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1. RESEACH PROPOSAL
INHERITANCE OF GRAIN YIELD AND GRAIN
YIELD COMPONENTS IN BARLE
By
MUHAMMAD ANAS
Roll No.250 BSc (Hon) 7th
semester
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics
Submitted to
Prof. Dr. GULAM HASSAN SIR
The University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan

2. 1. Title:
INHERITANCE OF GRAIN YIELD AND GRAIN YIELD COMPONENTS IN BARLYE
2. Abstract (Summary):
The objective of this study Is to determine the inheritance between grain yield and its components and
their direct and indirect effects on grain yield in two-row winter barley varieties. The experimental work
is most likely to be conduct during the period of 2021-2022 on the research fields of the Malakand der
farm in the university of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan.
As far as material is concerned, 4 varieties of barley will be used i.e. Karan-19, Karan-201, Karan-4 and
Karan-521. Here we are looking forward to see how is the inherited relation between grain yield and it’s
component (i.e. number of spike per m , number of productive tillers per plant and grain weight per
plant, number of grain per spike and grain weight per spike, grain weight per spike and 1000 grains
weight).
The present project aims:
• The aim of this study will be more specifically to determine the inheritance between grain yield
and its components and their direct and indirect effects on grain yield in winter two-row barley
varieties.
• The study will be conduct on to determine the cultivars and ecological environmental factors
influence on differences in stability and adaptability of cultivars regard the grain yield, 1000
grains weight and test weight of tested barley cultivars, as well as specificity cultivars exploring
regard growing seasons conditions.
The limited available land will be utilized efficiently by increasing its fertility through biological
nitrogen fixation. The farmers’ community will be benefited by increasing per unit production
of grain yield and the dietary situation will be improved by increased the Grain yield components
of barley either directly or indirectly influencing.
3. Project Narrative (detail/description):
a) Significance of the Proposed Research
Barley is grown in about 70 million hectares in the world. Global production is 160 million tons.
Developing countries accounts for about 18 % (26 million tons) of total barley production and 25 % (18.5
million hectares) of the total harvested area in the world. Barley grain is mostly used as feed for animals,
malt, and food for human consumption. Malt is the second largest use of barley. Farmers also use barley

3. straw as animal feed in West Asia, North Africa, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Yemen, the Andes region and East
Asia.
Barley is one of the most important crops because it's used raw materials in beer production and animal
feed, cultivated successfully in a wide range of climate. Grain yield is a complex quantitative trait
controlled by many genes and is highly influenced by environmental, morphological, and physiological
Material and methods characters. Grain yield in barley, like other crops, is a function of many traits
which have interrelation among themselves and affect the grain yield directly or indirectly.
Barley is a very healthy grain. It’s rich in vitamins, minerals and other beneficial plant compounds. It’s
also high in fiber, which is responsible for most of its health benefits, ranging from a better digestion to
reduced hunger and weight loss. What’s more, making barley a regular ingredient in your diet may offer
protection from chronic diseases, such as diabetes, heart disease and even certain types of cancer. To
reap the most benefits, avoid processed, pearled barley and stick to whole-grain varieties like hulled
barley or barley grits, flakes, and flour.
Barley is a cereal grain with a chewy texture and mild, nutty flavor. It’s the seed of a type of grass that
grows in temperate climates throughout the world and one of the first grains to have been farmed by
ancient civilizations. In fact, archeological evidence suggests that barley was grown in Egypt over 10,000
years ago. Though it grows wild in regions of western Asia and northeast Africa, it’s widely cultivated for
human and animal food and for use in beer and whiskey production. With 144 million tons produced in
2014, barley is the fourth most produced grain worldwide after corn, rice, and wheat.
Hulled barley is considered a whole grain, as only the inedible outer shell has been removed during
processing. However, the more commonly available pearled barley is not a whole grain because the
fiber-containing bran has been removed. Though pearled barley is still a good source of some nutrients,
hulled barley is the healthier option. A diet high in whole grains has been linked to a lower risk of
chronic diseases. In a large study in over 360,000 people, those with the highest consumption of whole
grains, such as barley, had a 17% lower risk of death from all causes, including cancer and diabetes,
compared to those with the lowest whole-grain intake. Other studies have shown that eating whole
grains may reduce your risk of developing type 2 diabetes and obesity. The benefits of whole-grain
barley may stem from not only its fiber content but also its phytonutrients, which are plant compounds
with beneficial effects on health.
Agronomic cultivar value depends not only on its genetic potential for yield, but also on its ability to
achieve genetic potential under different conditions of production. Barley cultivars that were in
production until the end of the eighties were characterized by the lower yields, good technological
quality and higher stem sensitive on lodging. Due to lower resistance on lodging, that cultivars were
grown at modest soils and therefore they had lower yields. New varieties are characterized by good
technological quality, better resistance on lodging and diseases, shorter stem and more efficient
assimilates usage.
Yield is largely dependent on the genetic potential, which could be defined as yield of variety which was
grown in conditions on which it had been adapted, with adequately amounts of water and nutrients and
efficient control of pests, diseases, weeds and other stresses. Grain yield is a value, which is not only
genetically determined but also dependent to a high degree on the growing conditions. Yields
considerably vary primarily because of agro-Ecological conditions during the growing season.

4. Experimental research needs to be carried out over multiple environment trials in order to identify and
analyze the major factors that are responsible for genotype adaptation and final selection. Malting
barley is expected to have 1000 grain weight of 40 and 46 g and test weight of 68 to 75 kg/hl.
Correlation coefficient and path coefficient analyses are used widely in many crop species by plant
breeders to define the nature of complex interrationships among yield components (Dofing and Knight,
1994; Hosin Babaiy et al., 2011; Al-Tabbal and Al-Fraihat, 2012). Correlation coefficient is very important
to determine the traits that directly affect the grain yield. The path coefficient analysis is one of the
statistical tools which is used to determine the direct or indirect effects of any yield component on grain
yield in relation to the other yield components. Correlation coefficient and path coefficient analysis
assist to identify the traits that are useful as selection criteria to improve yield (Singh 1987; Milomirka et
al., 2005; Drikvand et al., 2011; Khaiti, 2012).
Some studies reported that grain yield was determined by three yield components, spike number per m,
number of grains per spike and grain weight per spike (Grafius, 1964; Fathi and Rezaie, 2000). On the
other hand, Singh et al. (1987) found that grain yield in barley significantly correlated with plant height
and this component had high positive direct effects on yield. Some researchers reported high positive
direct effects on yield. Some researchers reported positive and significant correlation between plant
height and grain yield (Kisana et al., 1999; Bhutta et al., 2005; Jabbari at al., 2010; Biroland Necmettin,
2011; Niazi-Fard et al., 2012). In many studies, it has been shown that the number of spikes in m has a
positive direct effect on grain yield (Jabbari at al., 2010; Drikvand et al., 2011). Akdeniz et al. (2004)
observed positive and significant correlation between grain yield and number of spike per m. Significant
positive correlation was determined between grain number per spike and number per plant, number of
productive tillers per plant, spike length (cm), number of grain per spike, number of sterile spikelets per
spike, grain weight per spike (g), grain weight per plant (g) and 1000 grains weight (g).
b) Specific Objectives
Aim of this project would be to improve the characteristics of barley plants so that they become
more desirable agronomically and economically. The specific objectives may vary greatly depending
on the crop under consideration of morphological and environmental conditions specifically when it
comes to the relationship of character i.e. the impact of yield components on the grain yield.
i. The ultimate aim of this project is to improve the yield of “economic produce on economic
part”. It may be grain yield, fodder yield, in case of barley. We are going to study that how in
barley yield can be affected by it’s yield components.
ii. In cereals desirable agronomic Characteristics which includes plant height, branching,
tillering capacity, growth habit, erect or trailing habit etc., is often desirable. For example,
dwarfness in cereals is generally associated with lodging resistance and better fertilizer
response. Tallness, high tillering and profuse branching are desirable characters in fodder
crops which directly affect the grain yield.
iii. We will observe the response of barley yield and yield components to nitrogen rate under
low and high input management systems.

5. c) Material & Methodology Proposed:
• Experiment Location:
• One Experiment will be conducted in the Pot in Greenhouse of the
Department of Plant breeding and Genetics at the Agriculture, University of
Peshawar during the period from June to November. The average day/night
temperatures will be 35/25 ºC and day-time relative humidity at least 72 %
during the study period.
• The second Experiment will be Conduct in the Experimental Field at
Malakandeer farm. Two different location will be used for Two different
Experiments.
• The experimental work is most likely to be conduct during the period of 2021-2022
on the research fields of the Malakand der farm in the university of Agriculture,
Peshawar, Pakistan. 4 varieties of barley will be used i.e. Karan-19, Karan-201, Karan-
4 and Karan-521.
➢ Experiment Design
Experiments is going to conducted in randomized block systems, with a plot size of 10 m2 (2 m x 5 m) in
two replicates. The usual techniques for barley production will applied, and it would be done in the
optimum sowing time in late October @ 400 kg/ha of fertilizer NPK 15:15:15 will be added in the fall on
the investigated plots, while during the spring fertilization, @300 kg/ha (KAN) will supplemented. The
standard growing measures will be applied during the vegetation. During the study period phonological
phase, degree of lodging and diseases will record. Then plant samples will randomly choose from the
middle part of each replication Plants will evaluated for and the following properties will analyzed: grain
yield (t/ha), test weight (kg/hl) and 1000 grain weight (g), Correlation between yield and components of
yield.
d) Plan of work:
• Soil conditions:
Before the commencement of the experiment soil samples will be taken from the sample surface and
the chemical analysis of soil will be performed. Based on obtained results, we will know that the soil
belongs to which type, keeping that type of soil we will apply fertilizer and other biochar etc to
improve the soil quality and make it favorable for barley cultivation.
e) Socio-economic/other benefits:
Barley is an important cereal worldwide cultivated since about 10,000 years. Barley crop is the fourth
most important cereal in the world, after wheat, corn, and rice. It could be a food source for millions of
people even though today it is mainly used as animal feed and brewing. So, recently, more than 70% of
barley crop has been used for feed; about 21% has been intended to malting, brewing, and distilling
industries; lesser than 6% has been consumed as human food. In addition, a growing interest in
renewable energy has led to the modest use of barley grain for the production of fuel ethanol. The
prominence of barley as food is mainly due to its potentialities in the production of healthy food, as an
excellent source of dietary fiber, and a functional food ingredient such as β-glucan.

6. f) Scientific personnel required for the project:
i. Two research officers.
ii. Field assistant
iii. 4 labor
g) Existing institutional facilities:
i. Offices
ii.Laboratories along with necessary equipment’s.
iii. Chemicals, fertilizers.
h) State if the scheme has been submitted to some other aid giving agency:
NO
i) Other research projects conducted or guided by the principal and Co-
Principal Investigator:
Not at all/ don’t know much of it.
j) Research Proposal Budget:
TABLE I
Expenditure on salaries and allowances.
Posts pay scale No. of posts 1st
year Total
Research
officer
5000*2=10000 2 12,0000 12,0000
Field assistant 3500 1 42,000 84,000
Accountant 4500 1 54,000 108,000
Labors 3000*3=9000 3 108,000 216,000
Traveling for
project
involving field
work only
70000 70000 14,0000
Total 394,000 788,000
Table II

7. Expenditure on Equipment’s & supplies.
No. Items 1st
Total
1 Equipment’s (bags,
tags etc.)
20000 20000
2 Chemicals 10000 10000
3 Glassware 5000 5000
4 Stationary 3000 3000
5 Literature 3000 3000
6 Contingencies 3000 3000
7 Daily paid labor 250000 250000
8 Audit fee @2% 4800 4800
TOTAL 298,800 298,800
4. LITERATURE CITED:
Akdeniz H, Keskin B, Yılmaz I and Oral E, 2004. A research on yield and yield components of some barley
cultivars. Yüzüncü Yil University. Journal of Agriculture Science, 14, 119-125
Al-Tabbal JA and Al-Fraihat AH, 2012. Genetic variation heritability, phenotypic and genotypic
correlation studies for yield and yield components in promising barley genotypes. Journal of Agricultural
Science, 4, 193-210
Ataei M, 2006. Path analysis of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) yield. Ankara University, Faculty Journal of
Agriculture Science, 12, 227-232
Bhutta WM, Barley T and Ibrahim M, 2005. Path-coefficient analysis of some quantitative characters in
husked barley. Caderno de pesquisa, Série biologia, 17, 65-70.
Chamurliyski P., Atanasova D., Penchev E. (2015): Productivity of foreign common winter wheat cultivars
(Triticum aestivum L.) under the conditions of dobrudzha region. Agriculture & Forestry, Podgorica. Vol.
61, Issue 1: 77-83.
Dogan Y., Kendal E., Oral E. (2016): Identifying of relationship between traits and grain yield in spring
barley by GGE biplot analysis. Agriculture & Forestry, Vol. 62, 4. p: in press.
Đekić V., Staletić M., Glamočlija Đ., Branković S. (2010): Variability of yield and grain yield components
of KG BARLEY cultivars. Zbornik radova XV Savetovanja o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem, 26-
27. Mart 2010, Čačak, Vol. 16 (17), 223-226.
Jelić M., Đalović I., Savić N., Knežević D. (2007): The effect of amounts of seed and dose of nitrogen
fertilizers to grain yield and quality of forage BARLEY and oat. ječma. A Periodical of Scientific Research
on Field and Vegetable Crops, Vol. 44, 481-486.
Kendal, E and Dogan, Y. (2015). Stability of a Candidate and Cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L) by GGE Biplot
analysis of Multi-environment Yield Trials in Spring Barley. Agriculture & Forestry, Vol. 61, Issue 4: 307-
318, 2015, Podgorica, DOI: 10.17707/AgricultForest. 61.4.37.

8. Madić M., Paunović A., Knežević D., Zečević V. (2009): Grain yield and yield components of two-row
BARLEY cultivars and lines. Acta Agriculturae Serbica, Vol. 14, No. 27, 17- 22.
Popović V., Glamočlija Đ., Malešević M., Ikanović J., Dražić G., Spasić M., Stanković S. (2011): Genotype
specificity in nitrogen nutrition of malting barley. Genetika. Belgrade, Vol. 43, No. 1, 197-204.