IPv6 was developed to address the impending exhaustion of IPv4 addresses. It uses 128-bit addresses compared to IPv4's 32-bit addresses, providing vastly more unique addresses. IPv6 simplifies address assignment, network renumbering, and router announcements. It also implements additional features like improved security via IPsec. While the transition to IPv6 presents challenges, it is necessary to support future internet growth given IPv4's limited address space.

1. Internet Protocol v6
PREPARED BY
P.PRAMITH
C.SUNDHARESWARAN

2. IP v6
• What is IP v6 ?
• IP v6 addressing .
• How to convert IP v4 to IP v6 ?
• IP v6 frame format .
• Why not IP v5 ?
• Why we go for IP v6 ?
• IP v6 advantages and disadvantages .

3. What is IP v6 ?
IPV6 WAS DEVELOPED BY THE INTERNET
ENGINEERING TASK FORCE (IETF) TO DEAL
WITH THE LONG-ANTICIPATED PROBLEM OF
IPV4 ADDRESS EXHAUSTION. IPV6 IS
INTENDED TO REPLACE IPV4.

4. IP v6 Addressing
IPv6 addresses are represented as eight groups of
four hexadecimal digits with the groups being separated by
colons, for example
2001:0db8:0000:0042:0000:8a2e:0370:7334, but methods to
abbreviate this full notation exist.

5. IPv6 was first formally described in Internet standard document RFC
2460, published in December 1998. In addition to offering more
addresses, IPv6 also implements features not present in IPv4. It
simplifies aspects of address assignment (stateless address auto
configuration), network renumbering, and router announcements
when changing network connectivity providers.
The IPv6 subnet size is standardized by fixing the size of the host
identifier portion of an address to 64 bits to facilitate an automatic
mechanism for forming the host identifier from link layer addressing
information (MAC address). Network security was a design
requirement of the IPv6 architecture, and included the original
specification of IPsec.

6. How to convert IP v4 to IP v6 ?
An IPv4 address : example 192.168.99.1
Step1 >
Divide the first octet (192) by 16 (since Hex is a Base-16) IE : 192/16 = 12 times exactly with 0 left over–
12 in Hex is represented as C– 0 (zero) in Hex is, you guessed it, 0
Thus 192 in HEX is C0
Step2 >
Repeat step 1 with the second octet (168), IE : 168/16 = 10 times with 8 left over because 10*6 = 160,– 10
in HEX isA– 8 in HEX is 8
Thus 168 in HEX is A8
Step3 >
Repetition rules!!!Third octet (99)IE : 99/16 = 6 times with 3 left over– 6 in HEX is 6– 3 in HEX is 3
Thus 99 in HEX is 63
Step4 >
Last octet IE : 1/16 = 0 times with 1 left over– 0 in HEX is, yeah it is 0a– 1 in HEX is 1
Thus 1 in HEX is 01

7. So the IPv4 address of 192.168.99.1, represented in
the IPv6 address portion would be C0A8:6301.
So when using IPv6 6-to-4Tunnels, on the one endpoint
of the tunnel, with the IPv4 address of 192.168.99.1, the
complete IPv6 address would be 2002:C0A8:6301::1/64
See, not all that difficult, if you know your 16
multiplication table, you can do this in your head, no
problems.

8. IP v6 frame format

9.  Version (4-bits):
It represents the version Protocol, i.e. 0110.of Internet
 Traffic Class (8-bits):
The most significant 6 bits are used forType of Service to let the
Router Known what services should be provided to this packet.The least
significant 2 bits are used for Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN).
 Flow Label (20-bits):
This label is used to maintain the sequential flow of the packets
belonging to a communication.
 Payload Length (16-bits):
This field is used to tell the routers how much information a particular
packet contains in its payload.

10.  Payload Length (16-bits):
This field is used to tell the routers how much information a
particular packet contains in its payload.
 Next Header (8-bits):
This field is used to indicate either the type of Extension Header, or
if the Extension Header is not present then it indicates the Upper Layer PDU.
 Hop Limit (8-bits):
This field is used to stop packet to loop in the network infinitely.
 Source Address (128-bits):
This field indicates the address of originator of the packet.
 Destination Address (128-bits):
This field provides the address of intended recipient of the packet.

11. Why not IP v5 ?
IPv5 was used to define an experimental real-
time streaming protocol.To avoid any
confusion, it was decided to not use IPv5 and
name the new IP protocol IPv6. Another thing
is that IPv6 has a high span of IP adresses that
is up to 340 trillion trillion trillions

12. Why we go for IP v6 ?
 128 bit addresses (3.402823669×10³⁸ addresses).
 A scheme for logically aggregating addresses
 Fixed length headers.
 A protocol for automatically configuring and
reconfiguring your network.

13. IP v6 Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages:
 Provides more address space ( which is being needed in larger
business scales-exampleComcast)
 More powerful internet (128bit versus IPv4's current 32 bit)
 Offers and overall larger scale internet-which again will be
needed in the future
 Address allocation is done by the device itself
 Support for security using (IPsec) Internet Protocol Security

14. Disadvantages:
 It will be much harder to remember IP addresses
(compared to the addresses now)
 Creating a smooth transition from IPv4 to IPv6
 IPv6 is not available to machines that run IPv4
 Any consumer costs in having to replace an IPv4
machine
 Time to convert over to IPv6

15. Conclusion:
IPv4 has served us well for a long time. IPv4 has some
limitations which are going to present insurmountable
problems in the near future. IPv6 will solve those
problems by changing the strategy for allocating
addresses, making improvements to ease the routing of
packets, and making it easier to configure a machine
when it first joins the network.