This presentation is about methods of data interpretation. it includes techniques usually used in the analysis of statistical data which may be qualitative or quantitative.
Statistical analysis and its applications can be used in many fields including pharmaceutical research, clinical trials, public health, epidemiology, genetics, and demographics. Some key uses of statistics include evaluating drug effects, comparing drug treatments, exploring associations between diseases and risk factors, and analyzing clinical trial and genomics data. Measures of central tendency, dispersion, and other statistical methodologies help researchers draw conclusions from collected data.
steps in nursing research include several points
1) terminologies related to nursing research
2) phases of nursing research
3) conceptual phase
4) planning phase
5) analytic phase
6) communication phase
This document discusses tabulation, which is the process of organizing and presenting statistical data in a table with rows and columns. It describes the key parts of a table including the title, stubs, column headings, body, source and footnotes. The document outlines different types of tables such as simple, double and complex tables. It also explains the differences between classification and tabulation, and highlights the importance of tabulation for summarizing, comparing and analyzing data in a clear format.
The data, collected for research, has to be processed, analyzed and interpreted to develop a solution to the research question.
Data analysis is a practice in which unorganized or unfinished data is ordered and organized so that useful information can be extracted from it.
It is the most enjoyable part of carrying out the research since after all of the hard works and waiting the researcher gets the chance to find out the answers. So analyzing the data and interpreting the results are the “reward” for the work of collecting the data.
Hisrorical evelotion and trends in nursing researchdeepakkv1991
AS AN NURSE THIS IS MY CONTRIBUTION TO ALL MY FELLOW NURSES SO THAT THEY GET AN OPPORTUNITY TO UNDERSTAND AND LEARN ABOUT THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING AND FUTURE TRENDS IN NURSING.
Research process quantitative and qualitativeEMERENSIA X
The document outlines the steps in conducting qualitative research, including: 1) identifying a broad research problem area and objectives; 2) reviewing literature to gain preliminary information; 3) entering the research setting and contacting key informants; 4) selecting a small, qualitative sample and semi-structured data collection tools; 5) collecting data through interviews and observations while building rapport; 6) organizing and analyzing data through techniques like coding and thematic analysis; and 7) disseminating findings in publications or presentations.
The document discusses various topics related to nursing research including the definition, purposes, types, and process of research. It examines key concepts like basic and applied research, quantitative and qualitative approaches, and evidence-based practice. The document also explores trends, challenges, and priorities in nursing research.
Statistics is the discipline dealing with the collection, manipulation, analysis, and interpretation of data to draw conclusions and make decisions. Statistical software packages are essential tools that allow statisticians to efficiently analyze large datasets using computers for simulation, data storage, calculations, analysis, and presentation of results. Some common statistical software packages include Excel, which supports basic statistical functions, and more specialized packages like Costat, Minitab, SAS, SPSS, and R, which provide advanced statistical analysis capabilities.
Statistical analysis and its applications can be used in many fields including pharmaceutical research, clinical trials, public health, epidemiology, genetics, and demographics. Some key uses of statistics include evaluating drug effects, comparing drug treatments, exploring associations between diseases and risk factors, and analyzing clinical trial and genomics data. Measures of central tendency, dispersion, and other statistical methodologies help researchers draw conclusions from collected data.
steps in nursing research include several points
1) terminologies related to nursing research
2) phases of nursing research
3) conceptual phase
4) planning phase
5) analytic phase
6) communication phase
This document discusses tabulation, which is the process of organizing and presenting statistical data in a table with rows and columns. It describes the key parts of a table including the title, stubs, column headings, body, source and footnotes. The document outlines different types of tables such as simple, double and complex tables. It also explains the differences between classification and tabulation, and highlights the importance of tabulation for summarizing, comparing and analyzing data in a clear format.
The data, collected for research, has to be processed, analyzed and interpreted to develop a solution to the research question.
Data analysis is a practice in which unorganized or unfinished data is ordered and organized so that useful information can be extracted from it.
It is the most enjoyable part of carrying out the research since after all of the hard works and waiting the researcher gets the chance to find out the answers. So analyzing the data and interpreting the results are the “reward” for the work of collecting the data.
Hisrorical evelotion and trends in nursing researchdeepakkv1991
AS AN NURSE THIS IS MY CONTRIBUTION TO ALL MY FELLOW NURSES SO THAT THEY GET AN OPPORTUNITY TO UNDERSTAND AND LEARN ABOUT THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING AND FUTURE TRENDS IN NURSING.
Research process quantitative and qualitativeEMERENSIA X
The document outlines the steps in conducting qualitative research, including: 1) identifying a broad research problem area and objectives; 2) reviewing literature to gain preliminary information; 3) entering the research setting and contacting key informants; 4) selecting a small, qualitative sample and semi-structured data collection tools; 5) collecting data through interviews and observations while building rapport; 6) organizing and analyzing data through techniques like coding and thematic analysis; and 7) disseminating findings in publications or presentations.
The document discusses various topics related to nursing research including the definition, purposes, types, and process of research. It examines key concepts like basic and applied research, quantitative and qualitative approaches, and evidence-based practice. The document also explores trends, challenges, and priorities in nursing research.
Statistics is the discipline dealing with the collection, manipulation, analysis, and interpretation of data to draw conclusions and make decisions. Statistical software packages are essential tools that allow statisticians to efficiently analyze large datasets using computers for simulation, data storage, calculations, analysis, and presentation of results. Some common statistical software packages include Excel, which supports basic statistical functions, and more specialized packages like Costat, Minitab, SAS, SPSS, and R, which provide advanced statistical analysis capabilities.
This document discusses tabulation, which is the logical presentation of numerical data in rows and columns to simplify presentation and facilitate comparisons. It defines tabulation and lists its advantages. It also describes the different types of tabulation (simple, complex), parts of a table (number, title, captions, stubs, body, footnotes, sources), and types of tables (simple/one-way, two-way, manifold). Merits include presenting complex data clearly and compactly while facilitating comparisons, and demerits are limitations on qualitative data and description.
This document provides an overview of how to search and use key features of the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature database. It describes how to perform keyword and subject heading searches, place articles in folders, email citations, and set up a MyEBSCOhost personal account to save searches and set up alerts. Key features covered include searching by keyword, choosing subject headings, viewing and narrowing search results, adding items to folders, output and sharing options, and creating a personal account to save searches and set up automated alerts.
This document provides an overview of statistical analysis for nursing research. It defines key terms like statistics, data analysis, and population. It outlines the specific objectives of understanding statistical analysis and applying it to nursing research skillfully. It also describes the various types of statistical analysis including descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, parametric and nonparametric tests. Finally, it discusses the steps in statistical analysis, available computer programs, uses of statistical analysis in different fields including nursing, and advantages and disadvantages of statistical analysis.
This document discusses different types of data classification. It defines classification as systematically grouping data based on common characteristics. There are several ways to classify data, including by the nature of the variable (e.g. quantitative, qualitative), source of collection (e.g. primary, secondary), presentation (e.g. grouped, ungrouped), and content (e.g. simple, manifold). Examples are provided for each type of classification.
The document provides information on various sampling techniques used in research. It defines key terms like population, sample, sampling, and element. It describes different probability sampling techniques like simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, systematic random sampling, and cluster sampling. It also covers non-probability sampling techniques such as purposive sampling and convenience sampling. The document discusses the purposes, processes, merits, and limitations of different sampling methods.
This document discusses sampling in research. It defines sampling as selecting a subset of a population to study and generalize findings to the larger group. Key terms are defined, like population, target population, sample, and sampling frame. The purposes of sampling are described as making research more economical, improving data quality, allowing for quicker study results, and increasing precision and accuracy. Characteristics of a good sample and factors influencing the sampling process are also outlined. In conclusion, sampling is an important part of research that aims to select a representative portion of a population to study.
This document discusses various data collection methods and tools used in nursing research. It describes primary and secondary data collection methods. Primary methods involve directly collecting data from subjects through surveys, interviews, observations or physiological measurements. Secondary methods use existing data collected for other purposes. Some advantages of primary methods are they can be tailored to research needs and ensure completeness of data, while disadvantages include being time-consuming. Common data collection tools discussed include questionnaires, interviews and physiological measurements. Different types of interviews like unstructured, semi-structured and structured are also described.
This document discusses different types of tabulation methods for presenting data. It defines tabulation as the systematic organization of data in rows and columns. The document outlines several types of tables including simple or one-way tables, complex/two-way tables, three-way tables, and manifold tables. It provides examples to illustrate tables organized by one, two, three or more characteristics. The purpose of tabulation is to simplify complex data and make it easier to understand, analyze and compare.
The document discusses data analysis and provides details about:
- The steps involved in quantitative data analysis including data preparation, description, inference drawing, and interpretation.
- The different scales of measurement - nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio - and their properties.
- Descriptive statistics used to organize and summarize data such as measures of central tendency, dispersion, and relationship.
- Methods for condensing data including frequency distribution tables, contingency tables, and graphs.
Data are numerical facts collected systematically for research purposes. Economists study phenomena and draw conclusions from collected data. There are two main sources of information: primary and secondary data. Primary data involves collecting original data directly from sources for a specific research purpose, such as through observation, interviews, questionnaires, or schedules. Secondary data refers to data that was originally collected by someone else for another purpose and has been published, such as government publications, journals, or reports.
True experimental research designs aim to establish causal relationships. They have four key elements: manipulation of the independent variable, use of control groups, random assignment of subjects to conditions, and random selection of subjects. Randomized controlled trials are a type of true experiment that are considered the gold standard for determining cause and effect. Common true experimental designs include pre-test post-test control group designs, post-test only control group designs, and Solomon four-group designs.
This document discusses sampling and different sampling techniques. It begins by defining key terminology like population, sample, sampling frame, etc. It then describes different types of populations and the purposes of sampling, which include being economical, improving data quality, and allowing for quicker study results.
The document outlines the steps in the sampling process, which include identifying the target population, establishing a sampling frame, specifying the sampling unit and size, and selecting the sample. It also discusses factors that can influence the sampling process.
Finally, it describes different sampling techniques, distinguishing between probability and non-probability sampling. It provides details on specific probability techniques like simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, and cluster sampling.
Quantitative and qualitative research are two formal approaches to research. Quantitative research involves collecting and analyzing numerical data to establish relationships between variables, while qualitative research uses subjective interpretation to understand human experiences. Both approaches involve identifying a research problem, reviewing literature, collecting and analyzing data, and disseminating findings, but they differ in how variables are defined, what type of data is collected, and how that data is analyzed.
Data analysis involves working with datasets to uncover patterns and trends, while data interpretation explains those patterns and trends. Data collection is the systematic recording of information.
The document provides an overview of statistics as used in nursing research. It defines statistics as the science of making effective use of numerical data through collection, analysis, and interpretation. There are two main types of statistics: descriptive statistics which organize and summarize sample data, and inferential statistics which help determine if study outcomes are due to planned factors or chance. Key concepts covered include frequency distributions, measures of central tendency, variability, correlation, hypothesis testing, estimation, t-tests, chi-square tests, and analysis of variance procedures.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of variables:
- Dependent variables are affected by independent variables. Independent variables are presumed to influence other variables.
- Intervening/mediating variables are caused by the independent variable and themselves cause the dependent variable.
- Organismic variables are personal characteristics used for classification.
- Control/constant variables are not allowed to change during experiments.
- Variables can also be interval, ratio, nominal/categorical, ordinal, dummy, preference, multiple response, or extraneous.
A pilot study as on experimental exploratory, test , preliminary , trial or try out investigation.
A trial study carried out before a research design is finalized to assist in defining the research questions or to test the feasibility, reliability and validity of proposed study design.
A small scale study conducted to test the plan and method of a research study.
This document provides an overview of nursing research. It begins by outlining the objectives of the lecture, which are to define nursing research, discuss the role of nurses in research participation, and review the different types of research methods. It then discusses the importance of nursing research, highlighting that evidence-based practice relies on research evidence. It also outlines the different roles nurses can play in research, from critiquing studies as BSNs to leading independent research as doctorally-prepared nurses. Finally, it reviews the major types of research methods, including quantitative, qualitative, and outcomes research, providing examples of each.
The document discusses various methods for analyzing and interpreting data. It describes descriptive analysis which helps summarize data patterns. Statistical analysis techniques like clustering, regression, and cohorts are explained. Inferential analysis makes judgments about differences between groups. Qualitative and quantitative methods are outlined for interpreting data through coding and establishing relationships. The purpose of data analysis and interpretation is to answer research questions and determine trends to support decision making.
Data Presentation & Analysis Meaning, Stages of data analysis, Quantitative & Qualitative data analysis methods, Descriptive & inferential methods of data analysis
This document discusses tabulation, which is the logical presentation of numerical data in rows and columns to simplify presentation and facilitate comparisons. It defines tabulation and lists its advantages. It also describes the different types of tabulation (simple, complex), parts of a table (number, title, captions, stubs, body, footnotes, sources), and types of tables (simple/one-way, two-way, manifold). Merits include presenting complex data clearly and compactly while facilitating comparisons, and demerits are limitations on qualitative data and description.
This document provides an overview of how to search and use key features of the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature database. It describes how to perform keyword and subject heading searches, place articles in folders, email citations, and set up a MyEBSCOhost personal account to save searches and set up alerts. Key features covered include searching by keyword, choosing subject headings, viewing and narrowing search results, adding items to folders, output and sharing options, and creating a personal account to save searches and set up automated alerts.
This document provides an overview of statistical analysis for nursing research. It defines key terms like statistics, data analysis, and population. It outlines the specific objectives of understanding statistical analysis and applying it to nursing research skillfully. It also describes the various types of statistical analysis including descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, parametric and nonparametric tests. Finally, it discusses the steps in statistical analysis, available computer programs, uses of statistical analysis in different fields including nursing, and advantages and disadvantages of statistical analysis.
This document discusses different types of data classification. It defines classification as systematically grouping data based on common characteristics. There are several ways to classify data, including by the nature of the variable (e.g. quantitative, qualitative), source of collection (e.g. primary, secondary), presentation (e.g. grouped, ungrouped), and content (e.g. simple, manifold). Examples are provided for each type of classification.
The document provides information on various sampling techniques used in research. It defines key terms like population, sample, sampling, and element. It describes different probability sampling techniques like simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, systematic random sampling, and cluster sampling. It also covers non-probability sampling techniques such as purposive sampling and convenience sampling. The document discusses the purposes, processes, merits, and limitations of different sampling methods.
This document discusses sampling in research. It defines sampling as selecting a subset of a population to study and generalize findings to the larger group. Key terms are defined, like population, target population, sample, and sampling frame. The purposes of sampling are described as making research more economical, improving data quality, allowing for quicker study results, and increasing precision and accuracy. Characteristics of a good sample and factors influencing the sampling process are also outlined. In conclusion, sampling is an important part of research that aims to select a representative portion of a population to study.
This document discusses various data collection methods and tools used in nursing research. It describes primary and secondary data collection methods. Primary methods involve directly collecting data from subjects through surveys, interviews, observations or physiological measurements. Secondary methods use existing data collected for other purposes. Some advantages of primary methods are they can be tailored to research needs and ensure completeness of data, while disadvantages include being time-consuming. Common data collection tools discussed include questionnaires, interviews and physiological measurements. Different types of interviews like unstructured, semi-structured and structured are also described.
This document discusses different types of tabulation methods for presenting data. It defines tabulation as the systematic organization of data in rows and columns. The document outlines several types of tables including simple or one-way tables, complex/two-way tables, three-way tables, and manifold tables. It provides examples to illustrate tables organized by one, two, three or more characteristics. The purpose of tabulation is to simplify complex data and make it easier to understand, analyze and compare.
The document discusses data analysis and provides details about:
- The steps involved in quantitative data analysis including data preparation, description, inference drawing, and interpretation.
- The different scales of measurement - nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio - and their properties.
- Descriptive statistics used to organize and summarize data such as measures of central tendency, dispersion, and relationship.
- Methods for condensing data including frequency distribution tables, contingency tables, and graphs.
Data are numerical facts collected systematically for research purposes. Economists study phenomena and draw conclusions from collected data. There are two main sources of information: primary and secondary data. Primary data involves collecting original data directly from sources for a specific research purpose, such as through observation, interviews, questionnaires, or schedules. Secondary data refers to data that was originally collected by someone else for another purpose and has been published, such as government publications, journals, or reports.
True experimental research designs aim to establish causal relationships. They have four key elements: manipulation of the independent variable, use of control groups, random assignment of subjects to conditions, and random selection of subjects. Randomized controlled trials are a type of true experiment that are considered the gold standard for determining cause and effect. Common true experimental designs include pre-test post-test control group designs, post-test only control group designs, and Solomon four-group designs.
This document discusses sampling and different sampling techniques. It begins by defining key terminology like population, sample, sampling frame, etc. It then describes different types of populations and the purposes of sampling, which include being economical, improving data quality, and allowing for quicker study results.
The document outlines the steps in the sampling process, which include identifying the target population, establishing a sampling frame, specifying the sampling unit and size, and selecting the sample. It also discusses factors that can influence the sampling process.
Finally, it describes different sampling techniques, distinguishing between probability and non-probability sampling. It provides details on specific probability techniques like simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, and cluster sampling.
Quantitative and qualitative research are two formal approaches to research. Quantitative research involves collecting and analyzing numerical data to establish relationships between variables, while qualitative research uses subjective interpretation to understand human experiences. Both approaches involve identifying a research problem, reviewing literature, collecting and analyzing data, and disseminating findings, but they differ in how variables are defined, what type of data is collected, and how that data is analyzed.
Data analysis involves working with datasets to uncover patterns and trends, while data interpretation explains those patterns and trends. Data collection is the systematic recording of information.
The document provides an overview of statistics as used in nursing research. It defines statistics as the science of making effective use of numerical data through collection, analysis, and interpretation. There are two main types of statistics: descriptive statistics which organize and summarize sample data, and inferential statistics which help determine if study outcomes are due to planned factors or chance. Key concepts covered include frequency distributions, measures of central tendency, variability, correlation, hypothesis testing, estimation, t-tests, chi-square tests, and analysis of variance procedures.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of variables:
- Dependent variables are affected by independent variables. Independent variables are presumed to influence other variables.
- Intervening/mediating variables are caused by the independent variable and themselves cause the dependent variable.
- Organismic variables are personal characteristics used for classification.
- Control/constant variables are not allowed to change during experiments.
- Variables can also be interval, ratio, nominal/categorical, ordinal, dummy, preference, multiple response, or extraneous.
A pilot study as on experimental exploratory, test , preliminary , trial or try out investigation.
A trial study carried out before a research design is finalized to assist in defining the research questions or to test the feasibility, reliability and validity of proposed study design.
A small scale study conducted to test the plan and method of a research study.
This document provides an overview of nursing research. It begins by outlining the objectives of the lecture, which are to define nursing research, discuss the role of nurses in research participation, and review the different types of research methods. It then discusses the importance of nursing research, highlighting that evidence-based practice relies on research evidence. It also outlines the different roles nurses can play in research, from critiquing studies as BSNs to leading independent research as doctorally-prepared nurses. Finally, it reviews the major types of research methods, including quantitative, qualitative, and outcomes research, providing examples of each.
The document discusses various methods for analyzing and interpreting data. It describes descriptive analysis which helps summarize data patterns. Statistical analysis techniques like clustering, regression, and cohorts are explained. Inferential analysis makes judgments about differences between groups. Qualitative and quantitative methods are outlined for interpreting data through coding and establishing relationships. The purpose of data analysis and interpretation is to answer research questions and determine trends to support decision making.
Data Presentation & Analysis Meaning, Stages of data analysis, Quantitative & Qualitative data analysis methods, Descriptive & inferential methods of data analysis
The document provides an overview of data analysis concepts and methods for qualitative and quantitative data. It discusses topics such as descriptive statistics, measures of central tendency and spread. It also covers inferential statistics concepts like ANOVA, ANCOVA, regression, and correlation. Both the advantages and disadvantages of qualitative data analysis are presented. The document is a presentation on research methodology focusing on data analysis.
This document discusses various topics related to data preparation and analysis, including editing, coding, data entry, validity of data, qualitative vs quantitative analysis, bivariate and multivariate statistical techniques like multiple regression, factor analysis, discriminant analysis, cluster analysis, multidimensional scaling, and the application of statistical software like SAS, SPSS, and R. It provides an overview of key concepts and steps involved in preparing data for analysis and using different statistical methods to analyze the relationships between variables.
Topic interpretation of data and its analysisKmTriptiSingh
This document discusses interpretation and analysis of data in research. It defines interpretation as drawing inferences from collected facts after analysis to find broader meaning. Interpretation considers relationships within data and relates findings to other research. Effective interpretation requires considering all relevant factors and avoiding false generalizations. Data analysis organizes and models data to discover useful information for decision making. It distinguishes between quantitative data analyzed statistically and qualitative data analyzed through interviews, documents, and observation. Both interpretation and analysis are important for extracting meaningful insights from data.
This document discusses different methods for analyzing data from various types of research. It describes analyzing qualitative research data by identifying and sorting text segments into categories. Descriptive research data is analyzed using descriptive statistics like frequencies, averages and variability. Correlational research examines relationships between quantifiable variables using techniques like correlation. Multivariate research analyzes multiple independent variables simultaneously through methods such as multiple regression, discriminant analysis, and factor analysis. Experimental research data can be analyzed using t-tests to compare means between groups and one-way analysis of variance to examine differences between multiple groups.
This document discusses techniques for qualitative and quantitative data analysis. Qualitative data analysis deals with non-numerical data like words or text, while quantitative data uses numerical data. Some qualitative techniques include analyzing unstructured observations, interviews, records and documents to identify and sort relevant text segments. Quantitative techniques include descriptive statistics like frequencies, measures of central tendency, and variability for descriptive research, and correlational techniques, multiple regression, discriminant analysis and factor analysis for multivariate research. Different research designs require different analysis methods such as t-tests, analysis of variance, and factorial analysis of variance.
Data Analysis & Interpretation and Report WritingSOMASUNDARAM T
Statistical Methods for Data Analysis (Only Theory), Meaning of Interpretation, Technique of Interpretation, Significance of Report Writing, Steps, Layout of Research Report, Types of Research Reports, Precautions while writing research reports
The document discusses various aspects of media research methodology. It outlines the steps involved including defining the research problem, developing objectives and hypotheses, reviewing literature, deciding the research design, collecting and analyzing data, and developing conclusions. It also discusses different research approaches and methods that can be used including experimental, exploratory, descriptive, case studies, surveys, and content analysis. The key aspects of ensuring rigorous media research are emphasized.
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Research design decisions and be competent in the process of reliable data co...Stats Statswork
Research Design may be described as the researchers scheme of outlining the flow of his project. It is based on research design, that the researcher goes about gathering data to answer his research question. It enables the researcher to prioritize his work, create better questionnaires and arrive at conclusions with greater clarity. Statswork offers statistical services as per the requirements of the customers. When you Order statistical Services at Statswork, we promise you the following – Always on Time, outstanding customer support, and High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
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·Quantitative Data Analysis StatisticsIntroductionUnd.docxlanagore871
·
Quantitative Data Analysis: Statistics
Introduction
Understanding the use of basic statistical strategies is part of being a critical consumer of published research literature. Unless they plan to conduct research themselves, it is not as important for counselors to understand the mathematical calculations of the statistical techniques as it is to be able to recognize the names of the common ones and what kind of information they provide. There are several commercially-available software packages for analyzing quantitative data, one of which is described in detail in Chapter 14 of
Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods
.
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
In quantitative studies, statistical techniques are used for data analysis. The two main categories of statistics are descriptive and inferential. Descriptive statistics are used to summarize the data. Some common descriptive statistics are the measures of central tendency: the mean, median, and mode. They provide information about where the middle is in distribution of scores. On the normal distribution, the mean, median, and mode are the same. Distributions are said to be skewed when extreme scores draw the mean away from the middle of the distribution. Measures of variability, such as the range, variance, and standard deviation, provide information about how widely a distribution of scores is dispersed (Erford, 2015, p. 250). The standard deviation is a measure of how the scores cluster around the mean. The greater the standard deviation, the greater the spread of scores.
Toggle DrawerHide Full Introduction
Inferential statistics are used to make inferences from the sample to the population. All inferential statistical procedures are based on probability theory. They are used to test hypotheses. Three commonly used inferential statistics are chi square, t-test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Chi square is used with nominal data to determine if the observed expected frequency differs significantly from the expected frequency. A t-test is used to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the means of two groups. ANOVA is used to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the means of three or more groups.
Statistical Significance
When a quantitative study tests a hypothesis, it is technically the null hypothesis being tested. The null hypothesis says there is no difference between the groups, or relationship between the variables (depending on the research design). If the statistical procedure indicates there is statistical significance, the null hypothesis is rejected, meaning that the probability is high that there really is a group difference or strong relationship between the variables.
Rejecting the null hypothesis is not equivalent to proving the research or alternative hypothesis. Researchers can embrace the research hypothesis as one plausible explanation, but because only .
The document discusses various techniques for analyzing qualitative and quantitative data in research. It describes different types of statistical analysis that can be used for organizing, summarizing, and drawing conclusions from data, including descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, multivariate analysis techniques like multi regression analysis, discriminant analysis and factor analysis. It also discusses using t-tests to analyze experimental research data by comparing experimental and control groups.
The document discusses various techniques for analyzing qualitative and quantitative data in research. It describes different types of statistical analysis that can be used for organizing, summarizing, and drawing conclusions from data, including descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multivariate techniques like multi regression analysis, discriminant analysis, and factor analysis. It also addresses analyzing data from experimental research using statistical tests like the T-test to compare experimental and control groups.
The document discusses key steps in data analysis and interpretation for action research:
1) Data analysis involves summarizing collected data in an accurate manner depending on the type of data collected, such as using qualitative analysis for narrative data or quantitative analysis for numerical data.
2) Data interpretation finds meaning in the data by answering "So what?" and explaining trends, patterns, and relationships that emerge from the analysis.
3) Critical steps in analysis and interpretation include making data summaries, developing categories and coding, writing theoretical notes, quantification, and shaping metaphors to understand the data from different perspectives.
This document provides an overview of data analysis and graphical representation. It discusses data analytics, statistics, quantitative and qualitative data, different types of graphical representations including line graphs, bar graphs and histograms. It also covers sampling design, types of sampling including probability and non-probability sampling, and measures of central tendency such as mean, median and mode.
Evaluation aims to determine the value of a thing using both subjective, qualitative methods and objective, quantitative methods. There are several approaches to evaluation including accountability models which examine if original goals were met, due diligence models which focus on maintaining follow-up reporting, and participatory action models which make the evaluation process collaborative. Both quantitative methods like surveys and questionnaires, and qualitative methods like inductive coding, abstracting, and ethnography can be used in evaluation research.
The document discusses data analysis and interpretation. It describes the different scales of measurement used in data analysis including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. It also discusses various methods used for interpreting qualitative and quantitative data, such as using statistical techniques like mean and standard deviation for quantitative data. Finally, it covers different visualization techniques used in data interpretation like bar graphs, pie charts, tables, and line graphs.
The document discusses different techniques for analyzing qualitative and quantitative data. It outlines several types of descriptive statistics that can be used to analyze descriptive research data, including frequencies, central tendencies, and variabilities. Correlational research data can be analyzed using correlations, while experimental research data can be analyzed using t-tests, analysis of variance, chi square tests, and other statistical analyses. Multivariate research makes use of multiple regression, discriminant analysis, and factor analysis to examine relationships between multiple variables. The appropriate analysis depends on the type of research design used.
Data analysis involves understanding known facts or assumptions to draw conclusions about research questions. There are two main types of data analysis: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative analysis examines subjective data like thoughts, feelings, and attitudes expressed in words, collected through interviews and observations. Quantitative analysis deals with numerical data, using statistical techniques to summarize relationships between variables. Both types of analysis require coding, organizing, and interpreting large amounts of data to understand the relevant information.
Did you know that drowning is a leading cause of unintentional death among young children? According to recent data, children aged 1-4 years are at the highest risk. Let's raise awareness and take steps to prevent these tragic incidents. Supervision, barriers around pools, and learning CPR can make a difference. Stay safe this summer!
Generative Classifiers: Classifying with Bayesian decision theory, Bayes’ rule, Naïve Bayes classifier.
Discriminative Classifiers: Logistic Regression, Decision Trees: Training and Visualizing a Decision Tree, Making Predictions, Estimating Class Probabilities, The CART Training Algorithm, Attribute selection measures- Gini impurity; Entropy, Regularization Hyperparameters, Regression Trees, Linear Support vector machines.
Codeless Generative AI Pipelines
(GenAI with Milvus)
https://ml.dssconf.pl/user.html#!/lecture/DSSML24-041a/rate
Discover the potential of real-time streaming in the context of GenAI as we delve into the intricacies of Apache NiFi and its capabilities. Learn how this tool can significantly simplify the data engineering workflow for GenAI applications, allowing you to focus on the creative aspects rather than the technical complexities. I will guide you through practical examples and use cases, showing the impact of automation on prompt building. From data ingestion to transformation and delivery, witness how Apache NiFi streamlines the entire pipeline, ensuring a smooth and hassle-free experience.
Timothy Spann
https://www.youtube.com/@FLaNK-Stack
https://medium.com/@tspann
https://www.datainmotion.dev/
milvus, unstructured data, vector database, zilliz, cloud, vectors, python, deep learning, generative ai, genai, nifi, kafka, flink, streaming, iot, edge
Discovering Digital Process Twins for What-if Analysis: a Process Mining Appr...Marlon Dumas
This webinar discusses the limitations of traditional approaches for business process simulation based on had-crafted model with restrictive assumptions. It shows how process mining techniques can be assembled together to discover high-fidelity digital twins of end-to-end processes from event data.
Discovering Digital Process Twins for What-if Analysis: a Process Mining Appr...
Interpretation of Data.pptx
1. Interpretation of Data
DATA REVIEW AND CONCLUSION MAKING
Prepared By:
Tahoor Qadeer
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Karachi
2. What is data interpretation
Data interpretation refers to the process of using diverse analytical methods to
review data and arrive at relevant conclusions. The interpretation of data helps
researchers to categorize, manipulate, and summarize the information in order to
answer critical questions.
3. How To Interpret Data
When interpreting data, an analyst must try to discern the differences between
correlation, causation, and coincidences, as well as much other bias.
There are two methods of data interpretation.
1. Qualitative Data Interpretation.
2. Quantitative Data Interpretation.
4. Qualitative Data Interpretation
Qualitative data analysis can be summed up in one word – categorical.
data is not described through numerical values or patterns, but through the use of
descriptive context.
data is gathered by employing a wide variety of person-to-person techniques.
These techniques include:
5. Observations: detailing behavioral patterns that occur within an observation
group. These patterns could be the amount of time spent in an activity, the type of
activity, and the method of communication employed.
Focus groups: Group people and ask them relevant questions to generate a
collaborative discussion about a research topic.
6. Secondary Research: much like how patterns of behavior can be observed,
different types of documentation resources can be coded and divided based on
the type of material they contain.
Interviews: one of the best collection methods for narrative data. Inquiry
responses can be grouped by theme, topic, or category. The interview approach
allows for highly-focused data segmentation.
7. Quantitative Data Interpretation
If quantitative data interpretation could be summed up in one word that word
would be “numerical.”
Quantitative analysis refers to a set of processes by which numerical data is
analyzed.
it involves the use of statistical modeling such as standard deviation, mean and
median.
8. Mean: A mean represents a numerical average for a set of responses. When
dealing with a data set (or multiple data sets), a mean will represent a central
value of a specific set of numbers. It is the sum of the values divided by the
number of values within the data set.
Standard deviation: This is another statistical term commonly appearing in
quantitative analysis. Standard deviation reveals the distribution of the responses
around the mean. It describes the degree of consistency within the responses;
together with the mean, it provides insight into data sets.
9. Frequency distribution: This is a measurement gauging the rate of a response
appearance within a data set. When using a survey, for example, frequency
distribution has the capability of determining the number of times a specific
ordinal scale response appears (i.e., agree, strongly agree, disagree, etc.).
10. “
”
Our problems are not with the data,
itself, but arise from our
interpretation of the data.
BRUCE H. LIPTON
Thanks