This document discusses three common data collection methods: observation, interview, and questionnaire. Observation involves personally watching and interacting with research subjects and can be participatory or non-participatory. Interviews are verbal conversations with research participants that can be structured, unstructured, or semi-structured. Questionnaires are paper surveys containing a list of questions for respondents to answer in writing.

1. Data Collection
Methods

2. ACTIVITY #3
“What thoughts are running in your mind about the
following words?”
telescope camera
cell phone
magnifying glass microscope
window glass
sun glass
reading glass

3. DATA COLLECTION METHODS
• OBSERVATION
• INTERVIEW
• QUESTIONNAIRE

4. OBSERVATION
• a technique of gathering
data whereby you
personally watch, interact,
or communicate with the
subjects of your research.

5. • Considered as the foundation
of all research methods
• Is the central method in
qualitative types of research
(Letherby 2013;Snort 2013)

6. TYPES of
OBSERVATION

7. Participant Observation
• the observer takes part
in the activities of the
individual or group
being observed.

8. • Use the diary method or logbook in
recording findings
descriptive observation-initial part of
the record that describes people,
places, events, conversation, and other
things involved in the activity or object
focused on by the research
Narrative account- second part of the
diary that gives your interpretations
or reflections about everything you
observed

9. Non-participation or
Structured Observation
• completely detaches you from
the target of your observation.
• you just watch and listen to
them do their own thing,
without you participating in any
activities
• recordings happen through the
use of a checklist or observation
schedule

10. Methods of Observation
• Direct Observation
• Indirect Observation

11. DIRECT OBSERVATION
• allow you to see or
listen to everything that
happens in the area of
observation

12. INDIRECT OBSERVATION
• also called behaviour
archaeology
• you observe traces of past
events to get information or
a measure of behaviour, trait,
or quality of your subject

13. Methods of Indirect Observation
Continuous Monitoring or CM
• you observe to evaluate the way
people deal with one another.
• this is the main data gathering
technique used in behavioural
psychology

14. Spot Sampling
• focus on researching the extent of
childrens nervous habits as they would
go through their personality
development
• also called scan sampling or time
sampling
• comes in two types: time allocation
(TA) and experience sampling

15. TA
• what goes into the record are the
best activities of people you
observed in undetermined places
and time.
Experience Sampling
• lets you record people’s responses
anytime of the day or week to
question their present activities,
companions, feelings and so on.

16. ADVANTAGES
1. It uses simple data collection
technique and data recording method.
2. It is inclined to realizing its objectives
because it depends on watching and
listening to the subjects.
3. It offers fresh and firsthand
knowledge.
4. It is quite valuable in research studies
about organizations that consider you
a part of such entity.

17. DISADVANTAGES
1. It requires a long time for
planning.
2. Engrossed in participating
in the subject’s activities.
3. It is prone to your hearing
derogatory statements
from some people I the
group.

18. QUIZ
Identify what is being asked in each
statement.
1. This is the main data gathering technique
used in behavioural psychology.
2. The observer takes part in the activities of
the individual or group being observed.
3. A technique of gathering data whereby you
personally watch, interact, or communicate
with the subjects of your research.
4. Allows you to see or listen to everything
that happens in the area of observation.
5. It let you observe to evaluate the way
people deal with one another.

19. Interview

20. ACTIVITY 4
Which of these two have you already
experienced, interviewing people or being
interviewed by people? Describe this
experience.Conduct an interview for the
following situation:
1. Filipino cultural practices that reflect
Spanish influence on Filipinos’ lifestyle?
2. Problems in the environment that need
immediate solutions.
3. Study habits of the honor students in ABM
strand

21. INTERVIEW• data gathering technique that makes you
verbally ask the subjects or respondents
questions to give answers to what your
research study is trying to look for.
• Aims at knowing what the respondents think
and feel about the topic of your research
• Has two types:Traditional and Modern Type
of interview
• It is a conversation with a purpose that gives
direction to the question-answer activity
between the interviewer and the
interviewee(Babbie 2014,137; Rubin 2011)

22. Types of Interview

23. Structured Interview
• requires the use of an
interview schedule or a list of
questions answerable with one
and only item from a set of
alternative responses.

24. Unstructured Interview
• The respondents answer
the questions based on
what they personally think
and feel about it.

25. Semi-Structured Interview
• The characteristics of the first two
types are found in the third type of
interview
• Here you prepare a schedule or a list
of questions that is accompanied by
a list of expressions from where the
respondents can pick out the correct
answer
• A flexible and an organized type of
interview

26. Approaches

27. Individual Interview
• only one respondent is
interviewed

28. Group Interview
• you ask question to a
group of people at the
same time
• also called focus group
interview

29. Mediated Interview
• takes place through electronic
communication devices such as
telephones, mobile phones, email, etc.
a. Synchronous- if you talk with the
subjects through the telephone,
mobile phone, or online chat and
also find time to see each other
b. Asynchronous- if only two persons
are interviewed at a different time
through the internet, email,
facebook, twitter, and other social
network media

30. Steps in Conducting
an Interview

31. 1. Getting to Know each Other
2. Having an Idea of the Research
3. Starting the Interview
4. Conducting The Interview
Proper
5. Putting an End to the
Interview
6. Pondering Over Interview
Afterthoughts

32. QUIZ
Identify what is being asked in each
statement.
1. This approach is also called focus group
interview.
2. Aims at knowing what the respondents
think and feel about the topic of your
research.
3. It is a type of mediated interview that
only two persons are interviewed at a
different time through the internet, email,
facebook, twitter, and other social network
media.
4. A flexible and an organized type of
interview.
5. in this approach only one respondent is
interviewed.

33. QUESTIONNAIRE

34. ACTIVITY 5
Give a brief response to the following
questions.
1. Why did you choose ABM Strand
as a strand in Senior High School?
2. How does your family affects your
decision in choosing your strand?
3. What are the factors you consider
in choosing your strand?
4. How do you see your future?

35. QUESTIONNAIRE
• a paper containing a list of
questions including the specific
place and space in the paper
where you write the answers to
the questions.
• elicits factual or opinionated
answers from respondent’s
through his/her acts of checking
one chosen answer from several
options or of writing on a line
provided for any opinionated
answer.(Babbie 2013)

36. Purposes of a Questionnaire

37. 1. To discover people’s thoughts
and feelings about the topic of
the research
2. To assist you in conducting an
effective face-to-face interview
with your respondents
3. To help you plan how to
obtain and record the answers
to your questions
4. To make the analysis,
recording, and coding of data
easier and faster

38. Types of Questionnaire

39. 1. Postal Questionnaire
• goes to the respondents
through postal service or
electronic mail

40. 2. Self-administered
Questionnaire
• makes you act as the
interviewer and the
interviewee at the same time

41. Advantages

42. 1. It is cheap.
2. It entails an easy distribution to
respondents.
3. It offers more opportunity for the
respondents to ponder on their
responses.
4. It enables easy comparison of
answers because of uniformity
among questions.
5. It has the capacity to elicit
spontaneous or genuine answers
from the respondents.

43. Disadvantages

44. 1. There is a possibility that some questions
you distributed do not gp back to you,
that would prevent you from getting the
desired rate of response.
2. Confusing and uninteresting questions to
respondents fail to elicit the desired
responses.
3. Hard to obtain unbiased results to
represent the characteristics of the
target population.
4. It prevents you from being with the
respondents physically to help them
unlock some difficulties in their
understanding of the questions.

45. QUIZ
TRUE or FALSE
1. Using questionnaire offers more opportunity
for the respondents to ponder on their
responses.
2. Questionnaire is a paper containing a list of
questions including the specific place and
space in the paper where you write the
answers to the questions.
3. Postal questionnaire makes you act as the
interviewer and the interviewee at the same
time.
4. Questionnaire elicits factual or opinionated
answers from respondents through his/her
acts of checking one chosen answer from
several options or of writing on a line
provided for any opinionated answer.
5. Self-administered Questionnaire
goes to the respondents through postal service
or electronic mail