This document discusses interoperability between IPv4 and IPv6. It outlines challenges with the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 including ensuring minimal downtime and maintaining network reachability and security. It proposes using tunneling techniques like Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) to transport IPv6 packets over an IPv4 infrastructure and allow dual stack implementations. The project aims to address scalability between IPv4 and IPv6 using the OSPF routing protocol and virtualizing physical links with Cisco IOS to enable IPv6 multicast routing.
This document provides an overview of key networking concepts including networks, IP addresses, IPv4, IPv6, IP classes, subnet masks, DHCP, and DNS. It defines a network as an interconnection between two or more computers that can be connected via cables or wirelessly. It describes IPv4 and IPv6, noting that IPv4 utilizes 32-bit addresses while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses. It also outlines the classes of IPv4 addresses and how subnet masks are used for routing traffic within subnets. Finally, it distinguishes between public and private IP addresses and explains how DHCP servers are used to assign IP addresses dynamically and the role of DNS in associating domain names with Internet resources.
1.What is IP address
2.When & how it was devised
3.IPV4 Features & its functionality
4.Benefits of IPV4 & Devices supporting IPV4
5.Problems of IPV4 & What happened to IPV5
6.What led to IPV6
7.IPV6 Features & Functionality
8.Benefits of IPV6 & supporting devices
9.How transition from IPV4 to IPV6 will happen
10.Problems & challenges that are anticipated & Conclusion
The document provides an overview of IPv6 including:
- Limitations of IPv4 that IPv6 addresses such as limited address space and lack of security.
- Key features of IPv6 like a larger 128-bit address space, simpler header format, and built-in security.
- Protocols that support IPv6 functionality like Neighbor Discovery Protocol, Path MTU Discovery, and stateless and stateful address autoconfiguration.
The document summarizes the migration from IPv4 to IPv6. It discusses that IPv4 addresses are running out due to the increasing number of internet users and devices. IPv6 was created to support more addresses using a 128-bit system that supports up to 3.4*10^38 addresses. The key migration strategies discussed are dual stack, which supports both IPv4 and IPv6, and tunneling, which allows IPv6 packets to be sent over IPv4 networks. The advantages of IPv6 include a much larger address space, eliminating NAT, built-in IPSec support, and other security and networking improvements.
The document provides an overview of IPv6, including its key features and advantages over IPv4. It discusses IPv6 addressing formats and transition mechanisms from IPv4 to IPv6. IPv6 has a 128-bit address space compared to IPv4's 32-bit, allowing for many more addresses. It also supports features like autoconfiguration, mobility, and security that are improvements over IPv4. Transition techniques like dual stacking, tunneling, and translation allow IPv6 and IPv4 networks to interconnect during the transition period.
IPv4 addresses are running out, so IPv6 was created with a vastly larger 128-bit address space. During the transition, IPv4 and IPv6 will coexist via three main methods: dual-stack, tunneling, and translation. For internet service providers, dual-stack is the best approach as it allows gradual migration while both protocols are supported. The presentation provides details on IPv4 and IPv6 addressing schemes, transition mechanisms, and configuration examples for tunneling dual-stack implementations at an ISP.
This document provides an overview of key networking concepts including networks, IP addresses, IPv4, IPv6, IP classes, subnet masks, DHCP, and DNS. It defines a network as an interconnection between two or more computers that can be connected via cables or wirelessly. It describes IPv4 and IPv6, noting that IPv4 utilizes 32-bit addresses while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses. It also outlines the classes of IPv4 addresses and how subnet masks are used for routing traffic within subnets. Finally, it distinguishes between public and private IP addresses and explains how DHCP servers are used to assign IP addresses dynamically and the role of DNS in associating domain names with Internet resources.
1.What is IP address
2.When & how it was devised
3.IPV4 Features & its functionality
4.Benefits of IPV4 & Devices supporting IPV4
5.Problems of IPV4 & What happened to IPV5
6.What led to IPV6
7.IPV6 Features & Functionality
8.Benefits of IPV6 & supporting devices
9.How transition from IPV4 to IPV6 will happen
10.Problems & challenges that are anticipated & Conclusion
The document provides an overview of IPv6 including:
- Limitations of IPv4 that IPv6 addresses such as limited address space and lack of security.
- Key features of IPv6 like a larger 128-bit address space, simpler header format, and built-in security.
- Protocols that support IPv6 functionality like Neighbor Discovery Protocol, Path MTU Discovery, and stateless and stateful address autoconfiguration.
The document summarizes the migration from IPv4 to IPv6. It discusses that IPv4 addresses are running out due to the increasing number of internet users and devices. IPv6 was created to support more addresses using a 128-bit system that supports up to 3.4*10^38 addresses. The key migration strategies discussed are dual stack, which supports both IPv4 and IPv6, and tunneling, which allows IPv6 packets to be sent over IPv4 networks. The advantages of IPv6 include a much larger address space, eliminating NAT, built-in IPSec support, and other security and networking improvements.
The document provides an overview of IPv6, including its key features and advantages over IPv4. It discusses IPv6 addressing formats and transition mechanisms from IPv4 to IPv6. IPv6 has a 128-bit address space compared to IPv4's 32-bit, allowing for many more addresses. It also supports features like autoconfiguration, mobility, and security that are improvements over IPv4. Transition techniques like dual stacking, tunneling, and translation allow IPv6 and IPv4 networks to interconnect during the transition period.
IPv4 addresses are running out, so IPv6 was created with a vastly larger 128-bit address space. During the transition, IPv4 and IPv6 will coexist via three main methods: dual-stack, tunneling, and translation. For internet service providers, dual-stack is the best approach as it allows gradual migration while both protocols are supported. The presentation provides details on IPv4 and IPv6 addressing schemes, transition mechanisms, and configuration examples for tunneling dual-stack implementations at an ISP.
IPv6 Transition Strategies discusses various strategies available to service providers as IPv4 addresses run out, including doing nothing, extending the IPv4 network through NAT, and deploying IPv6 transition technologies. The document defines key terms like dual-stack, NAT, carrier grade NAT, and IPv6 transition methods. It then analyzes the advantages, disadvantages, and applicability of strategies like doing nothing, NAT, dual-stack networks, and IPv6 transition techniques involving tunneling or translation.
This presentation provides an overview of Mobile IPv6. It introduces Mobile IPv6 and explains that it enables IPv6 nodes to move between IP subnets. It describes the key entities in a Mobile IPv6 implementation including home agents and foreign agents. It also covers features of IPv6 like address autoconfiguration, neighbor discovery, and extension headers. The presentation compares IPv4 and IPv6, explains why IPv5 was not adopted, and discusses advantages and applications of IPv6 as well as Mobile IPv6.
Comparative study of IPv4 and IPv6 on Windows and Linux. Shourya Puri
This document provides a comparative study of IPv4 and IPv6 performance on Windows and Linux operating systems. It introduces IPv4 and IPv6, compares their key differences, and experimentally measures performance metrics like throughput, delay, jitter and CPU usage for IPv4 and IPv6 on Windows and Linux. The results show that for Windows and Linux, IPv4 generally has higher throughput and lower CPU usage than IPv6. However, IPv6 has advantages like a larger address space and increased security. Linux typically shows the highest CPU usage and TCP throughput for IPv6. The document also reviews several related works comparing IPv4 and IPv6 performance on different operating systems.
Journey to IPv6 - A Real-World deployment for MobilesAPNIC
This document provides an overview of Telstra's journey to deploying IPv6 for mobiles. It discusses why IPv6 is needed due to growth in devices and traffic, and depletion of IPv4 addresses. It covers the business and technical considerations for transitioning to IPv6. The document outlines Telstra's network architectures for IPv6 including centralised CGN, 464XLAT architecture and addressing schemes. It discusses their deployment model and experiences including growth in IPv6 usage. Lessons learned around community engagement, customer support and reporting metrics are also provided.
The document discusses the widespread use of Network Address Translation (NAT) devices on today's Internet. Some key points:
- NATs allow sharing of public IPv4 addresses by mapping private internal IP addresses to public addresses, enabling a large number of devices to connect using a limited number of IP addresses.
- NATs have become ubiquitous due to their ability to extend the lifetime of IPv4 addresses and enable incremental deployment without coordination. They isolate private networks from each other.
- While NATs were initially criticized for violating the original IP architecture, they have enabled the continued growth of the Internet by extending the available IPv4 address space. The Internet now relies on widespread use of NATs.
- Even IPv
Presentation of ipv4 disadvantage,ipv6 advantage and transation from ipv4 to ...Iftikhar Wazir
The document discusses the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. It outlines three main strategies for the transition: dual stacking, tunneling, and header translation. Dual stacking involves running both IPv4 and IPv6 simultaneously on a device. Tunneling encapsulates IPv6 packets inside IPv4 packets to allow IPv6 communication through IPv4 networks. Header translation changes the header format of packets from IPv6 to IPv4 when needed to allow communication with IPv4-only systems. The transition is necessary due to deficiencies in IPv4 like limited address space and lack of security features, while IPv6 improves on areas like larger addresses, better headers, and added security functionality.
Overview of IPv6 protocol along with various transition scenarios for the migration from IPv4 to IPv6
IPv6 is the current and future Internet Protocol standard. As anticipated, IPv4 addresses became exhausted around 2012.
The IP address scarcity is the main driver for IPv6 protocol adoption.
IPv6 defines a much larger address space that should be sufficient for the foreseeable future, even taking into account Internet of Things scenarios with zillions of small devices connected to the Internet.
IPv6 is, however, much more than simply an expansion of the address space. IPv6 defines a clean address architecture with globally aggregatable addresses thus reducing routing table sizes in Internet routers.
IPv6 extension headers provide a standard mechanism for stacking protocols such as IP, IPSec, routing headers and upper layer headers such as TCP.
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is already defined for IPv4. ICMP was totally revamped for IPv6 and as ICMPv6 provides common functions like IP address and prefix assignment.
Lack of business drivers for migrating to IPv6 is responsible for sluggish adoption of IPv6 in carrier and enterprise networks.
Numerous transition mechanisms were developed to ease the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. Many of these mechanisms are complex and difficult to administer.
The transition mechanisms can be coarsely classified into dual-stack, tunneling and translation mechanisms.
IPv4 is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol (IP) and the first widely deployed. It uses 32-bit addresses to uniquely identify hosts on a network. The IPv4 packet structure includes a header with fields for source/destination addresses, protocol type, and other routing information. Addressing modes in IPv4 include unicast for point-to-point transmission, broadcast to all hosts on a network, and multicast for group transmission. IPv4 also defines address classes that allocate different numbers of hosts based on network size.
IPv4 and IPv6 are different versions of the Internet Protocol. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses which limits the available number of addresses to around 4 billion, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses allowing for a vast number of available addresses. Some techniques were used to extend IPv4 such as subnetting and NAT, but IPv6 was developed to provide a long-term solution and overcome IPv4's scaling limitations. IPv6 improves upon IPv4 in areas such as efficiency, security, auto-configuration, and header structure. Widespread adoption of IPv6 has been slowed due to compatibility issues and costs of upgrading systems.
This document provides a 3-paragraph summary of a 10-page project report on IPv6. The report was submitted by Udipto Ghosh to MIT Pune in partial fulfillment of a post-graduate diploma in management. The summary discusses that IPv6 is an evolutionary upgrade to IPv4 designed to allow continued growth of the internet. It also describes some key features of IPv6 like larger address space and auto-configuration. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is expected to occur gradually as IPv6 is deployed incrementally for early benefits while coexisting with IPv4 for a long time.
This document provides an overview of IPv4 and IPv6, including their differences, deficiencies of IPv4, advantages of IPv6, and strategies for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6. It discusses IPv4 and IPv6 address formats and header formats. It also covers deficiencies of IPv4 like address depletion and lack of security features, advantages of IPv6 like larger address space and better header format. The transition strategies covered are dual stack, tunneling, and header translation.
This document discusses various strategies for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6. It begins by establishing that IPv4 addresses are running out due to the IANA and RIR pools being depleted. It then outlines three main strategies: doing nothing and remaining IPv4-only; extending the life of IPv4 through NAT or acquiring more addresses; and implementing IPv4/IPv6 coexistence techniques like dual-stack, 6rd, or large-scale NAT. Each strategy is defined and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The document provides guidance on which approaches may be suitable depending on an organization's needs and infrastructure capabilities.
IPv6 is the next generation Internet Protocol that provides a vastly larger number of IP addresses compared to the current IPv4. It features 128-bit addressing which allows for trillions of devices to have unique IP addresses. IPv6 also aims to make networking more secure and allow for more efficient routing. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is underway, with most modern operating systems and network hardware now supporting IPv6, though applications support is still growing. IPv6's expanded addressing capabilities and additional features will help meet future demands on the Internet as more devices connect online.
The document discusses the impending exhaustion of IPv4 addresses and the need to transition to IPv6. It provides background on IPv6 including that it provides 128-bit addresses to solve exhaustion, utilizes extensions to DHCPv6 for home network prefix assignment, and can be implemented via dual stack, tunneling, or translation methods. Charts show the decreasing pool of available IPv4 addresses and acceleration in depletion rates. The document argues for early adoption of IPv6 to avoid risks from delayed transition and outlines a 3-tier strategy using technologies like dual stack, 6rd, NAT64, and Dual-Stack Lite.
This document provides an introduction to IPv6, including an overview of its key features and differences from IPv4. It discusses how IPv6 was developed to address the exhaustion of IPv4 address space and larger routing tables. The core features covered are the new IPv6 header format, its large 128-bit address space, stateless and stateful address configuration, built-in security via IPsec, and improved support for areas like quality of service and network interactions through protocols like Neighbor Discovery.
This document provides an introduction and overview of IPv6, including:
- IPv6 is the next generation internet protocol that will replace IPv4, providing a vastly larger address space and additional features.
- The key reasons for adopting IPv6 are that IPv4 addresses are running out due to the exponential growth of internet-connected devices, while IPv6 supports 128-bit addresses providing trillions of times more addresses.
- IPv6 addresses are 128-bit compared to 32-bit IPv4 addresses, written in hexadecimal format divided into eight groups, and features include improved security, mobility, and traffic routing capabilities.
The document provides an overview of IPv6 implementation including key features like larger address space, simplified headers, and auto-configuration. It discusses IPv6 addressing modes like unicast, multicast, and anycast. Special address types and the IPv6 header are also explained. Methods for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 like dual stack routers and tunneling are covered. IPv6 routing protocols and basic configuration are also summarized.
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is what you are going to discover onwards. Here, you will get format, features and related required information of IPv6 addresses and its related protocols.
As IPv6 address migration is catching up in all enterprise networks, we'll take a look at some of the operational best practices to migrate to and subnet IPv6 addresses.
Shimla is a famous tourist destination in India. We are providing best tourist destinations of capital city of Himachal Pradesh. Have a look and try to visit one of them.
For more details:
Visit: http://www.saitourtravels.com/top-10-tourist-destinations-in-shimla
The document describes the author's journey before entering the MCBS program. They had previously tried different paths like nursing school but struggled to find stability while also caring for their ill mother. After becoming exhausted from working full-time and caring for their family, they quit their job and could no longer care for their mother full-time. Inspired by watching a gaming tournament at Full Sail University, the author decided to enroll in the MCBS program to pursue their interest in media and eSports.
IPv6 Transition Strategies discusses various strategies available to service providers as IPv4 addresses run out, including doing nothing, extending the IPv4 network through NAT, and deploying IPv6 transition technologies. The document defines key terms like dual-stack, NAT, carrier grade NAT, and IPv6 transition methods. It then analyzes the advantages, disadvantages, and applicability of strategies like doing nothing, NAT, dual-stack networks, and IPv6 transition techniques involving tunneling or translation.
This presentation provides an overview of Mobile IPv6. It introduces Mobile IPv6 and explains that it enables IPv6 nodes to move between IP subnets. It describes the key entities in a Mobile IPv6 implementation including home agents and foreign agents. It also covers features of IPv6 like address autoconfiguration, neighbor discovery, and extension headers. The presentation compares IPv4 and IPv6, explains why IPv5 was not adopted, and discusses advantages and applications of IPv6 as well as Mobile IPv6.
Comparative study of IPv4 and IPv6 on Windows and Linux. Shourya Puri
This document provides a comparative study of IPv4 and IPv6 performance on Windows and Linux operating systems. It introduces IPv4 and IPv6, compares their key differences, and experimentally measures performance metrics like throughput, delay, jitter and CPU usage for IPv4 and IPv6 on Windows and Linux. The results show that for Windows and Linux, IPv4 generally has higher throughput and lower CPU usage than IPv6. However, IPv6 has advantages like a larger address space and increased security. Linux typically shows the highest CPU usage and TCP throughput for IPv6. The document also reviews several related works comparing IPv4 and IPv6 performance on different operating systems.
Journey to IPv6 - A Real-World deployment for MobilesAPNIC
This document provides an overview of Telstra's journey to deploying IPv6 for mobiles. It discusses why IPv6 is needed due to growth in devices and traffic, and depletion of IPv4 addresses. It covers the business and technical considerations for transitioning to IPv6. The document outlines Telstra's network architectures for IPv6 including centralised CGN, 464XLAT architecture and addressing schemes. It discusses their deployment model and experiences including growth in IPv6 usage. Lessons learned around community engagement, customer support and reporting metrics are also provided.
The document discusses the widespread use of Network Address Translation (NAT) devices on today's Internet. Some key points:
- NATs allow sharing of public IPv4 addresses by mapping private internal IP addresses to public addresses, enabling a large number of devices to connect using a limited number of IP addresses.
- NATs have become ubiquitous due to their ability to extend the lifetime of IPv4 addresses and enable incremental deployment without coordination. They isolate private networks from each other.
- While NATs were initially criticized for violating the original IP architecture, they have enabled the continued growth of the Internet by extending the available IPv4 address space. The Internet now relies on widespread use of NATs.
- Even IPv
Presentation of ipv4 disadvantage,ipv6 advantage and transation from ipv4 to ...Iftikhar Wazir
The document discusses the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. It outlines three main strategies for the transition: dual stacking, tunneling, and header translation. Dual stacking involves running both IPv4 and IPv6 simultaneously on a device. Tunneling encapsulates IPv6 packets inside IPv4 packets to allow IPv6 communication through IPv4 networks. Header translation changes the header format of packets from IPv6 to IPv4 when needed to allow communication with IPv4-only systems. The transition is necessary due to deficiencies in IPv4 like limited address space and lack of security features, while IPv6 improves on areas like larger addresses, better headers, and added security functionality.
Overview of IPv6 protocol along with various transition scenarios for the migration from IPv4 to IPv6
IPv6 is the current and future Internet Protocol standard. As anticipated, IPv4 addresses became exhausted around 2012.
The IP address scarcity is the main driver for IPv6 protocol adoption.
IPv6 defines a much larger address space that should be sufficient for the foreseeable future, even taking into account Internet of Things scenarios with zillions of small devices connected to the Internet.
IPv6 is, however, much more than simply an expansion of the address space. IPv6 defines a clean address architecture with globally aggregatable addresses thus reducing routing table sizes in Internet routers.
IPv6 extension headers provide a standard mechanism for stacking protocols such as IP, IPSec, routing headers and upper layer headers such as TCP.
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is already defined for IPv4. ICMP was totally revamped for IPv6 and as ICMPv6 provides common functions like IP address and prefix assignment.
Lack of business drivers for migrating to IPv6 is responsible for sluggish adoption of IPv6 in carrier and enterprise networks.
Numerous transition mechanisms were developed to ease the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. Many of these mechanisms are complex and difficult to administer.
The transition mechanisms can be coarsely classified into dual-stack, tunneling and translation mechanisms.
IPv4 is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol (IP) and the first widely deployed. It uses 32-bit addresses to uniquely identify hosts on a network. The IPv4 packet structure includes a header with fields for source/destination addresses, protocol type, and other routing information. Addressing modes in IPv4 include unicast for point-to-point transmission, broadcast to all hosts on a network, and multicast for group transmission. IPv4 also defines address classes that allocate different numbers of hosts based on network size.
IPv4 and IPv6 are different versions of the Internet Protocol. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses which limits the available number of addresses to around 4 billion, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses allowing for a vast number of available addresses. Some techniques were used to extend IPv4 such as subnetting and NAT, but IPv6 was developed to provide a long-term solution and overcome IPv4's scaling limitations. IPv6 improves upon IPv4 in areas such as efficiency, security, auto-configuration, and header structure. Widespread adoption of IPv6 has been slowed due to compatibility issues and costs of upgrading systems.
This document provides a 3-paragraph summary of a 10-page project report on IPv6. The report was submitted by Udipto Ghosh to MIT Pune in partial fulfillment of a post-graduate diploma in management. The summary discusses that IPv6 is an evolutionary upgrade to IPv4 designed to allow continued growth of the internet. It also describes some key features of IPv6 like larger address space and auto-configuration. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is expected to occur gradually as IPv6 is deployed incrementally for early benefits while coexisting with IPv4 for a long time.
This document provides an overview of IPv4 and IPv6, including their differences, deficiencies of IPv4, advantages of IPv6, and strategies for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6. It discusses IPv4 and IPv6 address formats and header formats. It also covers deficiencies of IPv4 like address depletion and lack of security features, advantages of IPv6 like larger address space and better header format. The transition strategies covered are dual stack, tunneling, and header translation.
This document discusses various strategies for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6. It begins by establishing that IPv4 addresses are running out due to the IANA and RIR pools being depleted. It then outlines three main strategies: doing nothing and remaining IPv4-only; extending the life of IPv4 through NAT or acquiring more addresses; and implementing IPv4/IPv6 coexistence techniques like dual-stack, 6rd, or large-scale NAT. Each strategy is defined and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The document provides guidance on which approaches may be suitable depending on an organization's needs and infrastructure capabilities.
IPv6 is the next generation Internet Protocol that provides a vastly larger number of IP addresses compared to the current IPv4. It features 128-bit addressing which allows for trillions of devices to have unique IP addresses. IPv6 also aims to make networking more secure and allow for more efficient routing. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is underway, with most modern operating systems and network hardware now supporting IPv6, though applications support is still growing. IPv6's expanded addressing capabilities and additional features will help meet future demands on the Internet as more devices connect online.
The document discusses the impending exhaustion of IPv4 addresses and the need to transition to IPv6. It provides background on IPv6 including that it provides 128-bit addresses to solve exhaustion, utilizes extensions to DHCPv6 for home network prefix assignment, and can be implemented via dual stack, tunneling, or translation methods. Charts show the decreasing pool of available IPv4 addresses and acceleration in depletion rates. The document argues for early adoption of IPv6 to avoid risks from delayed transition and outlines a 3-tier strategy using technologies like dual stack, 6rd, NAT64, and Dual-Stack Lite.
This document provides an introduction to IPv6, including an overview of its key features and differences from IPv4. It discusses how IPv6 was developed to address the exhaustion of IPv4 address space and larger routing tables. The core features covered are the new IPv6 header format, its large 128-bit address space, stateless and stateful address configuration, built-in security via IPsec, and improved support for areas like quality of service and network interactions through protocols like Neighbor Discovery.
This document provides an introduction and overview of IPv6, including:
- IPv6 is the next generation internet protocol that will replace IPv4, providing a vastly larger address space and additional features.
- The key reasons for adopting IPv6 are that IPv4 addresses are running out due to the exponential growth of internet-connected devices, while IPv6 supports 128-bit addresses providing trillions of times more addresses.
- IPv6 addresses are 128-bit compared to 32-bit IPv4 addresses, written in hexadecimal format divided into eight groups, and features include improved security, mobility, and traffic routing capabilities.
The document provides an overview of IPv6 implementation including key features like larger address space, simplified headers, and auto-configuration. It discusses IPv6 addressing modes like unicast, multicast, and anycast. Special address types and the IPv6 header are also explained. Methods for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 like dual stack routers and tunneling are covered. IPv6 routing protocols and basic configuration are also summarized.
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is what you are going to discover onwards. Here, you will get format, features and related required information of IPv6 addresses and its related protocols.
As IPv6 address migration is catching up in all enterprise networks, we'll take a look at some of the operational best practices to migrate to and subnet IPv6 addresses.
Shimla is a famous tourist destination in India. We are providing best tourist destinations of capital city of Himachal Pradesh. Have a look and try to visit one of them.
For more details:
Visit: http://www.saitourtravels.com/top-10-tourist-destinations-in-shimla
The document describes the author's journey before entering the MCBS program. They had previously tried different paths like nursing school but struggled to find stability while also caring for their ill mother. After becoming exhausted from working full-time and caring for their family, they quit their job and could no longer care for their mother full-time. Inspired by watching a gaming tournament at Full Sail University, the author decided to enroll in the MCBS program to pursue their interest in media and eSports.
Lau Wan Hui is a 34-year-old Malaysian citizen seeking a new position. He has over 15 years of experience in semiconductor testing and engineering. Currently he is a senior engineer and section head at NXP Semiconductor, where he leads a team and has received several awards and recognitions for his work improving testing methods and yields. Previously he worked at STATSChipPac and ON Semiconductor in various engineering and technician roles. He has a bachelor's degree in electronic engineering and is proficient in English, Malay, and Mandarin.
The document discusses design decisions for the front cover, contents page, and double page spread of a magazine. For the front cover, key features include a large masthead, the artist's name prominently displayed, a direct gaze from the artist, and listings of features and bands. The contents page lists the magazine name, includes an artist image and gaze, and lists page numbers and features in a column. The double page spread focuses on a large artist image taking up one page and a large block of text on the other, with a large bold title above the text.
Este documento discute el rol que cumplen los materiales didácticos en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Explica que los materiales didácticos facilitan la adquisición de conocimientos al reunir recursos que posibilitan aprendizajes específicos. También describe los tres momentos clave de una clase - inicio, desarrollo y cierre - y cómo los materiales didácticos apoyan cada una de estas etapas. Finalmente, concluye que los materiales didácticos son recursos indispensables para lograr aprendiz
Haroon Shah has over 8 years of experience in logistics and supply chain management. He is currently a Manager at Boston Multiple Services in Selangor, Malaysia, where he oversees daily operations and logistics at engineering sites, supervises team members, ensures procedures are followed, and reports on profits and KPIs. Previously he held senior executive roles at Watson Ltd, CEVA Freight Holdings, and HSBC Bank, where he managed warehouses, cross docking operations, and lending administration. He has strong skills in MS Office, communication in English and several Asian languages, and a proven track record of training others and meeting productivity goals.
The document describes the layout decisions made when designing a double page magazine spread. The designer adjusted the lighting and healed blemishes on a photo, added a title and quote, changed text colors to match the color scheme, enlarged the photo to fill more space, added spacing between questions and answers, adjusted text sizes and locations, changed word colors, altered the page number box color, sharpened the photo edges, and justified and organized the text around the model.
MPS ELANGO VADIVELOO has over 20 years of experience in civil engineering and transportation infrastructure projects. He has worked on several light rail transit and railway extension projects in Malaysia, taking on roles such as Assistant Resident Engineer and Project Manager. His responsibilities have included overseeing construction quality, preparing engineering designs and reports, coordinating utility relocation works, and managing project teams. He holds a B.Eng in Civil Engineering from University Science of Malaysia.
Este documento describe estrategias didácticas para instructores. Presenta dos estrategias efectivas: 1) descubrimiento e indagación, que permite el autoaprendizaje a través de investigación; y 2) socialización centrada en grupos, que fomenta la expresión libre y resolución colaborativa de problemas. También identifica malas estrategias como falta de conocimiento del tema y no considerar al estudiante responsable de su aprendizaje. El objetivo es mejorar la calidad de la enseñanza mediante el uso adecuado de estrateg
This document discusses strategies for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6. It describes:
1. Dual-stack as the simplest approach, allowing IPv4 and IPv6 to operate simultaneously and maintain legacy IPv4 applications while adding new IPv6 applications.
2. Tunneling mechanisms like configured and automatic tunnels that allow IPv6 packets to be encapsulated and sent over IPv4 networks.
3. Transition scenarios involving gradual deployment of dual-stack systems and applications until pure IPv6 is achieved, maintaining compatibility with IPv4 nodes during transition.
The key recommendation is for applications to support dual-stack environments to facilitate a smooth transition and interoperability between IPv4 and IPv6 nodes. Careful planning
Ieee Transition Of I Pv4 To I Pv6 Network Applicationsguest0215f3
This document discusses transitioning IPv4 network applications to IPv6. It begins with an introduction to the need for IPv6 due to IPv4 address depletion. It then discusses IPv6 architecture and some key benefits of IPv6 like increased address space and built-in security. The document outlines three primary considerations for transitioning applications: using IPv6 multicast instead of IPv4 broadcast, enabling multicast reception, and ensuring dual stack compatibility. It categorizes transition complexity and provides examples of changes needed, such as replacing IPv4 data structures and function calls with IPv6 equivalents. Related work on transitioning applications is also discussed.
Project implements a complex intra-networking system of various devices and modules working on IPv4 and IPv6 protocols providing various services like DNS, DHCP, HTTP, FTP, and SMTP. Information is routed among various client on the network with the use of protocols RIP, IMAP and OSPF. Project comprises of sub-netting, LAN switching and VLAN techniques to manage the number of hosts present in the network communicating with least network collision and congestion.
This document provides a report on a vocational training in IPV6 that was completed by Rashmi Kumari. It includes an introduction to IPV6 that compares it to IPV4 and highlights its larger address space, built-in multicasting, and network layer security. It also details IPV6's simplified packet format and routing. The report then discusses addressing, OSPF, implementing OSPF for IPV6, and building a simulated network with dual stack transition in GNS3 to test IPV6 functionality.
- The document discusses drivers for enterprises to adopt IPv6 including depletion of IPv4 addresses, governmental pushes for IPv6 adoption, and the need to support a mix of IPv4 and IPv6 connectivity.
- It outlines challenges for enterprises in integrating IPv6, such as ensuring security and application/network readiness. Expertise in IPv6 is needed to reduce integration costs.
- Recommendations include defining an IPv6 integration plan with objectives, conducting an IPv6 readiness assessment, and taking a gradual approach to integration to avoid risks of a one-time full migration. Orange Business Services offers IPv6 consulting services and VPN solutions to help enterprises with integration.
The document discusses the differences between IPv4 and IPv6. It provides an introduction to each protocol, noting that IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses. It then lists the key differences between the two protocols across areas like address length, representation, packet headers, configuration, and security features. The benefits of both IPv4 and IPv6 are outlined. IPv6 adoption in Bangladesh is also discussed, including which organizations have started implementing IPv6 and the current challenges. Specific uses of IPv4 and IPv6 in internet service provision and other sectors in Bangladesh are described. The conclusion is that transition to IPv6 is needed as IPv4 addresses are being depleted.
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in this webcast, we will cover
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Running head NEW INTERNET PROTOCOL PAPER1NEW INTERNET PROTOC.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: NEW INTERNET PROTOCOL PAPER1
NEW INTERNET PROTOCOL PAPER2
New Internet Protocol Paper
Tharun Gopal
IST 7040
Wilmington University
Introduction
Internet Protocol from 6 (IPv6) is the late conformity of the Internet convention and the fundamental model of the convention will be thoroughly utilized. IPv6 is genuinely a new drawing nearer closer tradition made to join all the possible needs associated with prospective web that apparent as Internet shape 2. This convention has its herald IPv4, limits for the framework level .3. In addition to their giving of a huge amount of sensible location region, this protocol offers sufficient attributes to address the disadvantage of IPv4.
As of recently, IPv4 has confirmed independent from anyone else like a capable routable tending to convention and offered every one of us for a long time upon their best-exertion conveyance framework. It had been produced in the before 80s and would not acquire any imperative alteration later. Amid the season of their introduction to the world web has been confined essentially to some instructive establishments for their examination and to the division of assurance. Alongside IPv4's location zone weakness, IPv6 is as of now tackling the administration or supervision of web, which is some of the time called Internet form 2. On June 06, 2012 the web organization formally discharged IPv6. Today numerous ISPs have been giving IPv6 upon open site and need to keep up this executed. Each of the device makers likewise partook to give IPv6 naturally permitted on items. This is a stage to persuade web organization to move to IPv6.
IPv6 Variations
· By completing this new tradition the area degrees get extended, which can help to convey plus or minus three hundred and forty trillion stand-out IP addresses.
· To grow the guiding efficiency the header is more made strides.
· Extension and decisions support are fused to engage all around sorted out sending.
· Also develop the affirmation and payload embodiment.
Why is IPv6 Required?
As everyone is careful that the IPv4 convention is missing the mark on its area space. Since one another day over the world, there is an augmentation in the use of PC's, mobile phones, tablets, gaming structures, and diverse machines which expected to join with the web. With its 128-bit area position, IPv6 can reinforce 3.4 x 1038 or 341,283,365,92,1938,464,465,372,608,432,764,212,459 novel IP addresses. Moreover, differentiating and the IPv4 convention the area range is adequately broad to plan an intriguing area on every contraption.
Impact of Migrating to IPv6
The move has begun in perspective of the essential and the requirement for improvement of area space for inevitable applications. Fig.2 identifies with the development-organizing model. Early on step is to get ready for IPv6 to ensure business movement. Game plan step should be all that much organized, so that layout and assembling doesn't end up being pointlessl ...
Similar to interoperatbility between IPv4 and IPv6 (20)
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1. INTEROPERABILITY BETWEEN IPV4 AND IPV6
A Project report submitted to
Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal
Towards the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
Information Technology
Guided by Submitted by
Mr. Akhilesh Chauhan Rhytham Kothari
Nitin Gehlot
Department of Information Technology
INDORE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
INDORE (M.P.)
2012-2013
2. INDORE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
2012-2013
RECOMMENDATION
This is to certify that Rhytham Kothari (0818IT101049), Nitin Gehlot(0818IT101039) student of
pre final year B.E. in the year 2012-2013 of Department of Information Technology of this institute
has completed the Minor Project work entitled “Interoperability Between IPv4 and Ipv6” based
on syllabus and have submitted a satisfactory account of their work in this report which is
recommended towards the partial fulfillment of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Information
Technology of RGPV Bhopal.
HOD Project Guide
IT Department IT Department
IIST, Indore IIST, Indore
Principal
IIST, Indore
3. INDORE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
2012-2013
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled “INTEROPERABILITY BETWEEN IPv4
and IPv6” submitted by Rhytham Kothari, Nitin Gehlot student of third year B.E. (Information
Technology) in the year 2012-2013 of Information Technology Department of this institute, is a
satisfactory account of his work based on syllabus which is approved for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Information Technology.
Internal Examiner External Examiner
Date:
4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
After the completion of this Project work, words are not enough to express my feelings about all those
who helped me to reach my goal; feeling above this is my indebtedness to The Almighty for providing me
this moment in life.
In this project we received constant support from our esteemed Mrs. Neha Gupta, Head of Department. I
am heartily indebted to Akhilesh Chauhan for his constant support and guidance. Without his guidance
and scholarly suggestion an urge to bring out the best would not have been possible. I hope to propagate his
scientific, industrial and professional fervors to the best of my abilities. His clear view and knowledge
provided help during every phase of Project Development. His perpetual motivation, patience and excellent
expertise in discussion during progress of the project work have benefited me to an extent, which is beyond
expression. His depth and breadth of knowledge of Information Technology field made me realize that
theoretical knowledge always helps to develop efficient operational software, which is a blend of all core
subjects of the field. He was major support to me throughout my project, being available with his odd ideas,
inspiration and encouragement. It is a through his masterful guidance that I have been able to complete my
Project.
I am also thankful to all the Teaching and Non-Teaching staff and Lab Assistants from Information
Technology Department and the Friends and people who helped me directly or indirectly for the completion
of this project, with success.
The successful completion of a Project is generally not an individual effort. It is an outcome of the
cumulative effort of a number of persons, each having their own importance to the objective. This section is
a vote of thanks and gratitude towards all those persons who have directly or indirectly contributed in
their own special way towards the completion of this project.
Last but not the least, I would like to express my deep appreciation for my family members for providing
their kind support and encouragement without which the completion of this project would be a dream.
Thanks to GOD for the unwavering support.
Rhythm Kothari
Nitin Gehlot
5. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Page No.
Recommendation II
Certificate III
Acknowledgements IV
Contents V
List of figures VI
List of table VII
6. CONTENTS
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Objectives 1
1.2 Problem Definition 3
1.3 Problem Solution 4
1.1.1 Tunneling 4
1.1.2 Dual stack approach 5
1.1.3 Translation approach 5
1.2 Scope of the Project 6
2. Literature Survey 7
2.1 Benefits 8
2.2 Present Working System 9
2.2.1 Drawbacks of present system 9
2.2.2 Additional Features 9
2.3 Technology Used 10
3. Analysis 11
3.1 Functional Requirements 11
3.2 Hardware and Software Requirements 11
3.3 Feasibility 12
4. Design 13
4.1 Network Model Object 13
4.2 Network Data Model Object 14
5. Implementation 15
5.1 IPv4 to IPv6 15
5.2 Tunnel approach 15
5.3 Transition requirement profile for 6over4 16
5.4 Interoperability between IPv4 & IPv6 with the help of GRE Tunnel 17
5.4.1 Router configuration 17
6. Testing 20
6.1 Testing command 20
6.1.1 Verify command 20
6.1.2 Troubleshoot command 21
7. Conclusion & Future Work 23
Reference 24
7. List of Figures
1.1 IPv4 and IPv6 Header Format 2
1.2 GRE Packet Flow 3
1.3.1: GRE Tunnel 5
2 GRE packet format 7
4.1 Network design 13
4.2 Network data model object 14
5.4 Interoperability between IPv4 and IPv6 17
With the help of GRE tunnel
5.5 Dual Stack Network 19
6 Testing command design 20
8. List of Tables
2.1 A Comparison of key IPv4 & IPv6 8
Design difference
2.3 Technology used 10
3.2 Hardware & Software requirement 11
5.3 Transitions requirement profile for 6over 4 16
5.4.1 Router Configuration 17
9. CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 OBJECTIVE:
Intro IPv6 was developed in the mid-J1990 by the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). It was primarily engineered to remove the fundamental address
space limitation of IPv4. IPv6 uses 128bits for IP addresses versus 32 bits in IPv4,
thus providing a practically unlimited address space that enables any device to
have a unique IP addresses. Thus the need for network address translation (NAT)
as a means to cope with limited address space is eliminated, although today
NATing also is viewed as a component of network security and is not expected to
go away any soon.
IPv6 and IPv4 are two completely separate protocols. IPv6 is not backwards
compatible with IPv4, and IPv4 hosts and routers will not be able to deal directly
with IPv6 traffic (and vice versa).Unfortunately, it is a fact of life both that
There will be extreme difficulties with address allocation and routing
if the Internet is to continue be run indefinitely using IPv4.
It is impossible to switch the entire Internet over to IPv6 overnight.
Therefore for a long period of time we are going to be dealing with a network in
which the two protocols will be operating side by side. A common estimate of the
length of time involved is 10 years ö in terms of the history of the Internet, a very
long time indeed, but probably a realistic figure in terms of the amount of installed
IPv4 software and infrastructure, all of which will need to be replaced or upgraded.
In the world of internet, few regions defined by IANA running with no IP
Address available in version 4 and slowly they are migrating on IPv6. In this
project, we are addressing the scalability between IPv4 and IPv6. Since we are
10. Using different routed and routing protocols to deal with IP packets to insure best
delivery towards destination. By default, establishing the communication through
IPv4 and IPv6 is not possible. Virtual tunnel using Generic Routing Encapsulation
(GRE) is way to deal with this problem domain.
Fig: 1.1 IPv4 and IPv6 Header Format
The transition to IPv6 will likely be a long process and may never attain complete
penetration before the protocol becomes obsolete. Some experts predict that in 20
years most Internet users will be using IPv6, but that pockets of IPv4 will still exist
as parts of legacy systems. Some firms may not find it cost-effective to convert
large segments of their existing systems. Hardware and software interoperability is,
therefore, a key requirement for interconnecting networks across heterogeneous
environments and thus will be a major consideration in an enterprise’s decision to
adopt IPv6.
11. The developers of IPv6 recognize the prospect of a lengthy transition period from
IPv4 to the new protocol and have attempted to accommodate that fact. They have
created several mechanisms (e.g., dual-stack, tunnelling, and translation) to enable
networks using either or both versions of IP to communicate with each other.
Those mechanisms are intended to eliminate deployment dependencies between
and among vendors and networks and thereby to allow enterprises to decide when
to adopt IPv6, if at all, based upon their own needs and goals, without regard to the
decisions of other enterprises. Interoperability will likely not be completely
seamless in practice. Firms will have to address a number of issues in order to
minimize interoperability problems during the transition from IPv4 to IPv6.
1.2 PROBLEM DEFINATION:
Since we already knows that establishing communication to foreword IP
Packet is not possible between or through IPv6 and IPv4. Virtualization of tunnel
interface of the Router (Layer 3 Device) can be logically connected to physical
interface directing to carry the multicast packet of IPv6 through IPv4 physical link.
Tunneling provides a mechanism to transport packets of one protocol within
another protocol. The protocol that is carried is called as the passenger protocol,
and the protocol that is used for carrying the passenger protocol is called as the
transport protocol. Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) is one of the available
tunneling mechanisms which uses IP as the transport protocol and can be used for
carrying many different passenger protocols. The tunnels behave as virtual point-
to-point links that have two endpoints identified by the tunnel source and tunnel
destination addresses at each endpoint. Dual IP stacks have been proposed to solve
the first problem, and tunneling to solve the latter.
Fig: 1.2 GRE Packet Flow
12. 1.3 PROBLEM SOLUTION:
Generally, GRE provides a way to encapsulate arbitrary packets
(payload packet) inside of a transport protocol, and transmit them from one tunnel
endpoint to another. The payload is encapsulated in a GRE packet. The resulting
GRE packet is then encapsulated in a delivery protocol, and then forwarded to the
tunnel destination. At the tunnel destination, the packet is de-encapsulated to reveal
the payload. The payload is then forwarded to its final destination.
Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) tunnels supports following:
(a) IPv4 over GRE tunnels. IPv6 over GRE tunnels is not supported.
(b) Static and dynamic unicast routing over GRE tunnels.
(c) Multicast routing over GRE tunnels.
(d) Hardware forwarding of IP data traffic across a GRE tunnel.
IPv6-capable devices allow the tunneling of packets of the following protocols
over an IPv4 network using GRE: -
(a) OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) V2
(b) BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) V4
(c) RIPv 1 & 2
1.3.1 Tunneling:
Tunneling is a mechanism to allow IPv6 domains that are connected via
IPv4 networks to communicate with each other, or to allow isolated IPv6 hosts that
are not directly connected to an IPv6 router but only to IPv4 machines to reach the
wider IPv6 network. Naturally, to use tunneling a host must have a dual IP stack in
order to send and receive IPv4 data grams. In most cases, however, this won't
apply to large numbers of machines - just some routers and isolated IPv6 machines
on IPv4 networks.
13. Fig 1.3.1: GRE Tunnel
1.3.2 Dual Stack Approach (IPv4 & IPv6 together):
The dual-stack implementation is a common transitional mechanism where
all devices (workstations, servers, routers, etc.) support both versions – IPv4 and
IPv6. The applications and the network can communicate using either version. This
transitional mechanism is relatively easy to implement. Both protocols co-exist and
hence, there is no problem supporting older and newer applications that use IPv4
and IPv6respectively. The disadvantage of this approach is that the devices have to
support both versions and they need extra processing power (memory, CPU etc.) to
handle both protocols.
1.3.3 Translation Approach:
Translation lets you convert packets from one protocol to another. The
advantage of this approach is that it allows for communication between devices
supporting any version. However the disadvantage is that the translator has to read
every packet header and this requires extra processing power. Configuration of the
translator is tedious. The translator also becomes a single point of failure.
14. 1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT:
In this project, we are addressing the scalability of IPv4 and IPv6 where we
are using most widely used routing protocol used OSPF (Open Shortest Path
First).Since IPv6 packet cannot move through physical network assigned with
IPv4, virtualization of physical link is being used through CISCO IOS. Issue with
multicast packets of OSPF could be address by using GRE (Generic Routing
Encapsulation) which function on IP Protocol 47.
Today, while dealing with routing protocols, which are running on the
Distance Vector or Link State Algorithm, calculating the best path to destination
based on the metrics they use .All widely implemented routing protocols are using
multicast addresses to form the adjacencies and defining them in real time world is
still challenge. In advanced communication age, the compiling of all applications
for Data communication/Voice/Mobile communication, IP Core structure playing
main roll. To design IP core network and implementation of routing protocol
with appropriate security policy, enable the industry to face any technological
hurdles it terms of advanced communication relevant to internet uses.
15. CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
The IPv6 protocol was created with the main purpose of solving the
problem of the depletion of IP addresses that IPv4 is currently facing. This thesis
gives an introduction to the differences betweenIPv4 and IPv6 and when one
should use one protocol rather than the other. It describes the services that we will
use in order to evaluate what kinds of problems IPv4 may experience and if these
problems can be solved by using IPv6. We also show how to set up a network with
both protocols for each service that we examine. We will subsequently evaluate the
performance of these two protocols for each of these services. We found that there
were no significant differences in the performance of any of the applications that
we tested with both IPv4 and IPv6. Due to the depletion of IPv4 addresses and the
continuing rapid growth of the Internet, this thesis describes a very current and a
relevant issue for computer networks today.
Fig 2: GRE PACKET FORMAT
17. 2.2 PRESENT WORKING SYSYTEM:
2.2.1. Drawback of the present working system
With IPv4 address space getting exhausted, meet this IP address
challenge of creating more address space with IPv6. With most content, many
hosts and most applications accessed only via IPv4, migration to IPv6 can be a
challenge. What organizations need is a smart IPv4 to IPv6 migration plan and
tools to help provide an orderly transition. There are several challenges associated
with a transition to IPv6, some of these are:
Ensuring minimal Production environment downtime should
Ensuring the network has the same reach ability and isolation characteristics as
before, i.e., communication patterns are preserved
Ensuring the previous levels of security are maintained
Ensuring optimum, uninterrupted network and application performance
Ensuring IPv4 and IPv6 co-exist
2.2.2 Additional Features
The Solutions provides the flexibility organizations need to devise IPv4 to
IPv6 migration plans with minimal disruption and downtime. We help with early
planning and implementation for IPv6 migration, supporting r both protocols
during the transition period. The new features and concepts of IPv6 and differences
from IPv4 to improve Internet communications include:
Larger Address Space – 128 bit address in IPv6 as compared to 32 bit IPv4
address
Auto-configuration – Plug n Play possible with IPv6
Link-local addressing – Possible with IPv6
Mobility – Mobile IPv6 for mobile networks / terminals
Security – IPSec is mandatory that mitigates the risk of spoofing and loss of
confidential data
Simple Header – IPv6 header is simple with many fields removed
18. Support more addressable devices - like server, desktop, laptop, mobile device,
appliance, automobile and other devices without risking running out of
addresses.
2.3 TECHNOLOGY USED:
The project is all about scalability between IPv4 and IPv6 with most widely
used routing protocol with CISCO IOS. The details of specification are as under:
Sl.No. Technology Used Details
01. IPv4 and IPv6 It is difficult to establish communication
between two different stacks of Internet
Protocol addressing scheme.
02 Generic Routing
Encapsulation
GRE technologies introduce to carry
multicast packets required to form
adjacencies among neighboring L3 devices
03 Open Shortest Path First
Ver 3
Most widely used protocol for Intranet &
Internet. 80% ISPs are depends on this
routing protocol with deferent capacity.
04 CISCO IOS Ver 12.4T Internet Operating System which support
almost all Open Standard Routing protocol
designed using on Linux platform.
Table: 2.3
19. CHAPTER 3
ANALYSIS
3.1 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT:
The requirement for function of project scenario was implemented at ISP level on
CISCO platform which includes:
(a) Study of Network topology forwarded by ISP
(b) Selection of L2/L3 devices
(c) Interface Verification before introduce Router into live network.
(d) Verification and stand alone diagnosis of compiling power of Routing
algorithm relevant to L3 devices.
(e) Checking proper connectivity of wire.
(f) ICMP verification with each interface and network.
(g) Performance monitoring.
(h) Configuration of interfaces with IPv4 & IPv6 with appropriate routing
protocol as directed by ISP.
(i) Logging Network event for acceptance test.
3.2 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT
The requirement of hardware and software for the project are as follows:
Sl.No. Hardware/Software Capacity Technical Details
01 CISCO Core Router
(Hardware)
Able to handle Enterprise
Network
Any variant
starting from 3600
to 7200 Series
02 Fast Ethernet/ Serial
Interface slot(Hardware)
Able to carry the data
from 10 to 1000 Gbps at
As per Network
requirement
20. Table: 3.2
3.3 FEASIBILITY:
Communication is not possible by-default between IPv4 and IPv6.
Establishing the communication between both variant is possible only when
method of interpretability used with help of various open source IEEE standard
available. Using GRE tunnel to establish feasibility for exchanging the information
among two entities is possible. Only the scenario of implementation may be
different. All hurdles may be sorted out by studying the topology and feasibility by
using such open standard protocols.
core level specified by the
ISP
03 OSPF v3
Routing Protocol
Able to carry IPv6
packets
--
04 CISCO IOS 12.4T Effective IOS on CISCO
platform which can
handle 50 routers in
single Area
12.4T IOS is latest
Enterprise Edition
05 GRE (IP Protocol 47)
Open Standard
Able to carry multicast
packet and can create
VPN tunnel without any
encryption
--
22. 4.2 NETWORK DATA MODEL OBJECT
Fig 4.2 Block Diagram of Network Data Model Object
23. CHAPTER 5
IMPLEMENTATION
5.1 IPv6 to IPv4
The motivation for 6to4 is to allow isolated small domains or single hosts on a
LAN or WAN with no native IPv6 support to communicate with the minimum
manual configuration. IPv6 domains build their own IPv6 prefix based on the IPv4
address of the border router. The prefix is '2002:' followed by the 32 bit IPv4
address of the border router. Therefore any IPv6/IPv4 router trying to tunnel
encapsulated IPv6 packets to a domain that starts with the "2002:" prefix can
immediately determine the address of the IPv4 router to tunnel the packets to. To
get access to the wider IPv6 network, you then need an IPv6/IPv4 router to den
capsulate your tunneled IPv6 packets and forward them to the backbone, and
likewise encapsulate any IPv6 packets destined for your domain and tunnel them
over IPv4 to the border router.
So the three pieces of information you need to use this are:
Your outside-visible IP address (this might be a gateway or similar)
from which you derive your IPv6 48 bit prefix (and then somehow
choose the rest of your address)
The address of a 6to4 gateway to use, to connect to the rest of the IPv6
world
5.2 Tunnel Approach (IPv6 to IPv4):
Tunneling uses encapsulation to carry IPv6 traffic in IPv4 packets and
vice versa. This allows for a partial transition where portions of the network can
migrate to IPv6 while the rest of the network remains in its original state.The
advantage of tunnels is that you can reuse the existing infrastructure in situations
24. Where old devices do not have enough processing power to support both protocols
or you are not ready or financially able to upgrade. The disadvantage of tunneling
is that it involves tedious configuration. Tunnel endpoints need extra processing
power to handle encapsulation and de-encapsulation. Tunnels can create routing
inefficiencies if they are not configured to match the underlying routing topology.
Tunnels also introduce security issues, as packets that were previously visible are
now encapsulated. Troubleshooting within the tunnel is difficult due to the lack of
visibility into the end-to-end traffic paths.
5.3 TRANSITION REQUIREMENT PROFILE FOR 6OVER4:
Table 5.3
25. 5.4 INTEROPERABILITY BETWEEN IPv4 & IPv6 WITH THE HELP OF
GRE TUNNEL:
Fig: 5.4
5.4.1 Router Configuration:
R1 R2 R3 R4
En
config t
int f0/0
ipv6 enable
ipv6 add
1212::11/64
no shut
int l1
ip add 1.1.1.1
255.255.255.0
ipv6 enable
ipv6 add 11::1/128
int l2
ipv6 add 11::2/128
exit
en
config t
int f0/0
ipv6 enable
ipv6 add
1212::12/64
no shut
int l1
ip add 2.2.1.1
255.255.255.0
ipv6 enable
ipv6 add 22::1/128
int l2
ipv6 add 22::2/128
exit
int f0/1
ip add 10.10.23.2
255.255.255.0
en
config t
int f0/1
ipv6 enable
ipv6 add
3434::33/64
no shut
int l1
ip add 3.3.1.1
255.255.255.0
ipv6 enable
ipv6 add 33::1/128
int l2
ipv6 add 33::2/128
exit
int f0/0
ip add 10.10.23.3
255.255.255.0
en
config t
int f0/0
ipv6 enable
ipv6 add
3434::34/64
no shut
int l1
ip add 4.4.1.1
255.255.255.0
ipv6 enable
ipv6 add 44::1/128
int l2
ipv6 add 44::2/128
exit
26. no shut
exit
no shut
exit
IP v 6 Routing
ipv6 unicast-
routing
int f0/0
ipv6 ospf 100 area
0
int l1
ipv6 ospf 100 area
0
int l2
ipv6 ospf 100 area
0
exit
ipv6 unicast-
routing
int f0/0
ipv6 ospf 100 area
0
int l1
ipv6 ospf 100 area
0
int l2
ipv6 ospf 100 area
0
exit
ipv6 unicast-
routing
int f0/1
ipv6 ospf 100 area
0
int l1
ipv6 ospf 100 area
0
int l2
ipv6 ospf 100 area
0
exit
ipv6 unicast-
routing
int f0/0
ipv6 ospf 100 area
0
int l1
ipv6 ospf 100 area
0
int l2
ipv6 ospf 100 area
0
exit
Forming Tunnel to establish Communicate between IPv4 and IPv6
int tunnel 1
ipv6 enable
ipv6 add
2323::22/64
tunnel source
10.10.23.2
tunnel destination
10.10.23.3
int tunnel 1
ipv6 enable
ipv6 add
2323::23/64
tunnel source
10.10.23.3
tunnel destination
10.10.23.2
Configuring IP Routing using Tunnel Interface
int tunnel 1
ipv6 ospf 100 area
0
int tunnel 1
ipv6 ospf 100 area
0
28. CHAPTER 6
TESTING
Fig 6: Testing
6.1 TESTING COMMAND
6.1.1 Verify Command
Ping — Determines if a remote host is active or inactive, and the round-trip
delay in communicating with the host.
Show ipv6 route — Verifies if a route exists on the IPv6.
Show ipv6 int tunnel 0 — Verifies that the tunnel is up on the IPv6, and
verifies the MTU configured on the interface.
29. Verification Command Output for Manual IPv6 Mode
R1-ipv6#ping ipv6 4000:1:1:1:1:1:1:1112
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 4000:1:1:1:1:1:1:1112, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 72/72/72 ms
R1-ipv6#ping 4000:1:1:1:1:1:1:1112
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 4000:1:1:1:1:1:1:1112, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 72/72/72 ms
6.1.2 Troubleshoot:
This section provides information you can use to troubleshoot your
configuration.
# Troubleshooting Commands
Show ipv6 route — Verifies if a route exists on the IPv6.
Show ip ospf neighbour — Displays the router ID, priority, and state of the
neighbour router. Also, this command displays the amount of time
remaining that the router waits to receive an Open Shortest Path First
(OSPF) hello packet from the neighbour before declaring the neighbour
down. It also displays the IP address of the interface to which this
neighbour is directly connected and the interface on which the OSPF
neighbour forms adjacency.
Show ipv6 interface brief — Verifies that the tunnel interface is up.
Show interfaces tunnel 0 — Verifies that the tunnel destination configured
is known in the routing table.
Show ipv6 protocols — Displays the status of the IPv6 routing protocol.
If the ping to the remote IPv6 network fails, verify that the IPv6 routes are learned
via IPv6 RIP.
R1-ipv6#show ipv6 route
IPv6 Routing Table - 6 entries
30. Codes: C - Connected, L - Local, S - Static, R - RIP, B - BGP
I1 - ISIS L1, I2 - ISIS L2, IA - ISIS interarea
Timers: Uptime/Expires
L 2000:1:1:1:1:1:1:1112/128 [0/0]
via ::, Ethernet0/1
C 2000:1:1:1:1:1:1:0/112 [0/0]
via ::, Ethernet0/1
R 3000::/112 [120/2]
via FE80::202:B9FF:FECB:D281, Ethernet0/1
R 4000:1:1:1:1:1:1:0/112 [120/3]
via FE80::202:B9FF:FECB:D281, Ethernet0/1
L FE80::/10 [0/0]
via ::, Null0
L FF00::/8 [0/0]
via ::, Null0
31. CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
The migration of an existing IPv4 infrastructure to IPv6 will be one of the most
demanding challenges facing IT organizations in the years to come. This is not because of the
inherent complexities of the migration, but due to the universal reach of IP and dependency
of today’s enterprises on the operation of the network. The transition to IPv6 will require
planning and likely some degree of support for both protocols during the transition period. As
noted by those responsible for managing Internet addresses, it is only a matter of time before
IPv4 is no longer viable. Early planning will help ensure the transition is smooth with
minimum impact on business operations.