4. Discussion
The preliminary results of present study show maximum num-
ber of days (7) were recorded for genotypes NL-2, NARC-11-1 and
09503, whereas minimum number of days (6) to 50% germination
were recorded for all the remaining genotypes. Similarly (Talaka
et al., 2013) also reported considerable variation in days to 50%
germination in concerning lentil genotypes. Regarding to 50
percent flowering day’s data ranged from 110 to 116 days. The
maximum numbers of days (116.33) were shown by genotypes
NARC-11-1 and minimum number (110) by genotypes NL-6. Like
our findings (Wang et al., 2010) also reported the appropriate thing
of flowering is a pivotal adaptive quality of controlling the circula-
tion and survival of a plant species. Significant genetic variability in
flowering period of lentil genotypes has also been reported by
some earlier scientist like (Bakhsh et al., 1993; Ayub et al., 2001;
Bicer and Sßakar, 2004; Yaqoob et al., 2005a, 2005b).
It is cleared from the data that noteworthy difference exists
among lentil genotypes regarding biological yield. Maximum bio-
logical yield (9777 kg haÀ1
) were produced by genotypes 09503
followed by Markaz-09 (9555 kg haÀ1
) while minimum
(5333 kg haÀ1
) was obtained from genotype NL-2. Overall biomass
production was considered for economically important perfor-
mance of a crop plant. On sun dried growth basis biological yield
is measured as a result of ecological condition and nutrient uptake
by the plants. The difference of yield was due to genetic variation
among the genotypes studied. (Tyagi and Khan, 2010) concluded
that pods per plant are the most important character which are
responsible for treatment of seed yield in lentil.
The genotypes AZRC-4 revealed highest grain yield (3655.6 kg/
ha) followed by genotypes 09506 (3455.6 kg haÀ1
). Whereas mini-
mum grain yields was obtained from genotype P.Masoor-09. It is
also resulted that grain yield is affected by many agronomic condi-
tion and environmental factors. It depends upon on single yield
components. Our result are same as result of (Ayub et al., 2001;
Mandal and Majumdar, 2001; Reddy and Ahlawat, 2001; Bicer
and Sßakar, 2004; Yaqoob et al., 2005a, 2005b; Tyagi and Khan,
2010; Dutamo et al., 2015) who investigated that differences in
the seed yield haÀ1
due to change in genetic material.
In current study 100 seed weight in various lentil genotypes
were significantly affected and rang from 5.4 to 7.3 g. The heaviest
seed 7.3 g per 100 grain were produced by genotype AZRC-4 fol-
lowed by 09503 7.1 g, whereas the lowest weight were reported
from genotype markaz-09 5.4 g. For the final crop yield, seed
Fig. 9. Weight of 100 seeds of fourteen genotypes of the present research work.
Fig. 10. Protein Contents of the 14 genotypes of lentil species.
1644 R. Noor et al. / Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 24 (2017) 1639–1645
7. weight is essential factor for determination. The difference of seed
weight of genotypes under observation was take place due to dif-
ferent genetic potential of genotypes for character. Size and weight
of seed is important feature which directly correlates with final
grain yield. The selection criterion on the basis of seed size varies
from crop to crop.
The size of grain always differs under different soil moisture
regimes and nutrient availability to crop. The present study can
be compared with (Bakhsh et al., 1993; Kayan and Olgun, 2012;
Roy et al., 2013) that studied large variation among seed weight
and larger seed size do not need to produce more yield.
The Markaz-09 has more amount of protein contents in their
seed (28.45%) followed by genotypes NL-2 (28.24%), while low pro-
tein contents were observed from genotype NL-5 (23.21%) respec-
tively. Varieties have significantly different protein contents that
are highest protein content in BARI Masur-4 (25.80%), BARI
Masur-3 (25.50%), BARI Masur-2 (28.31%). According to (Khatun
et al., 2010) they also concluded that seed present on lower plant
parts had greater protein content as compare to middle and upper
part of plant.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to
the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for its
funding this Research group NO (RG-1435-014).
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